Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, pilose with short appressed hairs, glaucous beneath. Flowers in terminal capitate clusters; involucre about 3 inches in diameter,-the leaves in opposite pairs, white or sometimes tinged with purple. Corolla greenish yellow. Drupe bright red when mature. Woodlands: Canada to Louisiana. Fl. May. Fr. October.

The

Obs. The wood of this small tree is very close-grained and firm, and valuable for many purposes in Mechanics. The woodman selects it as the best material for wooden wedges. The young straight stems make good hoops, for the cooper; and the slender verticillate branches once furnished distaffs for Spinsters,-when that description of females had a practical existence in the community. bark is an excellent tonic-almost equaling the Peruvian, in efficacy. Altogether, it is a valuable, as well as ornamental, little tree. Observing farmers have remarked, that the proper time to plant Indian Corn (Zea Mays, L.) is when the Involucres of the Dogwood are first developed.

MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS.

ORDER LXXI.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Juss. Richard.

Mostly shrubs, often twining. Leaves opposite. mostly without stipules. Calyx adherent to the ovary.-the limb 5- (rarely 4-) toothed. Corolla tubular or rotate, regular or irregular. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them-or rarely 1 fewer-inserted into the tube. Ovary mostly 3-celled; style long and filiform with a capitate stigma-or 3 to 5 sessile stigmas. Fruit baccate, or sometimes dry, often 1-celled by abortion. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

An Order of small importance in Agriculture; but it contains the favorite tribe of Honeysuckles (Lonicera.) so much admired by the cultivators of flowers.

TRIBE II. SAMBUCEAE. Kunth.

Corolla regular, sub-rotate or rarely somewhat tubular. Stigmas 3 to 5, sessile. Testa of the seed membranaceous.

79. SAMBUCUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3341. [Greek, Sambuke, a musical instrument: said to have been made of this shrub.] Calyx with the limb small, mostly 5-cleft. Corolla sub-rotate, mostly 5-lobed; lobes obtuse. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit subglobose, baccate, scarcely crowned; nucules 3 (rarely 5), crustaceous, rugulose, each containing a suspended seed. Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves odd-pinnately dissected. Inflorescence cymose or thyrsoid.

1. S. CANADENSIS, L. Stem suffruticose; leaflets oblong-oval, acuminate, serrate; flowers in 5-parted spreading cymes. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 13. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 322. Fl. Cestr. p. 205. CANADIAN SAMBUCUS. Vulgò-Elder bush. Common Elder.

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, finally shrubby, filled with a large pith, branching, nodose-the young branches tumid at the nodes. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs with a terminal odd one, 2 to 4 inches long, petiolulate. Cymes broad, terminating young branches, on peduncles 4 to 6 inches long. Corolla white. Berries numerous, small, juicy, dark purple or nearly black when mature. Thickets, and Fence-rows: throughout the U. States. Fl. June. Fr. August.

Obs. This is a rather troublesome plant, on our farms,-the long roots being very tenaceous of life, and inclined to spread extensively along fence-rows and hedges. If neglected, it soon gives the farm a very slovenly appearance. The Viburnums (Black Haw, Snow-Ball, Tall Cranberry, &c.) belong here; but they are scarcely of sufficient importance, in any respect, to intitle them to a place in this work.

ORDER LXXII. RUBIACEAE. Juss.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or verticillate, entire, and furnished with stipules-which sometimes resemble true leaves. Flowers regular. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, or sometimes almost free,-the limb 4 or 5-cleft or toothedoccasionally obsolete. Corolla inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube,-the lobes as many as those of the calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them. Ovary mostly 2-celled; styles mostly 2, more or less united; stigmas mostly 2, distinct or concrete. Fruit various, baccate, drupaceous, capsular, or separable into indehiscent carpels. Seeds solitary, few, or numerous, in each cell: embryo in the axis, or at the extremity, of copious fleshy or horny albumen.

This Order-comprising various Tribes, and nearly 250 Genera-contains many plants of great value,- though but few of them immediately concern the North American farmer. Among the most important, may be mentioned the Coffee plant (Coffea Arabica, L. which may yet, possibly, be advantageously cultivated in Florida, and some other places on our Southern borders)-the Peruvian Bark (Cinchona officinalis, L.)-and the Ipecacuanha (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Rich.). The popular vermifuge called Carolina Pink (Spigelia Marilandica, L.), and the well-known beautiful and fragrant Cape Jessamine (Gardenia florida, L.), are also referred to this large Natural Family.

SUB-ORDER I. STELLATAE. R. Br.

Herbs. Leaves apparently verticillate-but probably really opposite, all except a single pair being regarded as stipules, because they never have axillary buds. Fruit of 2 united indehiscent 1-seeded carpels, baccate or dry.

80. RUBIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3101.

[Latin, Ruber, red, the color produced by its roots.] Calyx-tube ovoid-globose,-the limb 4-toothed or obsolete. Corolla subrotate, 4 or 5-parted. Stamens short. Styles 2, united at base. Fruit didymous, subglobose, baccate, smooth. Herbaceous or suffruticose. Stems 4-angled, diffusely branching. Leaves oppositewith 2 or 3 intermediate stipules resembling leaves,-constituting a 4 to 6 or 8-leaved verticil.

1. R. TINCTORUM, L. Stem herbaceous, flaccid, aculeate on the angles; leaves mostly in apparent verticils of six, lanceolate, subpetiolate; peduncles axillary, trichotomous; lobes of the corolla with a callous acumination, but not cuspidate. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 589. Fl. Cestr. p. 103.

DYERS' RUBIA. Vulgo-Madder. Dyers' Madder.

Fr. La Garance. Germ. Die Faerber-Roethe. Span. Rubia.

Root perennial, large, reddish brown. Stems procumbent, 3 or 4 feet long, much branched, pubescent at the joints; angles prominent, sometimes more than 4, aculeate with short retrorsely curved prickles. Leaves and stipules similar, 1 to 2, inches long,-the midrib and margins retrorsely aculeate-Flowerbearing branches axillary, cpposite. Corolla brownish yellow, often 5-lobed. Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This is sometimes cultivated, on a small scale, in Pennsylvania, for the sake of the roots,-which are well known to yield a valuable red coloring matter: and I understand that a more extended culture has been tried, and found profitable, in Ohio-and perhaps in some other States.

There is a Genus (Galium) very nearly allied to this, of which one of the numerous species (G. Aparine, L. perhaps a foreigner,)known by the name of Cleavers or Goose-grass-occurs frequently` about gardens, and along fences, &c. on the farm: But it is scarcely of sufficient importance-even as a weed-to require notice, here.

ORDER LXXIV. DIPSACEAE. Vaill. Juss.

·Herbs. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate, sessile, destitute of stipules. Flowers aggregated-mostly in dense involucrate heads. Calyx-tube wholly (or sometimes at summit only) adherent to the ovary,-the limb cup-shaped and entire, or toothed-or forming a bristly or plumose pappus. Corolla tubular,-the limb 4 or 5-lobed-sometimes ringent or irregular. Stamens mostly 4, distinct or rarely united in pairs-often unequal. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; style filiform. Fruit membranaceous or akene-like, indehiscent, crowned with the limb of the calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen.

The Genus which is the type of this small Order, is the only one entitled to notice, in this work.

TRIBE II. SCABIOSEAE. DC.

Corolla 4 or 5-lobed, not ringent. Stamens 4 or 5, free and nearly equal. Flowers aggregated on a conic receptacle, with a general Involucre at base, each floret embraced by a calyx-like Învolucel, and with a chaffy bract on the lower side.

81. DIPSACUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2191.

[Greek, Dipsao, to thirst; the stem-leaves holding water at their junction.] Involucre many-leaved, longer than the acuminate subfoliaceous chaff of the receptacle. Involucel 4-sided, 8-furrowed, closely investing the ovary and fruit. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,the limb minute, eup-shaped or discoid, entire. Corolla with 4 erect lobes. Stamens 4. Stigma longitudinal. Stout biennials. Stems angular and prickly. Leaves opposite and often connate at base. Heads large, oblong,-the florets commencing to expand in a ring about the middle of the head, and gradually extending the process towards base and apex!

1. D. SYLVESTRIS, Mill. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, crenate-dentate and serrate, prickly on the midrib; involucre curved upwards, longer than the head; chaff of the receptacle straight and flexible. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. Á. 2. p. 54. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 645. Fl. Cestr. p. 98. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 1.

WILD DIPSACUS. Vulgo-Teasel. Wild Teasel.

Root biennial. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, branched. Radical leaves 8 to 12 inches long; stem-leaves sessile, subconnate, those of the branches lanceolate and often nearly entire. Leaflets of the Involucre lance-linear, pungent at apex, unequal in length. Heads of flowers ovoid-oblong; corolla pale purple. Bracts or Chaff of the receptacle oblong-cuneate, keeled, abruptly tapering into a straight flexible awn-like acumination, longer than the flowers, those at the top of the head longest. Borders of fields, roadsides, &c. Northern and Middle States: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This coarse plant is completely naturalized, in some localities, and is not only worthless, but threatens to become something of a nuisance to the farms, if not attended to. A little timely care, however, would soon subdue it.

2. D. FULLONUM, Mill. Leaves obovate and oblong-lanceolate, smoothish, serrate, the upper ones entire; involucre spreading or

[dencha.

reflexed, shorter than the head; chaff of the receptacle recurved, rigid. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 645. Fl. Cestr. p. 99. FULLERS' DIPSACUS. Vulgo-Fuller's Teasel. Fr. Chardon à Foulon. Germ. Aechte Kartendistel. Span. CarRoot biennial. Stem 4 or 5 feet high, branched. Radical leaves obovate, narrowed to a petiole at base; stem-leaves connate-perfoliate. Leaflets of the Involucre lanceolate, mucronate, rigid. Heads of flowers cylindric or elliptical; corolla pale purple. Bracts or Chaff of the receptacle cuneate-oblong, keeled, bristlyciliate on the margin, terminating in a rigid subulate recurved acumination. Lots: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This species is cultivated by some Cloth Manufacturers, for the sake of the Heads,-the rigid recurved points of the chaffy bracts, on the mature heads, serving as a kind of card, to raise the nap on woollen cloth.

ORDER LXXV. COMPOSITAE. Vaill.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs. Leaves alternate and opposite, often lobed or dis'sected, but never compound, and not stipulate. Flowers in heads, crowded on a common receptacle, and surrounded by one or more series of small leaves (bracts or scales) which form an Involucre,-the several florets often furnished with each an accompanying bract (chaff or palea). Calyx-tube closely adherent to the ovary, the limb (called pappus) consisting of scales, bristles, hairs, &c. or sometimes obsolete. Corolla of 5 united petals, tubular or ligulate. Stamens as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla,-the anthers united into a tube around the style (syngenesious). Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule; style 2-cleft, the branches mostly flattish on the inner or upper side and furnished with pollen-collecting hairs,—the proper stigmas (stigmatic glands) occupying the inner surface, near the margins, in the form of glandular slightly prominent lines. Fruit an akene, either crowned with the pappus, or naked at summit. Seed destitute of albumen; cotyledons fiat or plano-convex.

This immense Order-containing between 800 and 900 Genera, or about one tenth of all the flowering plants-presents but few of much interest to the American farmer, beside what are here noticed. Some possess medicinal properties and others are remarkable for their beauty: but the general character of the Order is that of mere Weeds,-of which many species are found in all our fields, meadows, and woodlands; though the greater portion may be readily kept in tolerable subjection by care and attention.

SUB-ORDER I. TUBULIFLORAE. DC.

Corolla of the perfect or disk florets tubular, and mostly 5-lobed.

TRIBE I. VERNONIACEAE. Lessing.

Heads discoid, with the florets all tubular and perfect (homogamous), or rarely radiate. Style cylindric above the branches mostly subulate and elongated, equally hispid,-the stigmatic lines terminating below or near their middle, not confluent.

SUB-TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE. Cassini.

Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style elongated, acuminate.

82. VERNONIA. Schreb. Endl. Gen. 2204. [Named in honor of William Vernon; an English Botanist.] Heads many-flowered; florets all equal and tubular. Involucré imbricate, shorter than the flowers,-the inner scales longest. Receptacle mostly naked. Corolla regular-the lobes about the length of the tube. Filaments smooth. Akenes mostly striate or ribbed, with a cartilaginous callus at base, and the epigynous disk large. Pappus usually double,—the inner series of numerous bristles—the

outer mostly short, minute, often dilated and scale-like. Mostly perennial Herbs, with alternate leaves.

1. V. NOVEBORACENSIS, Willd. Stem striate-sulcate, roughish pubescent, leafy; leaves lanceolate, serrulate, roughish; heads numerous, in a terminal corymb; scales of the involucre ovate, acute or often with a long filiform flexuous point. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 57. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 63.

V. praealta. Willd. Fl. Cestr. p. 448. not of DC.
NEW-YORK VERNONIA. Vulgo-Iron-weed.

Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 feet high, somewhat branching at summit, finally firm and subligneous. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, subsessile, thickish or subcoriaceous. Florets bright deep purple. Akenes turbinate-oblong, sulcate, scabrous with short hairs; pappus a dirty white, or often purplish, scabrous, the outer series consisting of short chaffy or scale-like bristles. Moist meadows, and low grounds: throughout the U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September.

Obs. This plant is quite common in moist low grounds, and along fence-rows. Its worthless character and coarse hard stem cause it to be regarded as a rather obnoxious weed, in our meadows; and of course it is carefully eradicated, by all neat farmers.

TRIBE II. EUPATORIACEAE. Less.

Heads mostly discoid, with the flowers all tubular and perfect (homogamous). Style cylindric above; the branches usually much elongated, subterete and obtuse or clavat, puberulent or papillose externally towards the summit,-the stigmatic lines inconspicuous, terminating near the middle of the branches (rarely reaching the apex), not confluent at their termination. Anthers never caudate.

SUB-TRIDE 1. EUPATORIEAE. DC.

Heads discoid, the flowers all perfect and similar (homogamous), usually white, rose-color or purple-never yellow.

DIVISION 2. ADENOSTYLEAE. DC.

Pappus composed of slender hair-like bristles in one or more series, scabrous or plumose. Branches of the style more or less papillose or glandular above. Akenes 5-angled, not striate. Pappus scabrous.

83. EUPATORIUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2280. [Named from Eupator, King of Pontus; who, it is said, first used the plant.] Heads 3 to many-flowered. Involucre oblong, cylindric or campanulate, the scales imbricated in 2, 3, or more series-or sometimes nearly equal in a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla funnel-form, or often with a campanulate limb. Anthers included. Branches of the style much exserted, terete or slightly flattened, obtuse. Pappus a single series of very slender bristles, rough or minutely serrulate. Perennial Herbs, with leaves mostly opposite or verticillate.

1. E. PERFOLIATUM, L. Stem rigid, hirsutely villous, corymbosely branched above; leaves opposite and decussate, connate-perfoliate, oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, reticulately veined and rugose, very pubescent beneath; heads about 10-flowered. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 88. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 151. Fl. Cestr. p. 451.

PERFOLIATE EUPATORIUM. Vulgo-Thorough-stem. Bone-set.Indian Sage.