made general. But this account can hardly be credited. Yet it is certain that, in 1621, he defeated a part of Gabriel Bethlem's cavalry in Moravia, and, being accused a second time at court, reftored himself into favour by the fame means he practised before, and cultivated count Harrack's good graces, one of the ·Austrian prime minifters, and grand marfhal of the court, with fo much addrefs, that he espoused his daughter, with an immenfe fortune; nevertheless, her beauty, piety, and virtue far exceeded her fortune. It was he alone who made the peace of Lubec, thereby reconciling the emperor and the king of Denmark; which great event (in cafe a Guftavus had not exifted) might have erected the house of Auftria into an univerfal monarchy; and on this account he was created duke of Friedland and Sagan, and received afterwards the investiture of the duchy of Mecklenburg. Having remained for fome time inactive in Suabia, near Ratisbon, on the Imperial court's being alarmed at the fuccefs of Guftavus, who had invaded Germany 18 months before, Walfiein was, in December, 1631, made generaliffimo of the emperor's forces, and foon after entered Bohemia, with fifty thousand men. He took Prague, Budin, and Egra, in a few months, and made fo fine a difpofition of his troops, that the Swedes found it in vain to attempt his diflodgement. In September, 1632, he took Bareith; and, in the month of October following, penetrated into Voigtland, where mott of the towns furrendered at difcretion, laid ficge to Leipfic, and reduced that fortress on the 22d of October, 1632. After forming his junction with general Pappenheim, by fome fatal mistake Walftein detached that gallant officer, with a large body of troops, to cover Halle, a circumstance, which, in all probability loft him the famous battle of Lutzen, which was fought on the 6th of November following. After the death of the king of Sweden, Wallein obtained feveral advantages, which fupported him at the head of the Imperial army; and he grew fo powerful, that it is faid he made a treaty with the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg, greatly against the interest of his master, the Emperor Ferdinand; and, in oppofition to the order of that monarch, refufed to refign the command of the troops, who were firmly attached to him. Hiftory indeed feems here to have left us in the dark, with respect to the real offence he gave the emperor; but, from whatever circumftance, certain it is the court of Vienna determined to put an end to his authority, or his exiflence; and, two years after the death of Auguftus, decided in favour of an affaffination, which was attended with circumftances fo extraordinary, that it has been represented on feveral of the European theatres. It being settled then, at Vienna, to make Walstein a facrifice, care was tąken to found the inclinations of the generals Gallas and Piccolomini, both Italians, and officers of repute, then ferving under him; who refused, peremptorily, to have any hand in fo un-foldierlike an action; though the former expreffed a fort of acquiefcence, in cafe others might be found who would undertake the task; and of courfe withdrew from the general, under various pretences. It was now high time for the Imperial miniftry to ruffle Walftein's temper, in order to force him into fome acts of extravagance. Accordingly a fnare was fpread for him, and that not unartfully: For the emperor commanded him, under pretence of favouring the hereditary dominions (as the power of the Swedes was confiderably weakened, and as the elector of Saxony began to waver in his friendship towards them) to dispatch a small army against duke Bernard near Paffau, and appropriated fix thousand chofen cavalry to act under the cardinal infant in the Low Countries; than which no fcheme could be better calculated, either with a view to weaken Walstein's hands, or facilitate the affaffination that was then projected. The Imperial general now comprehended what before he fufpected only; but, diffembling his more private thoughts, contented himself with exclaiming at random, that his abilities, as a foldier, were called in question, and that his poor troops would be harraffed and ftarved; which affected the colonels that were with him fo deeply (especially fuch as were his friends and favourites) that they made him an offer of not deferting him under any fignal affront or dif grace. This happened at Pilfen. Walstein then, for fome fecret reafons, preferring Egra, made a visit to it in the Chriftmas holydays, and, as he always confided more in foreigners than native Germans, ordered colonel Butler to attend him with an escort of 500 horse and 200 infantry, all Irish. Gordon, a Scotchman, at that time commanded the garrifon of Egra, in whom Walstein placed no fmail confidence, as he had raised him from a private foot foldier, and made made him a lieutenant-colonel; and, in conjunction with Gordon, acted one Lefly, his countryman, who ferved in the capacity of watch master general. By this time Walftein began to feel great uneafineffes; for Gallas, who had engaged to bring Aldringer with him from Vienna, was not arrived; and Piccolomini and Coloredo had both abfented themselves, upon various reafons or pretences; and therefore, before he left Pilfen, he fent for Gordon and Lefly feparately, in order to fix them in his intereits with greater fecurity. And here it must be oblerved, that, neither Gordon, Lefly, nor Butler, at that time had any private intelligence with each other; but the fecond of these three had received fome private innuendo's from the miniftry, which amounted to a plan of what the emperor wished to fee effected. Here likewife it may be worth remarking, to the perpetual honour of the German and even Italian nations, that neither officers nor foldiers could be found who would imbrue their hands in their general's blood, and therefore, to the everlasting ignominy of Scotland and Ireland, Lefly, Gordon, Butler, Devereux, Burk, and Geraldine, undertook this ungenerous deed, which was not an affaffination of one, but a malfacre of many; for they invited Walttein's chief favourites to fupper, and killed them, during the rites of hofpitality, unprepared, not man to man, but by the allittance of a band of foldiers, who were all their countrymen, excepting only a single Spaniard. Lefly now, being better instructed, and hoping to penetrate further into the general's designs, paid his court to him when he was advanced within nine miles of Egra, when Walstein received him very graciously, but opened his mind with great bitterness against the emperor and King of Hungary. Upon this, Lefly returned, and informed the governor of all that had paffed; for even yet they understood not each other's inclinations and intentions; next morning they met Walitein at one mile's diftance from the town,and conducted him to his own house, where he explained his injuries with equal acrimony and greater precision, than he had done before. In confequence whereof, Lefly told him, that he had left his country to advance his fortunes; that his fword was both his livelihood and his creed; and that, upon fuppofition his oath to the emperor was rendered void, he would ferve a fecond mafter with like fidelity. Mean while, Butler flood thunderstruck with this difcourfe, and, as they walked from the general's houfe to the cattle, dropped fome random hints in Walflein's favour; to which Gordon replied with fome emotion (and, as being governor of the town, he was then the principal perfon amongst them:) You, gentlemen, may do as you please; but death itself shall never alienate me from my duty and affection to the emperor. Upon which Butler produced a letter from Gallas, wherein his imperial majesty commanded all his officers to withdraw their allegiance from Walftein. The confpirators, having thus underflood each other, determined to destroy their general without delay. It was firtt refolved to fend him and his affociates prifoners to Vienna; but immediate death was then confidered as the lefs operofe and more effectual decision of the two. Upon this, Gordon was appointed to give a public fupper in the cattle (it being then the festival days fucceeding Christmas) and Butler was requested to bring Walftein's four favourites, namely, the colonels Tertzky, Illo, Kinfky, and Nieman, which latter was the general's fecretary. As the caftle was a fortification within a fortification, no place could be more convenient for the perpetration of fo horrid an action; and Gordon took care not only to fill it, more or lefs, with fuch foldiers as he could best confide in, but after the clofe of the evening conveyed fecretly into the cattle, by a poftern gate, captain Devereux and watch master Geraldine, at the head of fifteen men, felected for fo defperate an enterprise; whilft captain Burk, with an hundred foldiers, was ordered to wait the event in the city, and keep peace in the streets. In the course of the deffert, at about half after nine, Gordon or Lefly propofed the health of the elector of Saxony; upon which (the better to conceal their evil intentions) Butler profelfed to be greatly furprized, and declared he would drink no man's profperity who was an enemy to Cæfar. On a fudden the converfation grew loud and vehement (which being agreed upon as a fignal to Deve reux and Geraldine) in an inftant to doors opened on either fide of the room, and Devereux and Geraldine entered; the latter with a partisan in his hand, and the former with a fword, attended each by feven or eight foldiers who had their fwords drawn. Long live Ferdinand the fecond, cried Devereux; and long profper the house of Auftria, replied Geraldine. Butler, Gordon, and Lefly seized the candles, and held them aloft. The table then was overturned in a momen whilft Illo had presence of mind enough to fly to his fword, which hung up againft the wall; but, in the act of reaching it, was pierced through the body, and expired with it undrawn in his hand. Tertzky was equally brave and more fortunate; for, feizing his fword, which hung up in the fame manner, he planted himielf in a corner, maintained the combat fo long till he killed three of the affailants, and, in the paufes of his defence, befought the foldiers to defift for a moment, and he would undertake, hand to hand, the villains Gordon and Lefly (for Butler appeared to him to be honeft) After that, gentlemen,' said he, you lodged, who made the freets refound with their thrieks and lamentations; and therefore, whilft Devereux remained in fufpence at the chamber door, Walstein examined the windows in hopes of escape, but foon recollected the depth to be fuch, that it was impoffible for him to fave his life by an attempt of that nature. He then put his head twice out of the cafement, and cried aloud, Is no man my friend? Will no one affift me upon which Devereux, growing impatient, knocked thrice and received no answer. He then commanded his foldiers to burst the door, who made five attempts without fuccefs; but, applying himself to the task fingly, and making a strong effort just against the lock, he flung it into the room with great vehemence. Walstein flood in his night-gown and fhirt near a table: He had neither fword nor pistol with him; whether by accident or defign, we cannot fay: For perhaps he expected only to be taken prifoner. The affaffin accolted him abruptly thus: Are not you the betrayer of the Emperor and the Empire' To which no anfwer was returned. He then made an offer of a few moments to repeat his prayers; but Walftein replying nothing, extended his arms, in order to open his naked breast, and received Devereux's partifan through his heart, not enunciating a fingle fyllable from the beginning to the end, and expiring with a groan, which terrified all the accomplices that flood round. Ferdinand II, on the news of this extraordinary man's death, ordered 3000 maffes to be faid for his foul, and thus the tragedy are fixteen in number, and have power Walftein, though bred in courts, detefted all court promifes and compliments, often infifting, that rewards, magnificently beftowed, and difcipline (by which he meant punishments) feverely kept and obferved, were the only machines requifite to put an army in due and effective operation. He had a magnificence and generosity beyond whatever appeared in any fubje&. He fent Piccolomini 1600l. the day after the battle of Lutzen: And, as Ifolani, with the Coratians, had harraffed Guftavus extremely in the camp near Nuremburg, he made him a prefent of 600!. and a fine Spanish horfe. When an officer had performed any particular fervice, it was cuftomary for the commiffary general to give him an entertainment, and there was a fort of honorary wine allowed by the government, or the commander in chief, on the occafion. After this repaft at count Michna's, cards and dice were produced, and Ifolani loft all his money. Walftein heard thereof, and fent him, whilft he continued in company, 300 pounds more; which fo aftonished the Croatian commander, that he vowed he would never game from hence forwards. When Peroni, the manager of his family, hired Battista Seni at Vienna to be his aftrologer extraordinary, and agreed with him for a penfion of feven pounds ten fhillings a month; Walftein told him, with a countenance of anger, that he was not to exercife his Florentine econo my under his roof, and particularly towards men of letters. He then ordered Seni fixty pounds for the expence of his journey, which was only forty miles; allowed him ever afterwards a coach and fix horfes, and paid him an annual falary of three hundred and fifty pounds before hand. Walstein's manner of living exceeded that of many crowned heads. His palaces, table, and attendants, expreffed the pomp of their mafter in an eminent degree; and even his ftables, which confained 300 horfes richly caparifoned, were decorated with mangers and pillars of Bohemian marble. In fhort, he feemed to cope with Alexander with refpect to vanity, Scipio in rewards, and Hannibal in punishments; and died a striking example of the ingratitude of the emperor and the fatal effects of ambition. (fays lord Chesterfield) much fooner than they forgive contempt. To be defpifed, affects our favourite paffions, which long retain the affront. A generous heart can never stoop to the meannefs of a parasite; and 'tis the fordid and illiberal alone who bend themselves to unworthy actions, and affitt in gratifying the caprices and loofe defires of those who are in an higher rank and station. Particularity either in dress or converfation is difagreeable; for we owe to the world decency and propriety, as well as to ourfelves.-It is not only unbecoming ourselves, but difgufting to thofe around us. We should always conform ourselves to our fituations, and, being fenfible that we behave properly, difregard all the reproaches and contumelious language which the ignorant and envious may load us with; especially. too, if the truly judicious are fatisfied with our conduct. We fhould strive, at the fame time, to please; and polished language, a perfuafive tongue, and real good-nature are almoft infallible, and feldom mifs of fuccefs when accompanied with difcretion. It is not inconfiftent with good-manners to acquaint mankind with their failings: the difficulty only is to do it without offending; and proportionably as the difficulty is, fo ought our endeavours to be, that we may obtain fo defirable an end. To inform others of their faults, without gilding the bitter potion, and fmoothing the unwelcome tale, is a fure way of raifing their anger, without the profpect of any palliative to foften their indignation. Dante, a celebrated genius, found a refuge in tural politeness, or artificial, the exile, and was again difgraced for fpeakrefinement of an age?-Do we mean, by ing truth unguardedly: "How comes good-manners, the civility we owe to it," faid the prince his protector to him, others as acknowledgments for favours? "that you, Dante, with all your wifor, is it the common allowed privilege of dom, have fo little attention paid you, mankind? The latter idea is the most when yonder Buffoon, who is noted only pleafing to others, and to a good-natured for obfcenity and immorality, is courted mind the moft agreeable to itself. In by every one?" It is (retorted Dante hafcommon life, we ought to make no dif- tily) because his manners and his companitinction but fuch as difference of fituations are fimilar. This very probably on authorizes. To a fuperior we should pay profound refpect; to an equal, that friendly and open behaviour which cements fociety; and to an inferior behave with that engaging condefcenfion which will alone attach perfons in a lower sphere to our intereft, and engage them to love us. Arrogance, as well as fingularity in manners, is ridiculous. A contemptuous difregard of inferiors is as prejudicial to us in our pursuits, as a fervile attention to the follies and vices of the great is degrading to our dignity. Mankind, alike fenfible of injuries, pardon them An Efay on Good-Mamers and the Art of Pleafing. WHAT is good-manners? Is it na might be a fact: but it could answer ne good purpose to speak a truth fo bitterly. It did not; and Dante was obliged to feek another asylum. As it is inconfiftent with good-manners, as well as felf-interett, to utter truths thus harshly, so alfo is pride an utter enemy to politeness and civility. An arrogant and fupercilious behaviour, a haughty fpirit, and a domineering eye, which is difcovered not only in the drefs of elegance and fashion, but alfo in the most plain and apparently modeft garb, will render perfons defpifed inwardly, whatever outward refpect may be be paid to their fuperior rank; and when opportunity offers, they are fure of being repaid with intereft. The great Diogenes faid to the greater Plato, when walking on his rich carpets-" Now I trample on the pride of Plato."-Yes, replied the humbler philofopher, but with far more pride. A proper medium fhould be obferved; on the one hand, as is obferved above, not exceffive adulation to our fuperiors, nor, on the other, too familiar an intercourse with our inferiors; and it is this conduct alone which will gain us friends when afflicted by illness, or furrounded by misfortunes, cafualties, and accidents. These obfervations are fuitable as well to the feminine as to the mafculine fex; and indeed politenefs and good manners are more generally expected from the former than the latter, who, enveloped in bufinefs, and encompaffed by their pe culiar cares and troubles, are often incapable of attending to the minutia of the bien jeance or decorum, which lord Chefter field to frequently expatiates on. Modefty may be tempered by vivacity, without infringing on the rules which the world hath prefcribed as bounds for the fairer part of the creation. It is neceífary, too, that female bathfulness should be affifted by chearfulness, to prevent its degenerating into prudery. Mirth fhould be checked by modefty and good-manners, to render it perpetually agreeable; it would otherwife foar to extravagance, or fink into childish and intemperate joy. How pleafing are the portrait of Delia, the animated feelings of Clariffa, and the fofter virtues of Eliza! Delia unites to her native modefty uninterrupted chearfulness, and unaffected good-nature. With an greeable perfon, he is poffeffed of the most agreeable and lafting accomplishments of the mind; and, bleffed in her domeftic life, the is not only her felf happy, but adds to the felicity of her friends by her endearing manners and politenefs. Clariffa, endowed with an extraordinary good heart and-understanding, is affifted with the moft lively fpirits, and forms a most charming companion, and the trueft friend. The goodnefs of her difpofition flops her in the wild fallies her vivacity would indulge, and her fpirits fupport her in thofe troubles which many of her fex would fall under. A mofi elegant figure, fhe adorns a table; and a good education gives her the power of doing the honours with applaufe. The mild Eliza, almost ignorant of her perfonal attractions, is attentive to the virtues which form a good heart, GRA It is a proper movement, accom. panied by good expreffion. Movement is a general language. but various as the files of writers: elegant movement, attended by fweet expreffion, like rich fentiment, adorned by proper words, is grace. There is a foul in every part of a graceful woman; if the delivers the fmalleft trifle, it is done with fuch confent of the head, the neck, the eyes, and the hands, as charms the receiver, and makes the trifle valuable. Still, inactive figures cannot be graceful: there can be no grace where nothing is done; and nothing can be done elegantly without expreffion; without an appearance of the mind's confent. If the movement be quick, greater vivacity will lighten in the eyes, and in the whole face: if the motion be flow, the countenance will wear more softness and delicate languor. Maxim for the ladies. WHA 7HAT expofed the first woman to the fnare by which he was feduced? Paffions, it must be owned, extremely culpable in their nature, and fatal in their confequences; but not the paffions for which her daughters have been indicriminately b'amed. In reality, the refolute fpirit,and perfevering vigilance with which fome women preserve their honour, while fo few men, in comparison, are reftrained by the laws of continence, feen no flight proofs that the former poffefs a degree of fortitude very much to be applauded. Hiflory |