of putting an end to the sanguinary contest, which, by delivering up the Greek provinces and the islands of the Archipelago to all the disorders of anarchy, produces daily fresh impediments to the commerce of the European states, and gives occasion to piracies which not only expose the subjects of the high contracting parties to considerable losses, but besides, render necessary burdensome measures of repression and protection." It then states that the British and French governments, having received a pressing request from the Greeks to interpose their mediation with the Porte, and being, as well as the Emperor of Russia, animated by the desire of stopping the effusion of blood, and of arresting the evils of all kinds which might arise from the continuance of such a state of things, had resolved to unite their efforts, and to regulate the operations thereof by a formal treaty, with the view of reëstablishing peace between the contending parties, by means of an arrangement, which was called for as much by humanity, as by the interest of the repose of Europe.

The treaty then provides (art. 1.) that the three contracting powers should offer their mediation to the Porte, by a joint declaration of their ambassadors at Constantinople; and that there should be made, at the same time, to the two contending parties, the demand of an immediate armistice as a preliminary condition indispensable to opening any negotiation.

The 2d article provides the terms of the arrangement to be made, as to the civil and political condition of Greece, in consequence of the principles of a previous understanding between Great Britain and Russia.

By the 3d article, it was agreed that the details of this arrangement, and the limits of the territory to be included under it, should be settled in a separate negotiation between the high contracting powers and the two contending par

ties.

To this public treaty, an additional and secret article was added, stipulating that the high contracting parties should

take immediate measures for establishing commercial relations with the Greeks, by sending to them and receiving from them consular agents, so long as there should exist among them authorities capable of maintaining such relations. That if, in the term of one month, the Porte did not accept the proposed armistice, or if the Greeks refused to execute it, the high contracting powers should declare to that one of the two contending parties that should wish to continue hostilities, or to both if it should become necessary, that the contracting parties intended to exert all the means, which circumstances might suggest to their prudence, to give immediate effect to the armistice, by preventing, as far as might be in their power, all collision between the contending parties; and, in fact, would conjointly employ all their means in accomplishing the object thereof, without, however, taking any part in the hostilities of the contending parties; and would transmit eventual instructions, for that purpose, to the admirals commanding their squadrons in the Levant. That if these measures did not suffice to induce the Ottoman Porte to adopt the propositions made by the high contracting powers; or if, on the other hand, the Greeks should renounce the conditions stipulated in their favour, the contracting parties would nevertheless continue to prosecute the work of pacification on the basis agreed upon between them; and in consequence, they authorized, from that time forward, their representatives in London to discuss and determine the ulterior measures to which it might become necessary to resort.

The Greeks accepted the proferred mediation of the three powers, which the Turks rejected, and instructions were given to the commanders of the allied squadrons to compel the cessation of hostilities. This was effected by the result of the battle of Navarino, with the occupation of the Morea by the French troops; and the independence of Greece was ultimately recognized by the Ottoman Porte under the mediation of the three contracting powers.

In the mean time, war had broken out between Russia

§ 29. Treaty

between Rus

sia and the

of Adrianople and Turkey, on account of the refusal of the latter to execute the convention of Ackerman, and of other differences Ottoman Porte between the two empires. This war was terminated by the treaty concluded at Adrianople in 1829.

1829.

By the 2d article of this treaty, Russia restored to the Porte the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, Bulgaria, and all the places occupied by the Russian arms in Rommelia.

By the 3d article, the Pruth is to continue to form the boundary between the two empires, from the point where that river touches the territory of Moldavia to its confluence with the Danube. From this point the line of frontier is to follow the course of the Danube to the mouth of St. George, leaving all the islands formed by the different branches of the river, in possession of Russia, and the right bank under the dominion of the Ottoman Porte. It was nevertheless agreed that the right bank, from the point where the branch. of St. George separates from that of Soulineh, should remain uninhabited for the space of two hours from the river; that there should not be formed within that distance any kind of establishments; and that no fortification or establishment, except quarantine buildings, should be formed upon the islands remaining in possession of Russia. The merchant vessels of the two powers to be at liberty to navigate the Danube, in its whole course, those under the Ottoman flag to enter freely the mouths of Keli, and Soulineh, and the mouth of St. George to remain common to the merchant vessels and vessels of war of the two contracting parties. But the Russian vessels of war, in ascending the Danube, cannot pass beyond the point of its junction with the Pruth.

The 4th article recites, that whereas Georgia, Imeritia, Mingrelia, Gouriel and other provinces of the Caucasus had been for a long time united to the Russian empire, which had, also, by the treaty concluded with Persia at Tourkmantchai, in 1828, acquired the Khanats of Erivan and Nakhitchévan, the two contracting parties recognized

the necessity of establishing, between their respective states, upon this line, a well defined frontier adapted to prevent all future discussion. For this purpose, it was agreed to recognize, as the boundary between the Russian and Turkish dominions in Asia, the line, which following the present boundary of Gouriel from the Black sea, goes to the boundary of Imeritia, and from thence in the nearest direction to the point of union of the frontiers of the pashalics of Akhaltzik and Kars with those of Georgia, leaving in this manner to the north and within this line, the town of Akhaltzik and the fort of Akhalkalaki, at a distance of not less than two hours. All the countries situate to the south and west of this line, towards the pashalics of Kars and Trebizond, with the greater part of the pashalic of Akhaltzik, then remained under the dominion of the Porte; whilst those which are situated to the north and east of the said line towards Georgia, Imeritia, and Gouriel, as well as the shore of the Black sea from the mouth of the Kuban to the port of St. Nicholas inclusive, remain under the dominion of Russia. The latter power accordingly restored to the Porte the residue of the pashalic of Akhaltzik, the city and pashalic of Kars, the city and pashalic of Bayazid, the city and pashalic of Erzeroum, with all other places occupied by the Russian forces without the above line.

The 4th article stipulated, that the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, being placed under the Suzéraineté of the Sublime Porte, and Russia having guarantied their prosperity, they should preserve all the privileges and immunities which had been granted to them, by their capitulations, and by the treaties concluded between the two empires, or by the hatti-scherifs issued at different periods. They should consequently enjoy the free exercise of their religious worship, of perfect security, of an independent national administration, and of full liberty of commerce. The additional clauses, necessary to give effect to these stipulations, were inserted in a separate act annexed to the treaty; which provides, among other things, that the Hospodars

should be hereafter elected for life, fixes the annual amount of the tribute to be paid by the principalities to the Porte, and declares that no Mussulman shall be allowed to reside on the left bank of the Danube.

The 6th articles declares, that the circumstances, which had occurred since the conclusion of the convention of Ackerman, not having allowed the Sublime Porte immediately to take measures for carrying into execution the clauses of the separate act relating to Servia, annexed to the 5th article of that convention, the Sublime Porte engaged in the most solemn manner to fulfil them, with the least possible delay, and with the most scrupulous exactness, and to proceed immediately to the restitution of the six districts detached from Servia, so as to secure forever the tranquility and happiness of that faithful nation. The firman ordaining the execution of these clauses was to be officially communicated to the imperial court of Russia within one month from the signature of the treaty.

The 7th article provides, that Russian subjects shall enjoy, throughout the Ottoman empire, as well on the land as the sea, that full and entire liberty of commerce secured by the previous treaties between the two contracting parties. This liberty of commerce shall in no case be infringed, nor under any pretext, by any prohibition or restriction whatsoever, nor in consequence of any regulation or measure, whether of internal administration or legislation. The Russian subjects, vessels, and merchandize to remain secure against all violence and chicane. Their subjects to remain under the exclusive jurisdiction and police of the minister and consuls of Russia. Russian vessels not to be liable to any visitation on the part of the Ottoman authorities, neither on the high seas, nor in any of the ports or roadsteads subject to the dominion of the Sublime Porte; and any merchandize belonging to a Russian subject, after having paid the duties regulated by the tariffs, may be freely sold, deposited in the warehouses of the owner or consignee, or transported on board another vessel, to whatso