es, is she, it is HE VERB. VERB WITH ITS SUBJECT. ber and in person, with its subject understood; as, Los Americanos aman las riquezas, the Americans love riches. reito de los Caldéos persiguió al rey, the army of the Chaldeans pursued the king. subject which is a collective noun, taken in a partitive se, that is, representing a part of the whole of the collective un, and conveying plurality of idea, requires the verb to be the plural; as, Parte creían lo que les decía, y parte no lo creían, part believed what he told them, and part believed it not. This last rule is not always followed even by the best Spanish authors. In cases in which a verb appears to have two subjects, it with that noun to which it seems more particularly to belong; as, must agree › quien or heone-who rt, he is, she ELIJAH'S INTERVIEW. 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Price 18. paper covers, or 18. 6d. cloth. are introduced. ON PHYSICS, OR NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. No. LXXIV. Continued from page 730.) DYNAMICAL ELECTRICITY. APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY TO MEDICAL THE first applications of electricity to medical purposes date from the discovery of the Leyden jar. Nollet and Boze appear to have been the first philosophers who thought of this application of electricity, and in a short time electrical puncture and friction became a universal panacea; but it must be confessed that the first attempts did not answer the expectations of the experimenters. who have a thorough knowledge of their different properties. Further, they ought to be employed with great moderation as vell as prudence, for, if their action is continued too long, serious accidents may result. M. Matteucci, in his lectures upon the physical phenomena of living bodies, thus expresses himself:"It is always necessary to begin by using a very feeble current. This precaution appears to me now more important than I thought it before. I saw a paralytic seized with convulsions of really a tetanic character under the action of a current furnished by a single element. Be careful never to prolong the passage of the current, especially if it be a powerful one. Employ the interrupted rather than the continuous current; but after twenty or thirty shocks, at most, let the patient rest for a few minutes." Various apparatus have been invented for applying interrupted currents-obtained by the induction of currents, the induction of magnets, or the battery-to medical purposes. The first apparatus appears to have been constructed at Paris by Dr. Rognetta, an Italian philosopher. Since that, Messrs. Masson, Dujardin, Glæsner, Breton and Duchenne have devised various apparatus of this sort. We will give descriptions of three of them, two invented by Dr. Duchenne, one producing an induced current of the first order, and the other an induced current of the first or second order, as may be desired; and the third, invented by M. Pulvermacher, producing an ordinary battery current, but interrupted and possessing great intensity Dr. Duchenne's Electro-Voltaic Apparatus.-This apparatus Fig. 480 Immediately upon the discovery of dynamical electricity, Galvani proposed the application of it to the art of healing, or, as it is technically termed, therapeutics. Since that time many philosophers and physiologists have taken up the subject, yet it still remains in a state of great uncertainty. The cases in which electricity ought to be employed, the real effects of electricity, and the best mode of applying it, are all matters upon which great doubt exists. Practitioners, however, are agreed upon one point, and that is, in preferring the use of currents to statical electricity. They also consider interrupted currents preferable to continuous ones, at least in nearly all cases. Besides these points there are others to be considered, as, e.g., whether the currents from batteries should be preferred to those of induction, and whether these latter should be of the first or the second order, the effects of the two kinds being different. Currents of induction, although very intense, have a very feeble chemical action, so that, when they pass through the organs, they do not produce the calorific effects of currents from the battery, and consequently do not tend to cause the same disorganisation. Further, for electrifying the muscles of the face, currents of induction should be preferred, because Dr. Duchenne, of Boulogne, who has made so many experiments upon the medical applications of electricity, has proved that these currents act very feebly upon the retina, while currents from the battery act much more forcibly upon it, so violently, indeed, as to be seriously injurious, and melancholy accidents have resulted from their use. With regard to induced currents of different orders, Dr. Duchenne states that, while an induced current of the first order produces strong muscular contractions, but has little effect upon the cutaneous sensibility, an induced current of the second order, on the contrary, increases the cutaneous sensibility to such a pitch that it ought not to be employed in the case of persons whose skin is very irritable. From what has been stated, we may conclude that currents ought not to be applied to medical puposes except by persons VOL. V. consists of a bobbin with two wires, like that which we described when speaking of currents of induction, fig. 459, and enclosed in a case v, fig. 480. This bobbin is fastened on to a wooden box, in which there are two drawers. The first contains a compass, which performs the part of a galvanometer, and serves to measure the intensity of the inducing current by the deflection which it produces in the needle. The second contains a carbon pile or battery, arranged in such a way as to occupy the least possible space. The zinc element z is itself in the form of a small drawer, in which is a solution of sea salt and a rectangular plate o of well-burnt coke, like that in the Bunsen battery. In the central part of the coke is a small cavity, into which is poured a small quantity of nitric acid, which is absorbed. Of the two copper plates L and N, the first is connected with the zinc, and represents the negative pole, and the second with the coke, and represents the positive pole. When the drawers are closed, the poles L and N are in contact with the lower ends of the copper rods E and c. From these two last proceed two copper wires EF and CB, which conduct the current to the parts H and o, the former of which is moveable. When it is lowered, the current passes; but when it is raised, as in the figure, the current is interrupted. As the induced current does not come into existence except at the moment when the inducing current begins or ends, it is necessary that the latter should be subject to continual intermissions. In Dr. Duchenne's apparatus, these intermissions 152 order. may be rapid or slow at pleasure. For rapid intermissions, EE, intended to receive the induced current of the second the current passes into a piece of soft iron A, which oscillates very quickly under the influence of a soft iron horse-shoe placed in the axis of the bobbin, and temporarily magnetised when the current is passing. It is this part A which, by its motion backwards and forwards, interrupts and re-establishes the inducing current, and consequently gives rise to the induced current. For slow intermissions, the oscillating piece is fastened by means of a small rod a; then, instead of passing the current through the part A, it is passed through a spring K, and through the teeth of a wooden wheel D, the teeth being of metal, and connected with the support 1 and the knob c. On turning the winch M, the current is interrupted every time the spring K ceases to touch a tooth; and as there are four teeth, there are four intermissions for each revolution, which enables one, by turning faster or slower, to vary at pleasure the number of intermissions, and consequently of shocks, in a given time. To communicate the shocks, bring the ends of the induction wire to two knobs P and Q, to which are fastened two long copper wires covered with silk, and terminating in two exciters-or, as they are usually called in this country, discharging-rods or dischargers-with glass handles TT. It is these dischargers which are applied to the organs in such a manner as to pass the current to whatever part of the body is desired. When a rotatory motion, more or less rapid, is communicated to the part c, as it is magnetised each time that it passes the poles of the magnets K K, it exercises upon them, through the diffusion of the magnetism, a reaction which produces a car rent of induction of the first order in the first wire, while this latter at the same time developes in the wire Ex an induced current of the second order. These currents may be obtained separately by means of a system of parts P or Q, which are each double, but only one of which, for each system, is visiti in the figure. The current then passes along copper wire wound in a spiral form upon two dischargers YY, which ar held in the hand by two glass handles, and are then taken to the patient to pass the current through him. With regard to the intermissions necessary for the formation of induced cur rents, they are produced by means of a cylinder B and a seres of parts SIDF, into the detailed description of which we cannot now enter. Lastly, the intensity of the shocks is regulated by means of a button screw N, which serves to bring the part c nearer to or farther from the magnets, But the principal regulat consists of two red copper cylinders HH, which surround the bobbins, and are capable of covering a larger or smaller por of the bobbins, according to the direction given to a drawer 1. to which they are attached. The shocks have the leas intensity when the cylinders entirely cover the bobbins, mi the greatest when they are entirely uncovered. This is to be 8.48. Lastly, the apparatus has a graduator, intended to vary the intensity of the current. This graduator consists of a hollow red copper cylinder, which surrounds the bobbin, and is capable of being drawn out more or less, like a drawer, by means of a graduated rod R. The intensity is greatest when the graduator is drawn out so as entirely to expose the bobbin, and it is least when it completely conceals it. This influence of the cylindrical envelope, which was observed by Messrs. Dore and Duchenne, is attributed to currents of induction which are produced in its substance. explained by the currents of induction which are developei the mass of the cylinder. As it is not in our power to describe at length the medi effects of these apparatus, we will simply observe that they have been particularly effective in cases of paralysis. Pulvermacher's Galvanic Chain. M. Pulvermacher h recently devised a new sort of pile, which is remarkable its great tension, and the facility with which it may be used This pile, which bears a strong resemblance in the principle f its construction to the column pile described in a previ leeson, is represented in fig. 482, at the moment when the shock is communicated. Fig. 483 represents the details of construction, Dr. Duchenne's Electro-Magnetic Apparatus.-Dr. Duchenne has also employed in his practice a second apparatus, in which he does not make use of the battery, but of the inducing action of a powerful magnet, in order to obtain a current, as is the case with Clarke's apparatus, of which we have given an It consists of a series of small wooden cylinders & and account. The magnet KK, fig. 481, consists of two branches, upon which are wound a copper and a zinc wire by the side at united at their posterior extremities by a soft iron armature. one another, but without touching. At each of its ends, th In front of their anterior extremities there is an armature c, zinc wire a b of the cylinder M is joined on to the copper wiref which is also made of soft iron, free to turn upon a horizontal the cylinder N by means of two small copper rings inserted in the wood. Then the zine of the cylinder x is in the manner united to the copper of the third cylinder, and so always forms with the copper of the next one a couple exact like those of the column pile. The whole thus forming a pr axis, which is set in motion by the pinion o of a large wheel with a chain round it, and a winch M. About the two branches of the magnets is wound a copper wire covered with silk, and intended to receive the induction of the magnets. Then upon the first wire is wound a second |