20. Quedit l'auteur, de sa cheve-7. lure?

21. Que dit-il de la tête du

to a series of brilliant ramifications obtained lutions of acetate of lead. For this puror bottle with a very clear solution of this he jar or bottle with a cork, to which is of zine in contact with some brass wires solution and spread out in it. The vessel Cically sealed, should be left to itself. In the ys bright spangles of crystallised lead are the brass wires, and present the appearance of the phenomenon bears the names mentioned on for calling it Saturn's tree is, that the ists gave the name of Saturn to lead. The it produced by mercury in nitrate of silver has ne of Diana's tree.

produced by Currents.-In chemical decomposiby the galvanic battery, there is not only a the elements, but a transference of some to the others to the negative pole, as we have already This phenomenon was demonstrated by Sir avy by many experiments. We will content noticing the two following:

poured a solution of sulphate of soda into two ected together by means of an amianthus or Batch moistened with the same solution, plunge lectrode, or anode, in one of the capsules, and the trode, or kathode, in the other. The salt is then and at the close of a few hours all the sulphuric found in the first capsule and all the soda in the three glasses A, B, C, fig. 438, the first containing Fig. 438.

B

up to the negative pole, where the last atoms of hydrogen are set at liberty and go to the pole. The same theory applies to metallic oxides and salts, and explains, he thinks, how it is that in the experiment described in the preceding paragraph, the syrup of violet in the vessel B neither becomes red nor green, Fig. 439.

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Law of Chemical Decompositions by the Galvanic Battery-Out illustrious countryman, Faraday, was the first to make known the following remarkable law of decompositions by the galvanic battery. When the same current acts successively upon a series of solutions, the weights of the elements resolved are in the same ratio as their chemical equivalents. The experiments which led him to the discovery of this law, were made with volta meters connected together by platinum wires and traversed by the same current. It was thus found that with saline solutions of different metals, the quantities of metal deposited on the negative wires in the voltameters, were respectively proportional to the equivalents of these metals.

The quantity of a body decomposed, says Faraday, is equivalent to the quantity of the body which, by its chemical action, produces the galvanic current; or rather, it approaches so closely to this proportion, that the variation may be attributed to imperfection of the apparatus. For every 9 pints (1 equiv.) of water decomposed in the voltameter, a little more than 32 2 pints (=1 equiv.) of zinc are dissolved in each cell of the battery.

Electric Polarity-This name is applied to a peculiar property acquired by plates of platinum which have served to transmit the current through a decomposable liquid. This property, which was pointed out by M. De la Rive, consists in this, that when they are taken from the solution and plunged in pure water, they give rise to a current of a contrary direction to that which they have served to transmit, as is proved by bringing them into contact with the ends of the wire of a galvanometer. The secondary current thus developed is more intense in proportion to the length of time during which the action of the first current has been continued.

tion of sulphate of soda, the second diluted syrup of and the third pure water. Connect them together by s of moistened amianthus matches, and then pass the t from o to A, for example. The sulphate in the glass A n decomposed, and soon the soda remains alone in this , which is negative, while all the acid is transferred to the o, which is positive. If, on the contrary, the current from A to c, it is the soda which goes to c, while all the remains in the glass A. But in both cases a remarkable omenon presents itself, inasmuch as the tint of the violet he glass B, is neither made red nor green by the passage of acid or the base through it. This singular circumstance not yet been satisfactorily explained. Grotthuss's Hypothesis on Electro-chemical Decompositions.-hydrogen which adhere to each plate respectively. otthuss has propounded the following theory with regard electro-chemical decompositions effected by the galvanic

M. Becquerel has explained the polarity acquired by metals, by showing that it arises from the fact, that, in the decomposition of salts, a layer of acid attaches to the plate which plays the part of a positive electrode, and a layer of the base to that which acts as a negative pole; for it is sufficient to plunge two plates of platinum, the one into an acid, and the other into an alkaline solution, in order that the plates may acquire polarity.

Battery, Starting with the hypothesis, that in every binary ompound, or substance behaving as such, one of the elements electro-positive and the other electro-negative, according to what has been before stated, this philosopher holds, that under the influence of the contrary electricities of the electrodes of the pile, a series of successive decompositions and recompositions is produced in the liquid into which they are plunged, so that only the elements of the extreme molecules do not recombine, and those being free, go to the poles. Water, for example, being formed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen, and the first gas being electro-negative and the second electro-positive, when this liquid is traversed by a sufficiently powerful current, the molecule a in contact with the positive pole, settles in the position indicated in fig. 439, that is to say, the oxygen is attracted and the hydrogen repelled. The oxygen of this molecule then going to the positive electrode, the hydrogen which is set at liberty immediately unites with the oxygen of the molecule b, then the hydrogen of this with the oxygen of the molecule c, and so on,

Plates of platinum which have served for the decomposition of pure water, thus acquire electric polarity without our being able to attribute it to the effect of an acid or a base; but M. Matteucci has shown that it arises from the oxygen and the

LESSONS IN MORAL SCIENCE.-No. X.

THE AUTHOR OF OUR BEING CONSIDERED IN

RELATION TO MORAL SCIENCE.

Ir has already been intimated, that the very existence of conscience seems to indicate, that man has a Superior to whom he is amenable for his conduct. The feeling of moral obligation which accompanies every perception of right and wrong, seems to imply that man is under law; for what is moral obligation but a moral law? And if we are under a law there must be a lawgiver, a moral governor, who has incorporated the elements of his law into our very constitution. This argument for the existence of God is solid, and independent of all other arguments: and it goes further than arguments derived from the evidences of design, which abound in the world around us; for these prove no more than that the Author of our being is intelligent, but this argument proves that he is a moral Being, and exercises a moral government over us. The atheist, when

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Geet.

I Truncing taseme of design; but
se. Insstered army, is a person.
SNET) e C & Vitis necessary
Lure we are malies in the cause,
Les incrivanie eeree. retracture of the
Laura bere ateulgence: fares adaptation
This supposes the sense of choice or
QVIOUSLY IN me of will. Every
Casrivance therefore ese exercise of an
What being winch these two
droparta nato dšto in this, we are accustomed to eate a person.
-woud of allfenit to find a better tearation of a person.
15 WE NEON 206 dispute about the same: when there is mani-
set tramence of wise contrivance in the effect, here must be an
emigent cause to produce such infeet. Vhere, we ask, is
"..at allse? Is it in the individual men xmints these signs
I design: That would be to make the same tang cause and
Is there then for each individual a winch wise con
Derations, rivance appears a particular case; nature or the world
duct the, to be considered one general cause, perating a multitude
hany, it ways: To suppose a particular ause for every one of these
ffects, would be to multiply deities beyond the wildest my
“hology of the heathen: for these causes being intelligent
eings, possessing 1 wisdom beyond our conception, each is
properly considered a separate iesty. But even this supposi
tion comes utterly short of furnishing a satisfactory account of
the phenomena of the universe; for the admirable contri
vances in the natural world consist very often in the adaptation
of things which are entirely distinct to each other, as of the
light to the eye, the air to the ear and to the lungs, the food
to the stomachs of the various species of animals, etc. The
same adaptation is equally obvious in the vegetable world.
That cause, therefore, which produced the eye must have pro-
duced the light; and the cause of the curiously-contrived
apparatus of hearing must have formed the air; and the author
of the stomach must have adapted it to various kinds of food,
etc. The hypothesis of an infinite number of separate intelli.
gent causes cannot be maintained. All these effects must be
attributed to one cause, and that cause must be infinitely wise
and powerful, to give existence to so many wonderful works.

ie suivida, aliunai,
how ligament and
cast
at kid that some rational,
watch, rone quadrant,
Wake or other works of
d is soon satisfied with
in a few particulars, and
here things are the effect of a
It can be by the contemplation
Iay, we think, be taken for
wait, that we cannot conceive
which would more clearly evince
found in the human and other
said that some ancient atheists
to hace, yet it seems unnecessary to
hating such a theory. Atheists no
Daur notion. As then design mani-
sarily to the conclusion, that
If, then, there is one cause of all these different species of
to the use, there is no escape from the beings, which could not exist without wise contrivance, that
victualem that the cause oul Being, but one of the follow cause must be powerful, intelligent and benevolent, ing
arteldeals a when and powerful Being, but by one of the follow-power, wisdom and intelligence can exist only in some being,
1 every thing in which design is and that being which possesses them must be a person. The
1 sternity; or, 2. That there are in pantheist will allege, that these attributes belong to the uni-
yze and possessing power and intelligence verse itself, and therefore there is no need to suppose any being
effe, but ho one great intelligent person; to exist separate from, and independent of, the world. All
hested from eternity a succession of these these phenomena arising, are only the developments of this
Bring one another in a continued series; one substance, in which the attributes before mentioned have
Mitereduala in the series perish, the succession their seat.

Before we receive such an opinion, let us inquire what con stitutes the universe, as far as our knowledge can extend. We become acquainted with the world without us by our senses. Trusting to the information of these inlets of knowledge, we find that the universe consists, as far as known to the senses, of peculiar objects combined together in various ways. These material things, though subject to peculiar laws, appear entirely destitute of intelligence. In this all men agree. The light, the air, the water, the rocks, the earth, the metals, etc., are not capable of thought. Indeed every material thing with which we are acquainted consists of an