The termination of a word is often in combination somewhat changed, especially if the compound is an adjective;

Inchoatives are formed by the addition of the termination becomes τιμο-ς, and πραγμα, πραγμων, e. g.

Attributive Compounds.

The attributiv are those in which also the second word is determined by le first, but the idea formed by the two is attributed as a quality to another word, thus ὁμο-τροπο-ς signifies not the same kind, (τροπος), but being of the same kind, having the same disposition; and μακρόχειρ is not a long hand, but having a long hand, or being long-handed. So αργυρότοξος is not a silver bow, but provided with a silver bow, a bearer of a silver bow; and exbrog denotes one who has a divinity within him, divinely inspired.

Objective Compounds.

The objectives are those in which one element is governed by the other, the latter being the object to the former; thus δεισιδαίμων superstitious, god fearing, where, as in god-fearing, δαιμων is governed by δεισι, and the word is equivalent to τους δαίμονας δεδιως, fearing the divinities, So ἡνιοχος, νείη holding is the same as τα ήνια εχων. In the same manner consider λογογραφος, speech-writer (historian or fabulist); αξιολόγος, worthy of record, and χειροποιητος, hand-made, that is, made by the hand, χερσι ποιητος. Sometimes the first component is the object, sometimes the second. Especially common are compounds with the prefix αν (ανευ, Latin sine, without), which before consonants becomes a, and which, on account of its negative or privative force, is termed alpha privative; e. g. α-μητωρ

α-γραφες un-teritten

άτεκνος

child-less

423

betically of all the Greek words you have had in the preceding Before you proceed any further, make a list arranged alphainstructions and exercises. Commit that list carefully to memory; look over it from time to time so as to refresh your memory, and fix each word firmly in your mind. Then derivations and under their several roots. By this means you arrange the words etymologically, that is, according to their will obtain a great command of the Greek vocabulary, and And translation easy. In going forward you will then find the truth of these words, which every student should take as his motto:

Παντ' εστιν εξευρεῖν, εαν μη τον πονον φευγή τις,

Review,

entering into such details as the occasion permitted and neI have thus conducted you through the inflected words, cessity seemed to require. If now you have studiously gone through the foregoing lessons, you are familiar with the derivation and formation of the nouns, adjectives, and verbs of the

mother-less, or in form more exactly un-motherly. Greek language. There are some indeclinable words in which αναιδής

shame-less (un-child-like, un-ashamed).

The prefix ev, well, and the prefix dvs, hardly, with difficulty, forma many compounds; e. g.

ευτικός

easily-bearing

Verbal adjectives have two endings, one in τos, the other in τέος. These in του resemble in signification the Latin participle in tus, as ποιητος, factus, that is, made; so γραπτος, scriptus, written. Many, and perhaps the greater number of them, more nearly approach the Latin adjectives in -bilis, as θαύμαστος, mirabilis, admirable; or they express a simple possibility, as ορατος, visible, an object that may be seen ;

ακουστος, audible.

some instruction is desirable. That given, Syntax will de-
mand attention. But before we pass on to these two subjects,
I will give you some exercises which will lead you to review
ascertain your progress.
the ground over which you have gone as well as enable you to
I recommend you to study these
exercises first without any aid from the grammar or the voca-
bulary. You ought to be able to construe them independently
of those aids. If, however, after considerable effort, you fail
to make out any sentence, then seek the usual assistance.
Bear in mind that if ever you are to run alone you must learn
to walk alone, and you are not to expect to be able to construe
sentence.
a Greek author if you cannot discover the sense of an easy

RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES.

Περσῶν βασιλεῖ πολλα έθνη πειθομένα ην. Ο βους κερατι Η σεληνη τα μέρη του μηνος φανερα ποιεῖ. Τῷ τῶν παίει, ὁ ἱππος ὁπλῃ, ὁ κύων στόματι, ὁ κάπρος οδοντι. Ρήτορος αρετη εστι ταληθῆ λέγειν. Κέρδη πονηρα ζημίαν αει φέρει. Δουλευειν παθεσι χαλεπώτερον η τυραννοις. Περικλέα μάλιστα εφοβείτο ὁ των Αθηναίων δῆμος. Οι κύνες τους λύκους από των προβάτων απερυκουσιν. εμαυτον. Ὁ αγων περι γυναικων και περί τέκνων και περι Εν να εχω τοῖν ανδροῖν παραδούναι Οἱ Αθηναῖοι ναυσι τριακοντα εβοηθουν. Οἱ Λύκιοι τας γυναῖκας πλεον ετιμων η τους ανδρας. Αχάριστοι η the man must be set αμελείς η πλεονέκται η άπιστοι η ακρατείς άνθρωποι ου δύνανται

Verbal adjectives in τeos have the same force as the Latin participle in -dus, and denote duty or necessity, δότες, π thas, must be given. The adjectives in τeoς, like the participle in -dus, has three genders, so as to agree with any noun that may be joined with it; they may also be used in the neuter in a general way, as signifying necessity; thus:

Latin. vir solvendus est

Greek. ανηρ λυτεός εστιν τιμητέα εστιν ἡ αρετη virtus honoranda est

English.

free.
virtue must be
honoured.

it is necessary to
write.

Both these adjectives are formed from the verbal stem.
easy practical way to form them is to change the termination
An
of the first aorist passive, θεις, into τος οι τεος, ε.α.

λυω τιμασ ακούω

λυ-θεις τιμη-θεις

ακουσ-θεις

πανω

παυ(σ)-θεις

Τέμνω

τμη-θεις

λυτος τιμή-τος ακουστος παυστος τμη-τος

στελλα

σταλ-θεις

διδωμι

δο-θεις

σταλτος
δοτος

λυ-τεος

τιμητέος ακουσ-τέος παυσ-τεος τμη-τεος σταλ-τεος δο-τεος

πάντων εστιν.

φιλοι γενεσθαι. Η των Αθηναίων πόλις αρχαιότατη ην και μέγιστη και ονομαστοτατη. Χαλεπον μεν εστιν εκφυγείν θανατον, πολυ δε χαλεπώτερον πονηριαν. Διδασκαλῳ μελει βελτίους ποιείν τους νεωτέρους. Η θηρα τους Περσαις δοκει ειναι αληθέστατη μελέτη προς τον πολεμον. Παιδευομεν τους παῖδας τους γεραιτέρους προτιμᾶν. Ανθρωπῳ παντων των αλλων ζωων ῥᾷον εστιν η ανθρώπων αρχειν. Ταχιστον εστι νούς, δια παντος γαρ τρέχει. Η φιλοτιμια μάλιστα παροξυνει προς τα αγαθα και εντιμα. Η ψυχη βασιλεύει εν ήμιν. Ει παρα σοι καλῶς ἔχει, θαῤῥει. Ῥᾷστον ἀπαντων εστιν αύτον εξαπατᾶν, Ω αγαθε, μη αγνοεί σεαυτον. Ο αγων ύπερ ψυχῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων εστιν. "Ω παιδες, τιμᾶτε αλληλους. Όστις διαβολαις ταχυ πείθεται, πονηρός αυτός εστι τους τρόπους. Λέγε το ψηφισμα. Ανδρος αγαθοῦ εργα πραττε. Οἱ παλαιοι ήλιον τε και σεληνην ενομίζον θεους ειναι. Ὁ ταληθῆ λεγων απεχθανεται πολλοῖς. Μιλτιαδης ωνομάζετο σωτηρὶ τῆς ̔Ελλάδος.

Ουδείς μισεῖ τους

Διδάσκετε

LITERARY NOTICES.

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upon the taste, ability, and circumstances of the individual. Both

are introduced.

moveable about a horizontal axis. A small circle e, at the side of it, which is graduated, shows the angle made by the glass with the vertical line. Between the feet of the two supports is a plated glass p, which is fixed and horizontal. At the top of the supports is a graduated rim i, in which a circular disc o, can turn round. This last, in the centre of which is a square opening, contains a black glass m, making, with the vertical, an angle equal to that of polarisation. Lastly, an annular disc k, is capable of being fixed at any height by means of a thumb-screw. A second circle a, supported by the other k, is capable of being inclined at various angles, and has a screen e, with a circular opening at its centre.

Supposing the glass n, to make with the vertical an angle of 35° 25', that is to say, an angle equal to the angle of polarisation for glass, the luminous rays sn, which met this glass at that angle, are polarised on reflection in the direction np towards the glass p, which sends them back in the direction par. After having gone through the glass n, the polarised pencil falls on the black glass m, at an angle of 35° 25', since this glass makes precisely the same angle with the vertical. Now, if we move the disc o, to which the glass m is fixed, horizontally, the glass will also move, but without altering its inclination, and two positions will be observed in which it does not reflect the incident pencil nr, that is, when the plane of incidence upon this glass is perpendicular to the plane of incidence cnp on the glass n. Such is the position represented in the accompanying figure. In every other position the polarised pencil is reflected by the glass m, in various degrees, and the maximum of light is reflected when the planes of incidence on the glasses m and n are parallel. If the glass m, makes with the vertical an angle greater or less than 35° 25', the polarised pencil is always reflected in all positions of the plane of incidence.

When, instead of receiving the polarised light on the black glass m, it is received by a double refracting prism placed in a tube g, fig. 350, we obtain only one image whenever the plane

| ing prism, and turned about itself, the polarised pencil completely disappears when the axis of the turmalin is parallel to the plane of incidence s np.

Thus the different properties of polarised light may be demonstrated. Noremberg's apparatus may also be employed in the observation of the colours of polarised light, and the study of circular polarisation in quartz.

CIRCULAR POLARISATION.

Rotation of the Plane of Polarisation.-When a polarised ray passes through a plate of quartz cut perpendicularly to the axis of crystallisation, this ray is again polarised on emerging, but no longer in the same plane of polarisation as before its entrance. With some specimens, the new plane is turned to the right of the old one, with others to the left. To this phenomenon is given the name of circular polarisation. It was first observed by Seebeck and Arago, but was particularly studied by Biot, who established the following laws.

1. The rotation of the plane of polarisation is not the same for the different simple colours, and is greater in proportion as the colours are more refrangible.

2. For the same simple colour, and plates of the same crystal, the rotation is proportional to the thickness. the same thickness gives apparently the same rotation. 3. In the rotation from right to left, or from left to right,

Substances which turn the plane of polarisation to the right, are called dextrogyral (that is, turning to the right). To this class belong sugar dissolved in water, essence of lemon, alcoholic solution of camphor, dextrine and tartaric acid. Substances which turn the plane of polarisation to the left, are called lavogyral (that is, turning to the left). Essence of turpentine, essence of laurel, and gum Arabic, come under this head.

Coloration produced by Circular Polarisation.-On looking with a double refracting prism at a thin plate of quartz cut perFig. 351.

of the principal section of the prism coincides with the plane of polarisation on the glass n, and then it is the ordinary ray which is transmitted. Only one image also is seen when the plane of the principal section is perpendicular to the plane of polarisation, and it is the extraordinary image which then passes. In every other position of the double refracting prism, two images are seen, the brightness of which varies with the position of the principal section.

Lastly, if turmalin be substituted for the double refract

pendicularly to the axis and traversed by a pencil of polarised light, we observe two images brightly coloured, whose colours are complementary. On then turning the prism to the right or left, the two images change colours, and successively assume all the colours of the rainbow, still continuing to be comple mentary to each other. This phenomenon is a consequence of the first law of circular polarisation. It may be very well observed by means of Noremberg's apparatus, fig. 349. For this purpose, place upon a screen e, fig. 350, a plate of quartz