if chief at that time, defiring him to recommend it to the presidency of Bombay to take the caftle by force out of the hands of the ufurper. Admirai Pococke, who was then with his (quadron at Bombay, readily concurred in fupporting the expedition. The enterprize was conducted with the ufual fuccefs attending the British arms; and Captain Maitland, the conductor, took pofleffion of the caftie with its revenue in name of the Enft India Company, who were confirmed in the government by grants from the Mogul. The total population is estimated at 200.000; among whom there are people of as many different religions as at Amsterdam. Hence reither Mahon.etaus nor Hindoos are fo ftrict as elfewhere. There are alfo Jews and Chriftians of various denominations. The Hindoos are very hope it. Surat is feated on the Tapty, 20 mues up that river, and 177 N. of Bombay. Lon. 72. 48. E. Lat. 21. 10. N. SURAZ, a town of Ruffia, in Polotk; 85 miles E. of Polotík. Lon. 43. 20. E. Ferro. Lat. 55. 18. N. SURAZSK, a town of Ruffia, in Novgorod Sievertko; 72 miles NNW, of Novgorod. Lon. 30. 8. E. Ferro. Lat. 54. o. N. * To SURBATE. v. a. [folbatir, French.] To bruite and batter the feet with travel; to harafs; to fatigue. They could not but be extremely weary and furbated. Clarendon Chalky land furbates and spoils oxens feet. In cruel fight on Lybick ocean wide, Spenfer. SURCEASE. n. f. Ceffation; ftop.-It might very well agree with your principles, even to fend out your writs of furcea e unto all courts of England. Hooker. (1.) * To SURCEASE. v. n. [fur and ceffer, Fr. relo, Lat. 1. To be at an end; to ftop; to ceafe; to be no longer in ufe or being. Granting my fuit, you give me all; Donke. 2. To leave off; to practise no longer; to refrain Finally.—To fly altogether from God, to despair, and under that pretence to furceafe from prayers, were to him no les injurious thau pernicious to qur own fouls. Hooker. Nor did the British fquadrons now furccafe To gall their foes o'erwhelm'd. Philips. So pray'd he, whilft an angel's voice from high, Bide him furccafe to importune the sky. Harte. (2.) *To SURCEASE. V. 4. To top; to put an end to. Obfolete. All pain hath end, and every war hath peace; But mine no price, nor prayer, may furceafe. Spenfer. (1.) SURCHARGE. n. f. furcharge, French; from the verb. Burthen added to burthen; overburthen; more than can be well borne.-The air, alter receiving a charge, doth not receive a Surcharge, or greater charge, with like appetite as it doth the firft. Bacon.-An object of furcharge or excefs deftroyeth the fefe; as the light of the fun, the eye; a violent found near the ear, the hearing. Bacon -The moralifts make this raging of a lion to be a furcharge of one madaefs upon another. L'Etrange. (2.) SURCHARGE OF COMMON, is a disturbance of common of pafture, by putting more cartle therein than the patture and herbage with fuftain, or the party hath a right to do. This injury can only happen where the common is appendant or appurtenant, and of courfe limitable by law; or where, when in grofs, it is exprefly limited and certain; for where a man bath com.non in grefs, fans nombre, or without tout, he cannot be a fur. charge. In this cafe indeed there must be left fufficient for the lord's own beats. The ufuat remedies for furcharging the common are by the lord's diftraining the furp us number, or by his bringing an action of trefɔafs, or by a {pecial action on the cafe, in which any commoner may be plaintiff. The ancient and most effectual method of proceeding is by writ of admeafurement of pafture. (3.) SURCHARGE OF THE FOREST, is when a commoner puts more beaft in the foreft than be has a right to. See FOREST, § 3 and 5. (4) SURCHARGE, WRIT OF SECOND, de ferun da uperoneratione, is given by the ftatute of Weftm. 2. 13 Edw. I. cap. 8. when, after the admicafurement of pafture hath afcertained the right, the fame defendant furcharges the common again; and thereby the sheriff is directed to in quire by a jury whether the defendant has in fact agam furcharged the common; and if he has, he fhall then forfeit to the king the fupernumerary cattle put in, and alfo fhail pay damages to the plaintiff. *To SURCHARGE. v. a. [furcharger, Fr.] To overload; to overburthen.-They put upon every portion of land a reasonable rent, which they called Romefcot, the which might not furcharge the tenant or freeholder. Spenfer.-Tamas was returned to Tauris, in hope to have fuddenly furprifed his enemy, furcharged with the pleasures of fo rich a city. Knolles. Milton. Heav'n furcharg'd with potent multitude, Might hap to move new brons. He ceas'd, difcerning Adam with fuch joy Surcharg'd. Milton. Your head reclin'd, as hiding grief from view, Droops like a role furcharg'd with morning dew. Dryden. * SURCHARGER. n.f. [from surcharge.] One that overburthens. * ŞURCINGLE. n.f. [fur and cingulum, Lat.] 1. A girth with which the burthen is bound upon a horfe. 2. The girdle of a caflock.-- Juftly he chofe the jurcingle and gown. Marv. * SURCLE. n. f. [surculus, Lat.] fhoot; a twig; a fucker. Not in general ufe.-It is an arboreous excrefcence, or fuperplant, which the tree cannot alhmilate, and therefore fprouteth not forth in boughs and surcles. Brown.-The bafilica dividing into two branches below the cubit, the outward fendeth two furcles unto the thumb. Brown. SURCO, a town of Peru, in Lima. * (1.) SUR (r.) SURCOAT. n. f. furcot, old French; fur and cot.) A short coat worn over the reft of the drefs. The honourable habiliments, as robes of fate, parliament-robes, the furcot, and mantle. Camden.-The commons were bolotted in excefs of apparel, in wide furcoats reaching to their loins. Camden. Their fwords, their fhie'ds, their furcoats were the fame. Dryden. (2.)The SURCOAT is a coat of arms worn over the body armour. It is properly a loofe thin taffety coat, with arms embroidered or painted on it; fuch as is worn by heralds; and was anciently alfo ufed by military men over their armour to diltinguith them. SURCULATION, n.f. {from furculus, Lat.] in gardeng and husbandry, the art of pruning or opping of trees. Bailey. SURCULI, n. f. plur. [Lat.] in botany, the middle ramifications of the ribs of a leaf. Bailey. SURCULOSE. adj. [from furculus, Lat.] Full of fhoots, flips, or fpigs. Bailey. SURCULUS, n.f. [Lat.] in botany; a fhoot; a fet or flip; a cyon, or graft; a young twig, or branch of a tree. Bailey. (1.) * SURD. adj. [furdus, Lat.] 1. Deaf; wanting the fenfe of hearing. 2. Unbeard; not perceived by the ear. 3. Not expreffed by any term. (2.) SURD NUMBER. n. f. [from furd and number.] That is incommenfurate with unity. (3.) SURD NUMBER, in arithmetic and algebra, any number or quantity that is incom menfurable to unity; otherwife called an irrational number or quantity. See ALGEBRA, Part I. § III. page 427; where the proper title, CHAP. IV. is omitted. SURDESOLID. See SUR SOLID, § 2. * SURDITY. n. f. [from surd.] Deafnefs. (1.) SURE. adj. feure, Fr.] 1. Certain : unfailing; infallible.-The teftimony of the Lord is fure. Pfalms, xix. 7.— How he can Denham. In wars renew'd, uncertain of fuccefs, Sure of a fhare, as umpires of the peace. Dryd. -If you find nothing new in the matter, I am fure much lefs will you in the ftyle. Wake. Speak, though fure, with fee.ning diffidence. Pope. 4. Safe; firm; certain; paft doubt or danger. To make fure is to fecure, fo as that nothing thall put it out of one's poffeffion or power.-Thy king. dom fhall be fure unto thee. Dan. iv. 26.—He had me make jure of the bear, before I feil his fkin. L'Etrange. They would make others on both fides fure of pleafing. Dryden.-They have a nearer and furer way to the felicity of life by temping their paffions. Temple.-A peace cannot fail, provided we make jure of Spain. Temple. I'll make sure he ne'er thail be for thee. Dr. I bred you up to arms, rais'd you to power, Ali to make fure the vengeance of this day. Dryd. Make Cato Jure, and give up Utica. Addijon, -They have reason to make all actions worthy of obfervation, which are fure to be obferved. Atterburg. 5. Firm; stable; steady; not liable to failure. Tho' thou ftand' more sure than I could do, Thou art not firm enough. Shak. I with your horfes fwift and fure of foot. Shak. I wrapt in fare bands both their hands and feet, And caft them under hatches. Chapman. The fureft guard is innocence. Roscommon. Partition firm and sure the waters to divide. Milton. -The way I have purfued, being conformable to truth, iays thofe foundations surer. Locke. Thus manifeft of right, I build my claim, Sure founded on a fair maternal fame. Pope. 6. To be SURE. Certainly. This is a vicious expreflion: more properly be sure.-Objects of fenfe would then determine the views of all fuch. to be sure, who converfed perpetualy with them. Atterbury. Though the chymift could not cal cine the caput mortuum, to obtain its fixed falt, ip be sure it muft have fome. Arbuthnot. (2.) *SURE. adv. [surement, Fr.] Certainly; without doubt; doubtlefs. It is generally without emphafis; and, notwithstanding its original meaning, expreffes rather doubt than affertion.Something, sure, of state. Hath puddled his clear fpirit. Shak Sare the virgin goddess, hai fhe been Aught but a virgin, muft the guilt have feen. Addifor. Smith. Sure the queen would wish him still unknown, She loaths, detefts him. Sure, upon the whole, a bad author deferves better ufage than a bad critick. Pope. (3.) SURE, in geography. See SOURE, N° 1. SUREBY, an ancient town of England, in Yorkfhire; called by Ptolemy, Gabrenta Vicorum. *SUREFOOTED. adj. fure and foot.] Tread ing firmly; not ftumbling Herb Surefooted griefs, folid calamities. SURELY. adv. [from fare.] 1. Certainly; undoubtedly; without doubt. It is often used rather to intend and ftrengthen the meaning of the fentence than with any diflinct and cxpiicable meaning.-In the day that thou eateft thereof thou that furely die. Gen.-Thou surely hadst not come fole fugitive. Milton.-He that created fomething out of nothing, furely can ra fe great things out of fmall. South-Surley the confideration of their wealth is at least of as great importance as gram:natical criticif ns. Arò.-Surely we may prefume, to think fome very fallible men liable to errors. Waterland. 2. Firmay; without hazard.-He that walketh rightecully, walketh furely. SUREN, a river of the Helvetic republic, which rifes from lake Sempach, and rnns into the Aar, 2 miles NE of Arau. SURENAS, a celebrated Parthiar reneral, who defeated the Romans under Craffas, the father and fon; and gave the oil avaricions Roman what he merited. See PARTHIA, f 5 and 6. * SURF SURENESS. n. f. [from sure.] Certainty.The fubtle ague, that for fureness sake Takes its own time thʼ assault to make. Cowley, -He diverted himself with the fpeculation of the feed of coral; and for more fureness he repeats it. Woodward. SURENHUSIUS, William, a learned Hebræan, of the university of Amfterdam; who flourished in the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. He published an edition of the MISCHNA, with notes of his own, and a Latin verfion, in 1703, in 3 vols folio. It contains alfo the commentaries of the rabbins Maimonides and Barte nora. * SURETISHIP. n. f. [from furety.] The office of a furety or bondfman; the act of being bound for another. Idly, like prifoners, which whole months will fwear That only furetiship hath brought them there. Donne. If here not clear'd no furetiship can bail Condemned debtors from th' eternal gaol. Denh. -Have not the faireft eftates been deftroyed by furetifhip? South. (1.) * SURETY. n. [. [ sureté, French.] 1. Certainty; indubitablenefs.-Know of a furety that thy feed fhall be a stranger. Gen. xv. 2. Security; fafety. There the princeffes determining to bathe, thought nobody durft prefume to come thither; yet, for the more furety, they looked round about. Sidney. 3. Foundation of stability; fupport.-We our state at high, and in others at low water; but are unia formly moft violent during the fpring tides. I is not eafy to affign the cause of surfs. That they are affected by the winds can hardly be question. ed: but that they do not proceed from the immediate operation of the wind in the places where they happen, is evident from this circumstance, that the surf is often highest and most vió. lent where there is leaft wind, and vice versa. On the coaft of Sumatra the higheft are experienced during the SE. monfoon, which is never at tended with fuch gales as the NW. As they are moft general in the tropical latitudes, Mr Marf den, who seems to have paid much attention to the fubject, attributes them to the trade-winds which prevail at a distance from shore between the parallels of 30° N. and S. whose uniform and invariable action causes a long and conftanti(well, that exists even in the caimeft weather, about the line, towards which its direction tends from either fide. This fweil, when a fquall happens or the wind freshens up, will for the time have other fubfidiary waves on the extent of its furface, breaking often in a direction contrary to it, and which will again fubfide as a calm returns, without having produced on it any perceptible effect. Sumatra, though not continually expofed to the SE. trade-wind, is not so diftant but that its influ ence may extend to it; and accordingly at Poolo Pefang, near the S. extremity of the inland, a conftant foutherly fea is obferved, even after a strong NW. wind. This inceffant and powerful fwell rolling in from an ocean, open even to the pole, feems an agent adequate to the prodigious effects produced on the coaft; whilft its very fize contributes to its being overlooked. It reconciles almolt all the difficulties which the phenomena feem to prefent, and in particular it accounts for the decrease of the furf during the NW. monfoon, the local wind then counteracting the operation, of the general one; and it is corroborated by an obfervation, that the furfs on the Sumatran coaft ever begin to break at their fouthern extreme, the motion of the fwell not being perpendicular to the direction of the fore. This explanation of the phenomena is certainly plausible; but, as the author candidly acknowledges, objections may urged to it. The trade-winds and the fwell occa fioned by them are remarkably steady and uniform; but the furfs are much the reverfe. How then comes an uniform caufe to produce unfeady et fets? In the opinion of our author it produces m uefteady effects. The irregularity of the furfs, he fays, is perceived only within the remoter limits of the trade winds. But the equatorial parts of the earth performing their diurnai revolution with greater velocity than the reft, a larger circle heing defcribed in the fame time, the water thereabout, from the ftronger centrifugal force, may be sup pofed more buoyant ; to feel lef- refraint from the fluggish crinciple of matter; to have lefs gravity; and therefore to be more obedient to external im puifes of every kind, whether from the winds or any other cauf. (2.) SURETY, in law, is the fame with BAIL. SURF, n. s. a term used by feamen to exprefs a peculiar fwell and breaking of the fea upon the hore. It fometimes forms but a fingle range along the fhore, and at others 3 or 4, behind one another, extending half a mile out to fea. The furf begins to allume its form at fome diftance from the place where it breaks, gradually accumulating as it moves forward till it gain, not uncommonly, in places within the limits of the trade-winds, a height of 15 or 20 feet, when it overchangs at top, and falls like a cascade with great face and a prodigious noife. Countries where furts prevail require boats of a particular conftruction, very different from the greater part of thofe which are built in Europe. In fome places fur's are great be (1.)* SURFACE. n. f. fur and face, French) Superficies; outfide; fuperfice. It is accented by Milton on the laft lyilabe. Thich Has ta'en himself a furfeit of the world. Otway. (2.) SURFEIT, in medicine, is a fickness with a fenfation of a load at the ftomach, usually proceeding from fome error in diet, either with regard to the quantity or quality of the food taken. Sometimes, however, a surfeit is only a plethora from indoience and full but improper feeding; in which cafe perfpiration is defective; and eruptions form themselves on the skin. A furfeit from animal food, as mufcles, putrid flefh, &c. is beft remedi ed by the use of vegetable acids, which may be taken diluted with water, a vomit being premifed, and this even though a vomiting and purging both attend. When an excefs of feeding is the caufe, the primæ viæ being evacuated, and the nature of the plethora attended to, that the load may be properly evacuated, the indication of the cure will be, to recover the perfpiratory discharge, confiftent with which diuretics may be ufed in preference to medicines which produce any other evacuation. But the most natural and effectual remedy for a furfeit, is abftinence, and temperance afterwards. (3.) SURFEIT, in farriery. See FARBIERY, Part III. Sect. XIV. § II. (1.) * To SURFEIT. v. a. [from fur and faire, French, to do more than enough, to overdo.] To feed with meat or drink to fatiety and fickness; to cram overmuch. Shak. The furfeited grooms Do mock their charge with fnores. (2.) To SURFEIT. v. n. * To be fed to fatiety and ficknefs.-They are as fick that furfeit with too much, as they that ftarve with nothing. Shak. -Take heed left your hearts be overcharged with furfeiting, and drunkenness. Luke, xxi. 34.-Tho' fome had fo furfeited in the vineyards, and with the wines, that had been left behind, the generofity of the Spaniards fent them all home. Clarendon. They must be let loose to the childish play they fancy, which they fhould be weaned from, by being made to furfeit of it. Locke. VOL. XXI. PART 11. This am'rous furfeiter would have donn'd his belm For fuch a petty war. Shak. Ant. and Cleop. *SURFEITWATER. n.f. [furfeit and water.] Water that cures furfeits.-A little cold-distilled poppywater, which is the true furfeitavater, with eafe and abftinence, often ends diftempers in the beginning. Locke. (1.) SURGE. n.f. [from furgo, Latin.] A fwelling fea; wave rolling above the general furface of the water; billow; wave.-The realm was left, like a fhip in a ftorm, amidst all the raging furges, unruled and undirected. Spenfer. The wind fhak'd furge, with high and mon- Seems to caft water on the burning bear. Shak. Whofe enmity he flung afide, and breafted The urge moft fwoln that met him. Shak. -It was formerly famous for the unfortunate loves of Hero and Leander, drowned in the uncompaflionate surges. Sandys.— The fulph'rous hail Shot after us in ftorm, o'erblown, had laid Milton. In heaps his flaughter'd sons into the deep. Pope. (2.) SURGE. See WAVE. *To SURGE. v. n. [from furgo, Lat.] To swell; to rife high.— From midft all the main The furging waters like a mountain rife. Spenf. From furging gulfs two monsters straight were brought. Spenfer. The ferpent mov'd, not with indented wave, Prone on the ground, as fince; but on his rear, In circular bafe of rifing folds, that tower'd Fold above fold, a furging maze! Milton. Surging waves against a folid rock, Though all to fhivers dafh'd, th' affault renew, Vain batt'ry. Milton. (1.)* SURGEON. n. f. [Corrupted by conver fation from chirurgeon.] One who cures by manual operation; one whofe duty is to act in externai maladies by the direction of the physician. -The wound was paft the cure of a better surgeon than myself. Sidney.-I am a furgeon on old fhoes. Shak.-He that hath wounded his neighbour, is tied to the expences of the furgeon, and other incidences. Taylor. The furgeons foon defpoil'd them of their arms, Dryden. And fome with falves they cure. (2.) A SURGEON, or CHIRURGEON, is one who profeffes the art of SURGERY. In England there are two distinct companies of furgeons now occupying the fcience or faculty of furgery; the one company called barbers, the other furgeons, which latter are not incorporated.-The two are united to fue, and be fued, by the names of masters or governors and commonalty of the mystery of barbers and furgeons of London. 32 Henry VIII. c. 42. No perfon ufing any barbery or fhaving in Gggg London, London, fall occupy any furgery, letting of biood, or other matter; drawing or teeth only excepted. And no perfon using the mystery or craft of furgery thall occupy or exercite the feat or craft of barbery, or thaving, reither by himself, nor any other for his ufe. 32 Henry VIII. c. 42. By the fame ftatute, furgeons are obliged to have figus at their doors. Under the old French government, the French chirurgeons, being refuled to be admitted into the universities, (although their art is a branch of medicine,) on pretence of its bordering a little on butchery or cruelty, affociated themselves into a brotherhood, under the protec, tion of S. Cofmys and S. Damian; on which account, according to the laws of their inititution, they were obliged to drefs and look to wounds gratis the firft Monday of each month. They dif DEFINITIONS. tinguifhed between a chirurgeon of the long robe and a barber-chirurgzon. The first had ftu-tięd phyfic, and was allowed to wear a gown. The kill of the other, belides what relates to the management of the beard, wa fuppofed to be confined to the more fimple and eaty operations in chirurgery; as bleeding, tooth-drawing, &c. They were formerly diftinguibed by badges: thofe of the long gown bore a case of inftruments; the barber, a baion. The furgeons and barbers of Edinburgh were formerly united in one incorporation, but were di joined about 1720. See BARBERS, $5, and SURGERY, Index. · * SURGEONRY. See SURGERY. SURGERES, a town of France, in the dep. of Lower Charente, 12 miles NE, of Rochfort, and 21 N. of Saintes. SURGE 4. It appears highly probable that furgery was antecedent to all the other branches of medicine. The wars and contentions which have taken place among mankind almoft eyer finge their creation, receifarily imply that there would be occafion for furgeons at a very early period; and probably these external injuries would for fome time be the only difeafes for which a cure would be attempted, or perhaps thought practicable. In the facred writings we find much mention of balfains, particuJarly the balm of Gilead, as excellent in the cure of wounds; though at the fame time we are in formed that there were fome wounds which this balfam could not heal. 5. Of the furgery practifed among the ancient Egyptians, Jews, and Afiatic nations, we know little or nothing. The Grecks were thofe from whom the art defcended to us, though they confofedly received it from the eastern nations. The firit Greek furgeons on record are SCULAPIUS and his fons PODALIRIUS and MACHAON. Efeu pius flourished about 50 years before the Trojan war; and his two fons diftinguished themselves in that war, both by their valour and skill in curing wounds. This indeed is the whole of the medical kill attributed to them by HOMER; for in the plague which broke out in the Grecian R Y. camp, he does not mention their being at all con. fuled. Nay, what is ftill more strange, though he sometimes mentions his heroes having their bones broke, he never takes notice of their being reduced or cured by any other than fupernatural means; as in the cafe of neas, whofe thigh hone was broken by a ftone caft at bum by Dio, med. The methods which thefe two famous tur geous uled in curing the wounds of their fellow foldiers feems to have been the extracting or cutting out the darts which inflicted them, and ap plying emollient fomentations or flyptics to them when neceffary; and to thefe they undoubtedly attributed much more virtue than they could po'. fefs, as appears from the lines, where Homer deferibes Eurypylus as wounded and under the hands of PATROCLUS, who would certainly prac tile according the directions of the furgeons. 6. Till the days of HIPPOCRATES we know very little of what was the practice of the Greek furgeons. From him, however, we learn, that the practice of blood-letting, cupping, and scarification, was known to them; alfo the ufe of warm and emollient fomentations, illues made with bot irons, pellaries, injections, fumigations, &c. Hippocrates alfo gives directions with regard to frac tures, luxations, ulcers, fiftulas. He directs the extenfion, reduction, bandages, and folints, proper to be used in fractures and luxations of dir ferent bones, with feveral machines to increase the extention when necellary. He directs the laxity and tightness of the bandages; the intervals for unloofing and binding them on again: the poi, tion and repose of the fractured member, and the proper regimen ; and he mentions the time when a callus is ufually formed. He treats also of fractures of the fkull, and the method of applying the trepan. In his treatment of ulcers, he speaks of reducing fungous flesh by means of efcharoties, fome of which are aium, hitre, verdigrife, quicklime, &c. 7. In the time of PTOLEMY PHILOPATER of Egypt, medicine, all the branches of which bad hitherto been practifed by the fame perfon, was now divided into three, viz. the dietetic, pharmaceutic, and furgical; from which time to the prefent, furgery |