bred out into baboon and monkey. Shak.-In- quently, nay generally, thefe ftrains are not imtemperance and luft breed di'cafes, which propa- mediate, but arife from the action of forces on gated fpoil the fain of a nation. Tillotson. 4. diftant parts, by which the affemblage is ftrained, A ftyle or manner of spraking.-According to the and there is a tendency to rupture in every part. genius and train of the book of Proverbs, the This fram is induced on every part, and is there words wifdom and righteoufefs are ufed to figni- modified by fixed mechanical laws. Thefe it is fy all religion and virtue. Tillotfon.-In our litur- our bufinefs to learn; but our chief object in this gy are as great fains of true fublime eloquence, as inveftigation is to determine the ftrength of mateare any where to be found in our language. Swift. rials which it is neceffary to oppofe in every part -Macrobius fpeaks of Hippocrates's knowledge in to this firain; and how to oppofe this ftrength in very lofty trains. Baker. 5. Song; note; found. fuch a manner that it fhall be exerted to the best -Wilt thou love fuch a woman? what, to make advantage. The notions of train and strength thee an instrument, a play falfe ftrains upon therefore hardly admit of feparation; for it is ethee? Shak.ven by means of the ftrength of the intermediate parts that the ftrain is propagated to, or excited in, the part under consideration. See STRENGTH, $ 3. Such trains as would have won the ear When the first bold veffei dar'd the feas, tell (1.) * To STRAIN. v. a. [eftreindre, French.] 1. To fqueeze through fomething.-Their aliment ought to be light, rice boiled in whey and strained. Arbuthnot. 2. To purify by fitration.-Earth doth not rain water fo finely as fand. Bacon. 3. To fqueeze in an embrace. I would have train'd him with a ftrict embrace; But through my arms he flept. O'd Evander, with a ciofe embrace, Dryden. Dryden. 7. Turn: tendency; inborn difpofition.-Hereticks 4. To iprain; to weak.n by too much violence. have a train of madnets. Hayward. 8. Manner of speech or action.-Such take too high a strain at the firft. Bacon. (2.) A STRAIN, is a pain occafioned by the vio. lent extention of fome membranous or tendinous part. -The jury make no more ferupie to pafs against Swift. Prudes decay'd about my tack, Strain their necks with looking back. 5. To put to its utmoft ftrength.-By this we fee in a caufe of religion, to how defperate adventures men will train themfelve. Hooker. Yet as I can my cunning I will strain. Spenf. The princely blood flows in his cheek, he fweats, Strains his young nerves. Shak. My earthly by his heavenly overpower'd Which it had long ftood under, ftrained to th height In that celeftia! colloquy fublime. Milton. The lark and linnet fing with rival notes; They rain their warbling throats. Dryden. Nor yet content, the ftrains her malice more, And adds new ills. Dryden. (3.) STRAIN and STRESS, in mechanics, are terms indifcriminately ufed to exprefs the force which is excited in any part of a machine or ftructure of any kind tending to break it in that part. Thus every part of a rope 18 equally trained by the weight which it fufpends. Every part of a pillar is equally trained by the load which it fupports. A mill axle is equally twifted and ftrained i every part which lies between the part of the wheel actuated by the moving power and the part which is refitted by the work to be performed. Every part of a lever or joift is differently trained by a force acting on a distant part. It is evident that we cannot make the ftructure fit for its purpose, unless the strength in every part be at leaft equa. to the ftrefs laid on, or the train excited in that part. It is no lefs plain, that if we are ignorant of the principies which determine this ftran, both in intensity and direction, in relation to the magnitude and the fituation of its remote cause, the only fecurity we have for fuccefs is to give to every part of the affemblage fuch folidity that we can leave no doubt of its fufficiency. But daily experience shows us that this vague fecurity is in many cafes uncertain, if we are thus ignorant. In ad cafes it is flovenly, unlike an artift, attended with ufel-fs expence, and in machines is attended with a lofs of power which is wafted in changing the motions of a needlefs load of matter. It muft therefore greatly tend to the improvement of all 7. To push beyond the proper extent.profeffions occupied in the erection or employ- Strain not the laws to make their torture ment of fuch ftructures to have a diftinét notion of grievous. Addifon. It is the worft fort of husbandry for a father not to train himself a little for his fon's breeding. Locke.-Our words flow from us in a fmooth continned ftream, without thofe ftrainings of the voice, motions of the body, and majefty of the hand which are fo much celebrated in the orators of Greece and Rome. Atterbury. Strain'd to the root, the flooping forest pours A rustling fhower of yet untimely leaves. Thomf. 6. To make ftraight or tenfe.-A bigger ftring more trained, and a leffer string leis ftrained, may fall into the fame tone. Bacon.— To ftrain his fetters with a ftricter care. the ftrains to which their parts are expofed. Fre--There can be no other meaning in this ex preflion, Spenfer.- recffion, however fome may pretend to train frith.-Plant gatrifons to command the freights. t. Savift.-Your way is to wieft and Brain fome principles maintained both by them and me. Waterland. 8. To force; to constrain; to make uneafy or unnatural. The lark fings fo out of tune, Straining harth difcords. Shake 'peare. He talks and plays with Fatima, but his mirth Is fore'd and trained. Denham, To STRAIN. v. n. 1. To make violent (2.) efforts. Honour travels in a freight so narrow, Where one but goes abreaft. Shak. -Fretum Magellanicum, or Magellan's Straits. Abbot. They went forth unto the traits of the mountain. Judith.-The Saracens brought together with their victories their language and religion into ail that coaft of Africk, even from Egypt to the freights of Gibraltar. Breretond. 2. Diftrefs; difficulty.-The independent party, which abhorred all motions towards peace, were in as great freights as the other. Clarendon.—It was impoffible to have adminiftered fuch advice to the king, in the freight he was in, which being purfued might not have proved inconvenient. Daniel. Clarendon. To build his fortune I will frain a little. You stand like greyhounds in the flips, That death may not them idly find. Straining with too weak a wing, Shak. Shak. We needs will write epifties to the king. Pope. 2. To be filtered by compreffion.--The fea water pafling or training through the fands, leav4th the faltnefs behind them. Bacon. * STRAINER. a. f. [from strain] An inftrument of fiitration.--The excrementitious moif. ture paffeth in birds through a finer and more de. licate ftrainer than it doth in brafts. Bacon. Shave the goat's baggy beard, left thou too Jo vain fhould' feek a ftrainer to difpart Philips. STRAINING, part. n. f. is the clarification of a liquor, by paffing it through a fieve or filter, The word is derived from the French, gtreindre; which is formed from ex, out of, and ftringere, to prefs. STRAISING, a town of the empire of AuAria; 7 miles NW. of Pirrawarth. (1.) STRAIT. adj. [eftroit, French; stretto, Italian.] 1. Narrow; clofe; net wide. Where in confcience they're streight lac'd, 'Tis ten to one that fide is caft. Hudibras. -They are afraid to fee her, if they are iaced as ftrait as they can poffibly be. Law. 2. Clofe; intimate.-He had received that naughty Plexr tus into a straight degree of favour. Sidney. 3. Strict; rigorous.-Therefore hold I ftrait all thy commandments. Pfaims.-There is a Araighter order taken. Spenter. He now, forfooth, takes on him to reform Some certain edicts, and fome firait degrees. Shak. Proceed no traiter 'gainst our uncle Glo' fter, Than from the evidence of good esteem He be approv'd in practice culpable. Shak. 4. Difficult, diftrefsful. 5. It is ufed in oppofition to crooked, but is then more properly written fraight. (See STRAIGHT.)-Sounds are propagated as readily through crooked pipes as through freight ones. Newton. (2.) STRAIT. . . 1. A narrow pafs, or Bied up in poverty, and freights. Milton. O Heav'n! in evil freight this day I ftand Before my Judge. Milion. In this freight, to honour I'll be true. Dr. -Kings reduced to freights have been always involved in dark and mean intrigues. Davenant.Some modern authors obferving what fraits they have been put to in all ages, to find out water enough for Noah's flood, fay, Noah's flood was not univerfal. Burnet.-Let no man who owns a Providence grow defperate under any calamity or firait whatsoever. South. Cæfar fees The rights to which you're driven. Addison. -Ulytics made ofe of the pretence of natural infirmity to conceal the straits he was in. Broome.If the can difcover that they are in great freights or action, the gives them fpeedy relief. Lagu. (3.) STRAIT. See DICTIONARY, § 4. (4.) STRAIT, a narrow channel or arm of the fea, fhut up between lands on either fide, and affording a paflage out of one great fea into another. There are three kinds of traits. 1. Such as join one ocean to another. Of this kind are the ftraits of Magellan and Le Maire. 2. Those which join the ocean to a gulf; the ftraits of Gibraltar and Babelmandel are of this kind, the Mediterranean and Red Sea being only large gulfs. 3. Those which join one gulf to ano ther; as the straits of Caffa, which join the Palus Mæotis to the Euxine or Black Sea. The paffage of ftraits is commonly dangerous, on account of the rapidity and oppofite motion of currents. (5.) Straits oF CALAIS. See Calais, No 4. (6.) STRAITS OF CALAIS is also the name given by the French, to the Channel that divides Britain from France; called by us, (7.) The STRAITS OF DOVER, or the Channel. (8.) STRAITS OF GIBRALTAR. See GIBRALTAR, 13. This ftrait is one of the most celebrated in the world; being about 39 miles long, and from 15 to 24 broad; and connecting the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean. (9.) STRAITS OF HUDSON. See HUDSON'S STRAITS. (10.) STRAITS OF MAGELLAN. See MAGELLAN, N° 2. Thefe ftraits, difcovered in 1520 by F. Magellan, were used for fome time as a paffage out of the North into the South Sea; but fice 1616, that the ftrait of Le Maire has been bern difcovered, the former has been difufel; both because of its length, which is full 300 miles, and because the navigation is very dangerous, from the waves of the North and South Seas meeting in it and clafhing. twelve tables did exclude the females from ins heriting, and had many other Atraitnefes and hardfhips which were fucceffively remedied. Hales 3. Diftref; difficulty. 4. Want; fcarcity.-The Atraitness of the conve: iencies of life amongst To STRAIT. v. a. [from the noun.] To put them had never reached fo far as to the use of to difficulties.fire, till the Spaniards brought it amongst them. Lucke. You were traited For a reply. Shak. * To STRAITEN. v. a. [from frait.] 1. To make narrow. The city of Sidon has a f-cure ha ven, yet with fomething a dangerous entrance, Straitened on the north fide. Sandys In narrow circuit, straiten'd by a foe, Subtile or violent. Milton. -Whatever fraitens the veffels, so as the chan nels become more narrow, muft heat. Arbuthnot. 2. To contract; to confire. The traitening and confining the profeffion of the common law, muft natura ly extend and enlarge the jurifdiction of the chancery. Clarendon. The landed man finds him aggrieved by the fa ling of his rents, and the freightening of his fortune. Locke.-Feeling can give us a notion of all ideas that enter at the eye, except colours; but it is very much freightened and confined to the number, bulk, and diftance of its objects. Addifon.-The caufes which firaiten the British commerce, will enlarge the French. Addijon. 3. To make tight; to extend. See STRAIGHT. Puil the freighten'd cords with all your ftrength. Dryden. Moralny, by her faife guardians drawn, Gafps, as they traiten at each end the cord. Dunciad. 4. To deprive of necessary room.-Waters when raitned give a roaring noif. Bacon-He could not be freighted in room or provifions. Clarendon. The airy crowd Milton. Swarm'd, and were fraiten'd. -Several congregations find themselves very much flraitened. Addifon. 5. To diftrefs; to perpiex.-Men, by continually friving and fighting to enlarge their bounds feem to be ftraitned for want of room. Ray. STRAITHANDED. adj. [from frait and band] Parfimonious; fparing; niggardly. I. * STRAITLACED. adj. ftrait and lace.] Griped with stays.-We have few weil thaped that are firaitlaced, or much tamper'd with. Locke. 2. Stiff; constrained; without freedom. * STRAITLY, adv. [from strait.] 1. Narrowly. 2. Strictly; rigorously.-Thofe laws he ft aitly requireth to he obferved. Hooker. 3. Closely; in timately. STRAITNESS. n. f. [from frait.] 1. Nrow nefs.-The town was hard to beficge by reafon of the ftraitnefs of all the places. 2 Maccab. xi.It is a great error, and a flaitness of inind, if any man think that nations have nothing to do one with another, except there be an union in fovereignty, or a conjunction in pact. Bacon.-The ftraitnefs of my confcience will not give me leave to fwallow down fuch camels. King Charles. 2. Strictucfs; rigour.—If his own life aufwer the Atraitness of his proceeding, it fhall become him well. Shak-Among the Romans the law of the VOL. XXI. PART II. (1.) STRAITON, a parish of Scotland, in Ayrlure, 15 miles long from NW.to SW. and 5 broad, comprehending a furface of 75 fquare miles. The greater part of it is only fit for paf ture; in the SE. the furface is romantically wild and rocky, interfperfed with a number of small Tikes, abounding with trouts, and which give rife to the Girvan and the Doon. It abounds with natural wood; fome of the hills being adorned with trees to the top. There are alfo feveral extenfive plantations, especially around the manfion-houfe of Whitefoord, the feat of Sir John Whitefoord, Bat. The population, in 1792, was 934; the decrease 189, fince 1755: the number of theep was about 20,000. The parith abounds with coal, lime, marl, and iron-tone; and on the banks of Loch Doon, there is a ftratuin of Fuiler's earth. (2.) STRAITON, or STRETOWN, a village in the above parish, pleasantly feated on the banks of the Girvan, near the relics of an ancient Rom›n road, which goes through the parish. It is regularly built, and well fheltered by trees, which give it a pleasant appearance. It contains about 200 inhabitants. (1.) STRAKE. The obfolete preterite of frike. Struck. Didft thou not fee a bleeding hind Whofe right hand earst my stedfast arrow ftrakes Spenfer.-Fearing left they fhould fall into the quick-fands, they ftrake fail, and fo were driven. Acts, xxvii. 17. (2.) STRAKE. n. f. i. A long mark; a ftreak. See STREAK. 2. A narrow board. (3.) STRAKES, or STREAKS, in a fhip, the uni form tanges of planks on the bottom and lides of a ihip, or the continuation of planks jored to the ends of each other, and reaching from the item to the ftern-poft and fabion-pieces; the low ft of thefe, which is called the starboard streak, is let it to the keel below, and into the ftem and sternpoft. They fay also a ship heels a strake that is, hangs or inclines to one fide the quantity of a whole plank's breadth. (4.) STRAKES, or STREKS, in mining, we frames of boards fixed on or in the ground, we cre they wash and drefs the fmall ore in a little treat of water, hence called straked ore. STRAKONITZ, a town of Bohemia, in Prachatitz; 54 miles S. of Prague. STRALACHLAN. See STRACHUR. STRALSUND, a strong and rich fea-port town of Germany, in Hither Pomerania, formerly an important riding place. In 1678 it was forced to furrender to the elector of Brandenburg, after 1800 houfes had been burnt in one night. After this the Swedes defended it to the laft extremity and Charles XII. in 1714, came hither after his return out of Turkey. But the crown of Swedent Nun not not being able to hold out against five great powers, it was forced to fubmit in 1715. In 1720 it was restored to Sweden, but in a very poor condition. It is almofl furrounded by the fea and the lake Francen, and has a harbour feparated from the ifle of Rugen by a narrow strait. It is 15 miles NW. of Grippfwald, and 40 NE. of Guftrow. Lon. 13. 28. E. Lat. 54. 17. N. STRAMONIUM. See DATURA. (1.) * STRAND. n. f. [ ftrand, Saxon; ftrande, Dutch; rend, Iflandick.] 1. The verge of the fea or of any water. With his knees he kifs'd the Cretan frand. Shak. Some wretched lines from this neglected hand, May find my hero on the foreign strand, Warm'd with new fires. Prior. 2. A twift of a rope. I know not whence derived. (2.) STRAND is the name of the ftreet in the W. fuburbs of London, which lay next the fhore or bank of the Thames. (3.) STRAND is aifo ufed for an immunity from custom, and all impositions upon goods or vetfels by land or water. To STRAND. v. a. [from the noun.] To drive or force upon the fhallows. Tarchon's alone was loft, and stranded food, Stuck on a bank, and beaten by the flood. Dryden. -Such as have strayed from their main residence, and been accidentally intercepted and franded by great ftorms. Woodavard. Some from the ftranded veffel force their way, Prior. STRANDED, part. paff. is when a fhip is by tempeft, or by ill steerage, run on ground and fo perifhes. Where a veffel is ftranded, juftices of the peace, &c. fhall command conftables near the fea-coafts to call affiftance for the preservation of the ship, and officers of men of war are to be aiding and affifting thereto. (1.) STRANGE, Sir Robert, who carried the art of engraving to fo great perfection in this country, was a man of general merit. His works will perpetuate his name whilft any tafte for the fine arts remains. He was born in the ifland of Pomena, in Orkney, 14th July, 1721. He was defcended from the Stranges or Strangs of Balcasky, in Fife, who fettled in Orkney at the time of the Reformation. He received his claffical education at Kirkwall, in Orkney, under Mr Murdoch Mackenzie, who has rendered infinite fervice to his country by the accurate furveys and charts he has given of the islands of Orkney and of the British and Lifh coafts. Mr Strange was intended for he law, but foon perceived that his genius led him to drawing and engraving. For this purpofe he was introduced to the late Mr Richard Cooper at Edinburgh, the only perfon there who had then any tafte in that line. He was bound with him as an apprentice for fix years, during which time he made rapid progrefs. In 1747 he married Ifabella, only daughter of William Lumifden, fon of Bp. Lum fden; and foon after went to Paris where he profecuted his ftudies, under the celebrated Le Bas, from whom he had the firft hint of the dry needle; which he afterwards greatly improved by his own genius, and which has added fuch fupe rior beauties to his engravings. In 1751 he remo ved with his family from Edinburgh and fettled at London, where he engraved several fine historical prints, which acquired him great reputation. At this period historical engraving had made little progrefe in Britain, and he may be properly confidered as its founder. In 1760, he went to Italy where he made many admirable drawings, feveral of which he afterwards engraved. Thefe are now in the poffeffion of Lord Dundas. Everywhere in Italy fingular marks of attention were bestowed on Mr Strange, by great perfonages, and by the principal academies in that country. He was made a member of the academies of Rome, Florence, and Bologna, and profeffor in the royal academy at Parma. The ceiling of the Vatican library, at Rome, in which the collection of engravings are kept, is elegantly painted by Signior Rotfanelli. It reprefents the progrefs of engraving; and the portraits of the most eminent artists in that line are there introduced, among which is that of our artist. He is the only British artist on whom this honour has been conferred. In France, where he refided many years, he was made a member of the royal academy of painting at Paris. King George III. ever attentive to the progress of the fine arts, as a mark of his royal approbation of the merit of Mr Strange, conferred the honour of knighthood on him the 5th Jan. 1787. Sir Robert Strange was no less distinguished by his amiable moral qualities. He left fifty capital plates, which are carefully preferved in his family, engraved from pictures by the most celebrated painters of Italy. From his earliest establishment, Sir Robert preferved about 80 copies of the finest and choiceft impreffions of each plate he engraved; which, from length of time, have acquired a high degree of beauty. These he arranged in the order in which they were engraved. To each volume he prefixed two portraits of himself, the ore an etching, the other a finifhed proof, from a drawing by John Baptifte Greufe. Each volume, befides a dedication to the king, contains an introduction on the progrefs of engraving, and critical remarks on the pictures from which his engravings are taken. The fe volumes were ready to be given to the public, when Sir Robert's death and confequent circumstances delayed this magnificent publication; a publication which does honour to the artift, and to the country which gave him birth. He died at London, July 5th 1792. (2.) STRANGE. adj. \estrange, Fr. extraneus, Lat.l 1. Foreign; of another country.—I do not contemn the knowledge of strange and divers tongues. Afcham.-The natural subjects of the ftate fhould bear a fufficient proportion to the strange fubjects that they govern. Bacon. 2. Not domeftick. * Thus the strange cure to our fpilt blood apply'd, Sympathy to the diftant wound does guide. Coavley. -It is strange they fhould be fo filent in this matter. Tillotion Strange to relate, from young Iülus' head A lambent flame arofe, which gently spread Around his brows. Dryden. 4. Odd; irregular; not according to the common way. He's strange and peevish. Shak. -A strange proud return you may think I make you, madam. Suckling. 5. Unknown; new.Long custom had inured them to the former kind alone, by which the latter was new and strange in their ears. Hooker. Here is the hand and feal of the duke: the fignet is not strange to you. Shak. -Jofeph faw his brethren, but made himself strange unto them. Gen. xlii. 7. Here paffion first I felt, Commotion strange! 6. Remote. Milton. She makes it frange, but she would be best pleas'd To be fo anger'd with another letter. Shak. 7. Uncommonly good or bad.-This made David to admire the law of God at that range rate. Tillotion. 8. Unacquainted.-They were now looking ftrange one upon another. Bacon. (3.) * STRANGE. interj. An expression of wonder. Strange! what extremes fhould thus preferve the fnow. Waller. -Strange! that fatherly authority fhould be the only original of government, and yet all mankind not know it. Locke. *To STRANGE. v. n. [from the adjective.] To wonder; to be aftonifhed.-Were all the affertions of Ariftotle fuch as theology pronounceth impieties, which we frange not at from one, of whom a father faith, Nec Deum coluit, nec curavit. Glanville. * STRANGELY, adv. [from strange.] 1. With fome relation to foreigners. As by ftrange fortune It came to us, I do in juftice charge thee That thou commend it Arangely to some place, Where chance may nurfe or end it. Shak. 2. Wonderfully; in a way to caufe wonder, but commonly with a degree of dislike. Things have been strangely borne. Shak. How strangely active are the arts of peace! Dryden. -We should carry along with us fome of thofe virtuous qualities, which we were strangely carelefs if we did not bring from home. Spratt.-In a time of affliction the remembrance of our good deeds will strangely cheer and fupport our fpirits. Calamy. It would strangely delight you to fee with what fpirit he converfes. Law.- How strangely crowds mifplace things, and mifcall, Madnefs in one is liberty in all! Harte. *STRANGENESS. n. f. [from strange.] 1. Foreignnefs; the state of belonging to another country. If I will obey the Golpel, no strange nefs of country can make any man a ftranger to me. Spratt. 2. Uncommunicativenefs; diftance of behaviour.-Ungird thy strangeness. Shak.Will you not obferve The strangeness of his alter'd countenance? Shak. 3. Remotenefs from common manners or notions; uncouthnefs. Men worthier than himself Shak. 4. Mutual diflike.-In this peace there was an article that no Englishman should enter into Scotland, and no Scottithman into England, without letters commendatory: this might feem a means to continue a strangeness between the nations. Bacon. 5. Wonderfulness; power of raifing wonder.-If a man, for curiofity or strangeness fake, would make a puppet pronounce a word, let him confider the motion of the inftruments of voice. Bacon. This raifed greater tumults and boilings in the hearts of meu, than the strangeness of all the former articles. South. (1.) * STRANGER. n. f. [estranger, Fr.] I. A foreigner; one of another country.— I am a most poor woman, and a stranger, Born out of your dominions. Shak. Your daughter hath made a grofs revolt; Tying her duty, beauty, wit and fortunes To an extravagant and wheeling stranger. Shak. -There is no place in Europe fo much frequented by strangers. Addifon.-After a year's interregnum from the death of Romulus, the fenate of their own authority chofe a fucceffor, and a stranger, merely upon the fame of his virtues. Swift. 2. One unknown.Shak. Strangers and foes do funder. You did void your rheum upon my beard, Shak. -No nations are wholly aliens and strangers the one to the other. Bacon.—His perusal of the writings of his friends and strangers. Fell. They came, and near him plac'd the stranger gueft. Pope. Thus the majeftick mother of mankind, To her own charms moft amiably blind, On the green margin innocently flood, And gaz'd indulgent on the crystal flood; Survey' the stranger in the painted wave, And fmiling, prais'd the beauties which the gave. 3. A gueft; one not a domeftick.Bring forth and pour 4. Young. Abundance, fit to honour and receive Our heavenly stranger. Milton. One unacquainted. |