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is foon mixed, and the room acquires almoft an equal temperature throughout.

(4.) STOVES, GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF. The warming by loves muit therefore be managed upon very different principles from thofe adopted in the employment of open fres. The general principle is, itt, To employ the fuel in the mott effectual manner for heating the external part of the flove, which is immediately efficient in warming the contiguous air; and, 2d, To keep in the room the air already warmed, at least as much as is confiftent with wholefo.menefs and cleanlinefs. The fift purpose is accomplished by conducting the flue of the furnace round its external parts, or, in thort, by making every part of the flue external. Of all forms, that of a long pipe, returned backwards and forwards, up and down (provided only that the place of its laft discharge be confiderably higher than its entry from the tire place), would be the most effectual. A very mail itove conftructed in this way, the whole being inclofed in a handfome cafe of polished iron plate, pierced and cut into elegant foliage like the cock of a watch, fo that the odd looking pipes were completely concealed. Though only three feet long, one foot thick, and fix feet high, it warmed a very lofty room of 24 feet by 18, and confumed less than hilf the fuel of a flove of the more ufual make, which did not fo fully warm a imaller chamber. It would occupy a volume to defcribe the immenfe variety of loves which ingenuity or architectonic taite has conftructed. We shall content ourf-ives with giving a fpecimen of the two chief caffes into which they may be diftinguished. The air of a room may be equally warmed, either by applying it to the furface of a small stove made very hot, or to the fur. face of a much larger ftove more moderately heated. The first kind is chiefly used in Holland, Flanders, and the milder climates of Germany and Poland. The laft are univerfally used in the trozen climates of Ruffia and Sweden. The first are generally made of cast iron, and the last of brick-work covered with glazed tiles or ftucco.

The flame and heated air rife to the top of the fire-place three or four inches above the arch or mantle-picce, and get out laterally by two narrow palages B, B, immediately below the top plate of the bale. The current bends downward on each fide, palles at C, C, under the partition plates which divide the two fide chambers, and then rites upwards through the uter divifion of each, and piles through barrow flits D, D, in the top plate, and from thence along the two hollow pics E, E. The two lateral currents unite at the top of the arch, and go through the fingie pallage Finto the larger hollow behind the ef utclicon G, Prom this place it either goes traight upwards into the vent in the wail by a pipe on the top of the ftove, or it goes into the wall behind by a pipe inferted in the back of the flove. The propriety of this conftruction is very obvious. The current of hot air is applied to exterior parts of the Rove everywhere except in the two lide chambers of the bafe, where the partition plates form one fide of the canal. Even this might be avoided by making each of thefe fide chambers a detached hollow piliar. But this would greatly increate the trouble of conftruction and joining together, and is by no means neceflary. The arch H has a graceful appearance, and affords a very warm fìtuation for any thing that requires it, fuch as a drink in a fick perfon's bed chamber, &c. Perfons of a certain clafs ufe this place for keeping a difh warm; nay, the lower part of the arch is frequently occupied by an inclofed chamber, where the heat rifes high enough even for dreffing victuals, as will be eafly imagined when we reflect that the fore of it is the roof of the fire-place. This ftove is fupplied with fuel and air by the front door opening into the room. That there may be room for fuel, this middle part projects a few inches before the two fide chambers. Thefe laft, with the whole upper part of the itove, are not more than ten inches deep. The pailages, therefore, from the fire-place are towards the back of it; fo that if we have a mind to fee the fire, the door may be thrown open, and there is no danger of the fmoke coming out after the current has once warmed the upper part of the stove. Whep the ftove is of fuch dimensions that the bafe is about 24 or 3 feet higb, the fire-place may be furnished with a small grate in the British Ryle. If the door is fo hung that it can not on y be thrown back, but lifted off its hinges, we have a ftove-grate of the completeft kind, fully adequate, in our mild climate, to warm a hand! me apartment, even with an open fire; and when we tang on the door, and thut up the fire-place, a trove of the dimenfions already given is almoft too much for a large drawing-room. It has often been remarked, that one lide of thele ftoves grows much warmer than the other, and that it is difficult to prevent or remedy this; and this is an unavoida bie defect in all stoves with a double fine. It is fearcely pollible to make the fire fo equable in the fire-place, that one fide fhall not be a little warmer than the other, and a brifker current will then be produced in it. This muft increase the confumption of the fuel on this fide, which will increafe the current, will heat this fide ftill more, and thus go on continually till the fuel on this

(5.) STOVE, THE GERMAN. Fig. 1. Plate CCCXXIII. reprefents a fmall German stove fully fufficient for warming a room of 24 feet by 18. The bafe is about 3 feet broad, and 14 inches deep, that is, from back to front, and 6 or 7 fect high. The decoration is in the fashion of that country; but the operative ftra&ture of it will admit of any ftyle of ornament. A, is the fireplace, and the wood or charred coal is laid on the bottom, which has no bars. Bars would adinit the air too freely among the fuel, and would both confume it too fait and raife too great a heat. That no heat may be uselessly expended, the fule of the fire-place and the whole bottom of the flove is railed an ch or two above the floor of the room, and the air is therefore warmed by it in fucceffion, and rifes upwards. For the fame reafon the back of the ftove is not in contact with the wall of the room, or of the niche in which it is placed. The fire-place is thut up by a dear which fits clofely to its cafe, and has a fmail wicket at the bottom, whofe aperture is regulated by a fliding plate, fo as to admit no more air than what fuffices for flowly confuming the fuel

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fide is expended; after which the other fide will fcrupulous attention we suffer by our very clean. obtain and increafe the fuperiority. The Blue is made double, that the fire-place may occupy the middle of the front; and it will be difficult to gain this point of fym netry with one flue. The inconvenience may, however, be corrected by damping valves placed in fome part of the upright fannels E, E. In the colder winters on the continent, it is thought neceflary to increase the effect by making the fire-place open to the back of the fove. Its mouth or door communicates with or is joined to an opening of the fame dimenfions formed in the wall, and the door 13 on the other fide in an antichamber or lobby. In Weftphalia, and other places of Germany, the apartments are difpofed round a fpacious lobby, into which all their fire-places open, and are there fupplied with fuel. By this conftruction it is plain that the air of the room, already warmed by the ftove, is not carried off, and the room is more heated. But this method is very unfavourable to cheerfulness and health. The fame air confined, and repeatedly breathed and compounded with all the volatile emanations of the room, quickly lofes that refreihing quality that is fo defitable, and even fo neceflary for health. It is never renewed except by very partial admixtures when the room doors are thrown open, and becomes difgreeable to any perfon coming in from the open air; and in the houses of the lets opulent becomes offenfive and naufeous. Something of this is unavoidable in all rooms heated by faves. Even in our apart ments in this in and, perfous of delicate nerves are hurt by the clofe air of a room; and it is long before the fmeli of dinner is quite removed from a dining-room, notwithstanding the copious current up the chimney. This must be incomparably more fenfible in a room heated by a ftove; and this inconvenience is peculiarly felt with respect to this stove, where we employ a small furfice heated to a great degree. Such ftoves are feldom made of any thing elfe than caft iron. This (in those parts at leaft which are in immediate contact with the fuel) is in a state of continual calcination, and even throwing off feales. This indeed is not feen, because it is the bottom or fole of the fire-place which is so heated; but the effect on the air of the room is the fame. The calcination of the iron is occafioned by the combination of oxygen with the iron. This is abstracted from the general mafs of atmospheric air in the room, of which it ufually conftitutes about two 5ths. By this abftraction the remainder becomes lefs fit for fupporting animal life or flame, and may even become highly deleterious. In every degree the remainder becomes lefs refreshing, and grows dull and oppreffive. This is always accompanied by a pecubar finell, which, though not difgufting, is unpleasant. It resembles the fmell of burnt fea tners, or more exactly the fmell we feel if we rub violently for forme time the palms of our hands to gether when perfectly dry. For fimilar reafons thefe iron ftoves occafion a fickly fmell, by burning every particle of duft which falls on the hot parts; and if they be wiped with a woollen cloth, or any cloth not perfectly free from every kind of greaty or oily matter, a fmell is produced for a day or a days afterwards; fo that without the moft

(6.) STOVE, THE NETHERLAND. For fuch reafons we think that the ftoves of brickwork covered with stucco or with glazed tiles are vastly preferable. Thefe are much ufed in the genteeler houfe in Flanders and Holland, where they are made in the moft clegant forms, and decorated with beautiful fulpture or ename'; but it is plain that they cannot be to effectual, nor equally warm a room with the fame expence of fuel. Earthen ware, especially when covered with porous stucco, is far inferior to metal in its power of conducting heat. If built of bricks, they must be vaitly more bulky when the fire-place and flues are of the fame dimenfions. The moft perfect way of conftructing them would certainly be to make them of pottery, in part. exactly fitted to each other, and joined by a proper cement. This mode of constructing would admit of every elegance of form or richness of ornament, and would not be fo bulky as thofe which are built of bricks. The great difficulty is to prevent their cracking by the heat. Different parts of the flove being of very different heats, they expand unequally, and there is no cement which can withstand this, efpecially when we recollect that the fame heat which expands the baked earth causes the clay or cement, with which the parts of the ftove are put together or covered, to contract. Accordingly those earthen ware ftoves feldom ftand a winter or two without cracking in fome place or other, even when frengthened by iron hoops and cramps judicioufly difpofed within them. Even hooping them ex. ternally, which would be very unfightly, will not prevent this; for nothing can refift the expantion and contraction by beat and cold. When a crack happens in a ftove, it is not only unfightly, but highly dangerous; because it may be fo fituated, that it will discharge into the room the air vitiated by the fire. For thefe and other reafons, we can fcarcely hope to make ftoves of brick-work or pottery which shall bear the neceffary heat without cracking; and their use must therefore be confined to cafes where very moderate heat is fufficient. We need not describe their conftruction. It is evident that it should be more fimpie than that of iron ftoves; and we imagine that in the very few cafes in which they are likely to be employed in this country, a fing e fire-place and an arch over it, divided, if we pleafe, by a partition or two of thin tile to lengthen the flue, will be quite enough. If the ftove is made in whole or in part of potters ware, a base for the fire-place, with an urn, columa, obelisk, or pyramid above it, for increafing the furface, will alfo be fufficient. The failure commonly happens at the joinings, where the different pieces of a different heat, and perhaps of a different baking, are apt to expand unequally, and by working on each other one of them muft give way. Therefore, inftead of making the joints clofe and ufing any cement, the upper piece fhould fland in a groove formed in the undermott, having a little powdered chalk or clay sprinkled over it, which will effectually prevent the paffage of any air; and room being thus given for the unequal expantion, the joint remains entire. This may be confidered as a general direction for all

furnace

furnace-work, where it is in vain to attempt to hinder the mutual working of the parts.

(7.) STOVE, THE RUSSIAN. There are ftoves in fmall apartments at St Petersburg, made internally of potters ware, in a great variety of forms, and then covered with a thick coat of ftucco, finifhed externally with the utmost elegance of ornament, and they are very rarely fubject to crack. They do not give much heat, on account of the very low conducting power of the porous ftucco; but they would be abundantly warm for a moderate room in this country. When fitted up in thefe fituations, and with thefe precautions, the brick or pottery ftoves are incomparably more pleasant than the iron ones. But in the intenfe colds of Ruffia and Sweden, or even for very large rooms in this kingdom, ftoves of thefe fmall dimenfions are not fufficiently powerful, and we muft follow the practice of thofe countries where they are made of great fize, and very moderately heated. It is needlefs to defcribe their external form, which may be varied at pleasure. Their internal ftructure is the fame in all, and is diftinctly defcribed in PNEUMATICS, Sec. XI. We shall only enlarge a little on the peculiarities connected with the general principle of their conftruction. The ftove is intended as a fort of magazine, in which a great quantity of heat may be quickly accumulated, to be afterwards flowly communicated to the air of the room. The ftove is therefore built extremely maffive; and it is found that they ate more powerful when coated with clay as wet as can be made to hang together. We imagine the reafon of this to be, that very wet clay, and more particularly ftucco, must be exceedingly porous when dry, and therefore a very flow conductor of heat. Instead of sticking on the glazed tiles with no more clay or ftucco than is fufficient to attach them, each tile has at its back a fort of box baked in one piece about 2 or 3 inches deep. It is reprefented in fig. 2, Plate CCCXX. This is filled with mortar, and then ftuck on the brick-work of the ftone, which has a great number of iron pins or hooks driven into the joints, which may fink into this clay and keep it firmly attached when dry. This coating, with the maffive brick-work, form a great mass of matter to be heated by the fuel. The loweft chamber, which is the fire-place, is fomewhat wider, and confiderably thicker than the ftories above, which are merely flues. When the fire-place is finished and about to be arched over, a flat iron bar of fmall thickness is laid along the top of the fide-wall on both fides, a fet of finishing bricks being moulded on purpofe with a notch to receive the iron bar. Crofs bars are Jaid over thefe, one at each end, and one or two between, having a bit turned down at the ends, which takes hold on the longitudinal bars, and keeps them from being thruft outwards either by the preffure of the arch or by the fwelling in confequence of the heat. In fig. 3. Pl. 320, A is the crafs fection of one of the long bars, and BC is part of one of the crofs bars, and CD is the clench which confines the bar A. This precaution is chiefly neceffary, because the contraction of the ftove upwards obliges the walls of the other ftories to bear a little on the arch of the fire-place. The building above is

kept together in like manner by other couries of iron bars at every fecond return of the flue. The top of the ftove is finished by a pretty thick covering of brick work. The laft paffage for the air at H (fee PNEUMATICS, fg. 62. Pl. 281.) has a ring lining its upper extremity, and projecting an inch or two above it. The flat round it is covered with fand. When we would ftop this paffage, a cover fhaped like a bafon is whelmed over it. The rim of this, refting on the fand, effectually prevents all air from coming through and getting up the vent. Accefs is had to this damper by a door which can be fhut tight enough to prevent the heated air of the room from wafting itself up the vent. When the room is too warm, it may be very rapidly cooled by opening this door. The warm air rufhes up with great rapidity, and is replaced by cool air from without. The management of the ftove is as follows. About 8 o'clock A. M. the pietchnick, or fervant who has the charge of the ftoves, takes off the cover, fhuts the damper-door, and opens the fireplace door. He then puts in a handful of wood havings or ftraw, and kindles it. This warms the ftove and vent, and begins a current of air through it. He then lays a few chips on the fole of the fire-place, immediately within the door; and behind this he arranges the billets of birchwood, with their ends inwards. Then he lays on more wood in the front, till he thinks there is enough. He fets fire to the chips, thuts the door and opens the fmall wicket at its bottom. The air blows the flame of the chips upon the billets behind them, and thus kindles them. They confume flowly, while the billets in front remain untouched by the fire. The fervant, having made his first round of the rooms, returns to this ftove, and opens the door above to admit air into the vent. This is to fupply its draught and, thus to check the draught in the body of the ftove, which is generally too ftrong at this time, and would confume the fuel too faft. By this time, the billets in the front are burning, firft at the bottom, and the rest in fucceflion as they fink down on the embers and come oppofite to the wicket. The room does not yet feel any effect from the fire, the heat of which has not yet reached its external furface; but in about half an hour this grows warm. The upper door is thut again that no heat may now be wafted. The pictchnick by and by ipreads the embers and afhes over the whole bottom of the fire-place with a rake, by which the bottom is greatly heated, and heats the air contiguous to it externally (for it ftands on little pillars) very powerfully. He takes care to bring up to the top of the aftes every bit of wood or coal that is not yet confumed, that all may be completely expended. He does this as brifkly as poilible, that the room may not lofe much warmed air by keeping open the fire-place door. At his laft vifit, when he obferves no more glowing embers, he thuts the fire-place door and wicket, and puts the damper on the paffage above, and fhuts its door.-All this is over in about an hour and a half after kindling the fire. All current of air is now at an cad within the flove, and it is now a great mafs of brick-work, heated to a great degree within, but only about

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draught with an open door for five minutes. With wood or coak there is no danger.

blood-warm externally. The heat gradually fpreads ontwards, and the external furface of the ftove acquires its greateft heat about 3 o'clock p. m. after which it gradually cools til next morn ing. This heat feldom is fo great that one cannot bear to touch the ftove with his check, and to keep it there. In confequence of this it can burn none of the duft which unavoidably falls on the hove, and we are never troubled with the ficken. ing fmells that are unavoidable when we employ the fmall cift iron floves much heated. The great expence of beat in a room arifes from the glafs windows. The pane is fo thin that the external air keeps it continually cold, and t' us the windows are contiuually robbing the air of the room of its heat. This expence of heat is reduced to lefs than by double cafements. The inner cafement is about as much colder than the room as the outer cafement is warmer than the air of the fields; and we have the fingular advantage of having no ice formed on the claffes. But to enfure this laft advantage, the feams of the inner carement must be pated with paper, and thofe of the outer cafement must be left unpafted. If we do the co trary, we fhall certainly have ice on the outer cafement; the reafon of which is eafily feen. We have been thus particular in our defeription of the management, becaufe the reafons of fome particulars are not very obvious, and the practice would not readily occur to us in this country; fo that a perfon who, on the faith of our recommendation, fould prefer one of these stoves to the German ftove, whofe management is fimpie and obvious, might be greatly difappointed. But by following this method, we are confident that the Ruffian flove will be found much fuperior both in warmth and agreeable air. The fpreading out of the embers, and waiting till all is reduced to athes before the doors are fhut, is abfolutely neceifary, and a neglect of it would expofe us to imminent danger of fuffocation by fixed air, or carbonic acid; and this is the only inconvenience of the Rulian ftove, from which the other stove is free. The fixed air has no fmell; and the firit indication of its prefence is a flight giddinefs and laffitude, which difpofes us to fit down and to fleep. This would be fatal; and we muft immediately open the upper paffage and the fire-place door, fo as to produce a ftrong current to carry the vitiated air out of the room up the chimney. Throwing up the fafhes, or at least obening all the doors, is proper on fuch an occafion. (See FIXED AIR, and CHEMISTRY, Index.) If we burn bit-coal, either raw or charred, this precaution is ftill more neceflary; b.caufe the cinder is not fo cafily or fo foon completely confumed. This fuel will require a little difference in the management from wood fuel, but which is eafily feen hy any perfon of reflection. The fafe way would be to rake out all half-burnt coal before fhutting up the doors. If we ufe raw pitcoal, great care is neceffary to prevent the accumulation of foot in the upper part of the ftove. It is an inacceffible place for the chimney fweep; and if we attempt to burn it out, we run a great rifk of fplitting that part of the ftove which is the moft fightly conftructed. It is advisable therefore to burn it away every day, by giving a brifk

(8,) STOVE TO WARM A GREAT MANUFACTORY OR CHURCH. Before we concluck it is proper to give fome inftructions for the conftruction of ftove for warming feveral floors in a great manufactory, fuch as a cotton mill, or a public library or mufeuin. In fuch fituations, cleanlinefs, wholefomenels, and fweetness of air, are no lefs neceffary than in the drawing room of a great man. We therefore recommend the brick flove in preference to the iron one; and though it would not be the beft or most economical practice to heat it but once a day, and we should rather prefer the German practice of conftant feeding, we ftill think it highly proper to limit the heat to a very moderate degree, and employ a large furface. If the difpofition of the rooms allows us the conveniency of a thick party wall, we would place the ftove in the middle of this wall, in an arch which pierces through the the wali. Immediately above this arch we would carry up a very wide chimney through the whole height. This chimney inuft have a paffage opening into each floor on both fides, which may be very accurately fhut up by a door. The ftove being fet up under the arch, it must have a pipe communicating with its flue, and rifing up through this chimney. Couid an earthen pipe be properly fupported, and fecured from fplitting by hoop', we should prefer it for the reafons already given. But as this is perhaps expecting too much, we must admit the ufe of a caft iron pipe. This is the real chimney or flue of the ftove, and must be of as great diameter as poffible, that it may act, by an extenfive furface, all the way up. The flove ftands under the arch in the wali; but the air that is warmed by its furface would efcape on both fides, and would be expended in that fingle floor. To prevent this, the ftove must be inclofed in a cafe: this may be of brick-work, at the distance of two or three inches from the ftove all round. It must be well fhut in above, and at the foundation muft have a row of fmall holes to admit the air ail around it. This air will then be warmed over the whole fpace between the ftove and the cafe, pafs up the chimney, and there receive additional heat from the flue-pipe which is in the middle. Great care must be taken that the fireplace door have no communication with the fpace between the ftove and its cafe, but be inclofed in a mouth-piece which comes through the cafe, and opens into the feeding room. Thus all the air which goes up to the rooms will be pure and wholefome, provided every thing be kept clean and fweet about the air-holes below. Obferve that thofe air-holes which are near the furnace door must be inclofed in a wooden trunk which takes in its air at fome distance from this door; for fince the current between the fove and cate may be almoft as great as the current within the ftove, (nay, when a puff of wind beats down the chimney, it may even exceed it,) there is a rik of fome vitiated air and fmoke being drawn into the cafe. If the ftove cannot be placed in the arch of a party wall, it may be fet adjoining to a fide or outer wail, and furnished with a cafe, a large chimney, and a flue-pipe, in the fame manner. But in this cafe a great deal of heat is wafted on

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this outer wall, and carried off by the external air. to the page, without communicating with the In this fruition we melt line that part of the wall cafe; and care is taken that the holes which adwhich hind the flove, (at 2 or 3 inches dif- mit the air into the cafe are fo difpofed that they tance, the whole of the chimney, with plai thall run no rifk of drawing in any air from the ter on laths. Thefe hould be nailed on hattens fire-place door. From the top of this cafe proproperly faftened on the wall, leaving a bace of ceed two trunks Q, R. each of which is two feet an inch between the laths and the wail. The broad and fix inches deep, coated within and plafter fhould be of the moft fpungy kind, having without with the moft fpurry plafter that can be in it a quantity of clay in powder lead of the compofed. The beft for this purpose would be full proportion of fand. Horfe-dung, washed a compofition of powdered charcoal and as much with water and ftrained through a coarfe flannel, clay and quickline as will give it a very flight coJeaves a great portion of unalimilated vegetable befin. A piece of this may be held in the hand, fibre, which will mix very intimately in the plaf without inconvenience, within an inch of where ter, and make it a fubitance very unfit for con- . it is of a glowing red heat.-Thefe trunks open ducing heat. There is no danger of catching fire into another trunk XVTYZ, which ranges along by this lining. A moft tremendous fire has raged the partition immediately under the galleries, and for three hous, in contact with a partition of lath may be formed externally into a cormiche, a little and piafter, (on the plafter fide however,) without malive indeed, but not unfightly in a building of difcolouring the thin laths on the other file. A this ftyle. This trunk is coated in the fame mancottage chimney once took fire, and burnt till the ner. It has feveral openings a, a, &c. which have foot was co fumed. This chimney was nothing fliders that can be drawn alide by means of hanbut a pipe of a foot wide, made of lathes, and dies acceffible from the outer paffage-At the explastered on the infide and outfide; and it paffed tremities X and Z of this trunk are two perpenthrough a thatched roof. We therefore recom- dicular trunks which come up through the gallemend this in place of the brick cale for inclofing fies, and are continued to a confiderable height.' the flove. It would fave heat; and as it might be At their junction with the horizontal trunks are made in pieces on detached frames, which could two doors large enough to admit a lamp. Each b- joined by iron ftraps and hinges, any part of perpendicular trunk has alfo a valve by which t the fove could be laid open for repairs at plea- can be completely ftopped. The ftove is manafure. We have no hesitation in faving that a tove ged as follows: Early in the morning the fuperconftructed in this manner would be greatly fupe- intendant huts all the fliders, and fets a lamp rior to power to any we have feen, and would be (burning) in each of the trunks X and Z, and fhuts free from many of their difgufting defects. We the doors. He then puts on and kindles the fire therefore conclude this part of the fubject by de- in the ftove, and manages it either in the Ruffian fcribing one which was to have been erected in one or German method. Perhaps the latter is preferof the churches of Edinburgh. Fig. 4. Plate 323, able, as being liable to feweft accidents from misis a sketch of the plan of the church contained in take or neglect. The lamps fet in the lower ends the parallelogram AFED. P marks the place of of the upright trunks prefently warm them, and the pulpit, and LMNO the front of the galleries, produce a current of air upwards. This muft be Thefe are carried back to the fide-walls AB and fupplied by the horizontal trunk, which muft take DC. But at the end oppofite to the pulpit they it from the cafe round the ftove. Thus a current do not reach fo far, but leave a fpace BFLC about is begun in the direction we wish. By and by the 12 feet wide. Below the back of the galleries, on air in the cafe acquires heat from the ftove, and each fide, there is a paffage ABGH, KICD, fe- the current becomes extremely brifk. When the parated from the feated part of the church by par- manager perceives this, he removes the lamps, titions which reach from the floor to the galleries, fhuts the valves, and opens the holes a, a, &c, befo that the space HGIK is completely fhut in. ginning with the moft remote, and proceeding The church is an ancient Gothic building, of a light flowly towards the ftove from each extremity of and airy structure, having two rows of large win the horizontal branches. The heated air now f dows above the arcades, and a fpacious window fues by thefe holes, glides along the ceiling below in the east end above the pulpit. The congregation the galleries, and efcapes, by rifing up along the complain of a coi air, which they feel pouring fronts of the galleries, and will be fenfibly felt by down upon their heads. This is more particular. thofe fitting there, coming on their faces with a ly felt by thofe fitting in the fronts of the galleries. gentle warmth. It will then ife (in great part) This arifes chiefly from the extenfive furface of ftraight up, while fome of it will glide backwards, the upper row of windows, and of the cold ftone to the comfort of thofe who fit behind. The prowalls above, which robs the air of its heat as it priety of shutting the valves of the upright trunks glides up along the fides of the church. It becomes is evident. If they were left open, no air would heavier by collapfing, and in this ftate defcends ip come out by the hoies a, a, &c.; but, on the conthe middle of the church. The ftove S is placed trary, the air would go in at thefe holes to fupply against the middle of the weft wall at the distance the current, and the ftove be rendered ufelets. of a few inches, and is completely inclofed in a The air delivered by thefe holes will keep close to cafe of lath and plafter. The vent, which is to the ceiling, and will not, as we imagine, incomcarry off the smoke and burnt air, is conveyed up mode thofe who fit below the galleries. But if it or along the wall, and through the roof or fide. fhould render these parts too warm, holes may be wall, but without any communication with the pierced through the ceiling, by which it will rife cafe. In like manner the fire-place door is open among the people above, and prove very comfort. VOL. XXI. PART II. Mm m

able.

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