STAPHYLOMA. See SURGERY, 420. (1.) * STAPLE. adj. [from the noun.] 1. Settled; eftablished in commerce. Some English wool, vexed in a Belgian loom, Did into Francé or colder Denmark roam, To ruin with worfe ware our staple trade, Dryden. 2. According to the laws of commerce.-Maiters, who will take off their ware at their own rates, and trouble not themfeives to examine whether it be staple or no. Savift. (2.) STAPLE. 7. S. Rape, Fr. stapel, Dutch.] 1. A fettled mart; an eftablished emporium.A faple of romance and lies. Prior. -The cultoms of Alexandria were very great, it having been the staple of the Indian trade. Arbuthnot.--Tyre, Alexander the Great facked, and eftablishing the staple at Alexandria, made the greateft revolution in trade that ever was known. Arbuthnot. 2. I know not the meaning in the following paffage.-Henry II. granted liberty of coining to certain abbies, allowing them one staple, and two puncheons at a rate. Canden. 3. The original material of a manufacture. At Lenfter, for her wool whofe staple doth exce. (3) STAPLE, ( 2. def.. 1.) fignifies a public market, whither merchants, &c, are obliged to bring their goods for fale; as the Greve, or the praces along the Seine, for fale of wines and corn, at Paris, whither the merchants of other parts are obliged to bring thofe commodities. Formerly, the merchants of England were obliged to carry their wool, cloth, lead, and other ftaple commodities of this realm, to expofe them by wholetale; and thefe ftaples were appointed to be conftantly kept at York, Lincoln, Newcastle upon Tyne, Norwich, Westminster, Canterbury, Chichefter, Winchefter, Exeter, and Bristol in each of which a public mart was appointed to be kept, and cach of them had a court of the mayor of the ftapie, for deciding differences, held according to the law merchant, in a fummary way. (4.) * STAPLE, n. J. stapul, Saxon, a prop.] A loop of iron; a bar bent and driven in at both ends. I have feen staples of doors and nails born. Peacham. The bolt, obedient to the filken cord, Pope. 5) STAPLE, Scots law. See HASP, 2; and Law, Part III. Chap. II. Sect. XX. § 27. (6.) STAPLE COMMODITIES, fuch wares and merchandizes as are commonly and readily fold in a market, or exported abroad; being for the moft part the proper produce or manufacture of the country. STAPLETON, Thomas, a celebrated Roman catholic divine, born in Suffex, in 1535. He was educated at Canterbury and Winchefter; and then feat to New College, Oxford, where he became a fellow. Ou the acceffion of Q. Elizabeth, We went to Louvain, where he was appointed regius profeffor in divinity, canon of St Peter's, and dean of Hillerbeck. He died in .1598. His works were published at Paris, in 1620, in 4 is fol, STAPYLTON, Sir Robert, the 3d fon of Ri chard Stapyiton, of Carleton, Yorkshire, was born in Yorkshire, and educated in the Roman faith, in the college of English Benedictines, at Douay, in France. On his return to England, he turned Proteftant; and was appointed gentleman usher to the Prince of Wales, afterwards Charies II. When K Charles I. was obliged to fly from London, he went with him, and was knighted in 1642. After the battle of Edgehill, he attended (the king to Oxford, and was created LL. D. During the Commonwealth, and Cromwell's ufurpation, he spent his time in retirement and study; but after the restoration, he was promoted to fome offices by Charles II. He published feveral dramatic works, and died in 1669. (1.) * STAR. n. f. steorra, Saxon; sterre, Dutch. 1. One of the luminous bodies that appear in the nocturnal sky.-When an aftronomer ufes the word star in its ftriét fenfe, it is applied only to the fixt stars: but in a large fenfe it includes the planets. Watts. Then let the pebbles on the hungry beech Filiop the sturs.. Shak. Th' included spirit ferving the star deck'd figns. As from a cloud his fulgent head, And thape star bright, appear'd. Hakerill. Milton. 2. The pole-ftar.-Well, it you be not turn'd Turk, there is no more failing by the star. Shak. 3. Configuration of the planets fuppoled to inflųence fortune. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star croft lovers take their fe, Shak. We are apt to do amifs, and say the blame upon our stars. L'Estrange. 4. A mark of reference; an afterifk,-Remarks worthy of riper observation, note with a marginai star. Watts. (2.) STAR, in aftronomy, is a general name for all the heavenly bodies, which, like fo many bri liant ftuds, are difperfed throughout the whole heavens. The stars are, diftinguished, from the phenomena of their motion, &c., into fixed, and erratic or wandering stars: thefe lait are again diftinguished into the greater luminaries, viz. the fun and moon; the planets, or wandering stars, properly fo called; and the comets. See ASTRONOMY, Index. As to the fixed stars, they are fo called, becaufe they feem to be fixed, or perfectly at reft, and confequently appear always at the fame diftance from each other, (3.) STAR, is also a badge of honour, worn by the knights of the garter, bath, and thistle. See GARTER, (4.) STAR, in fortification, denotes a fmall fort, having five or more points, or faliant and re-entering angles, flanking one another, and their faces 90 or 100 feet long.. (5.) STAR APPLE. .. A globular or olivefhaped foft flethy fruit, inclosing a stone of the fame thape. This plant grows in the warmeft parts of America, where the fruit is eaten by way of defert. It grows to the height of 30 or 40 feet. Miller. 18. STAR HYACINTH, a species of SCILLA. (9.) STAR OF ALEXANDRIA, a fpecies of ORNI (14.) STARS, or ASTERISKS, (§ 1. def. 4.) are ufed at the beginning of Articles, throughout this work, to diftinguish those taken from Dr JOHNSON'S DiЯionary. (15.) STARS, FALLING. See IGNIS FATUUS, METFOR, and METEOROLOGY. through a cloth or fieve, and what is left behind put into the veffei with new water, and expofed to the fun for fome time. As the fediment thickens at the bottom, they drain off the water four or five times, by inclining the veffe, but without What remains at paffing it through the fieve. bottom is the starch, which they cut in pieces to get out, and leave it to dry in the fun. When dry, it is laid up for use. (3.) STARCH is commonly made of wheat, and the very beft ftarch can perhaps be made of nothing elfe. Wheat, however, is too valuable an article of food to be employed as the material of ftarch, if any thing elfe will anfwer the purpose; and it has long been known that an inferior kind of starch may be made of potatoes. Potatoes, (16.) STARS, TWINKLING OF THE. See Op- however, are themfeives a valuable article of food; TICS, Index. (17.) STAR THISTLE, in botany. See CEN TAUREA. * STARAJA RUSSA, a town of Ruffia, in Novogorod, on the Polith, near lake imen, 40 miles S. of Novogorod. Lon. 33. z. E. Lat. 57. 40. N. (1.) STARBOARD. n. f. [steorbord, Saxon.] Is the right-hand side of the flip, as the larboard is the left. Harris.—On shipboard the mariners will not leave their starboard an! larboard, because fome one accounts it gibberish. B-amball. (2.) STARBOARD is the right side of the fhip when the eye of the fpectator is directed forward. (1.)* STARCH. n. f. [from stare, Teutonick, fff.] A kind of viscous matter made of Bower or potatoes, with which linen is ftiffened, and was formerly coloured.— Has he Dislik'd your yellow starch? Fletcher, -With starch thin laid on, and the fkin well ftretched, prepare your ground. Peacham. (2.) STARCH is a fecula or fed:ment, found at the bottom of veffeis wherein wheat has been steeped in water, of which fecuia, after feparating the bran from it, by paffing it through fieves, they form a kind of loaves, which being dried in the fun or an oven, is afterwards cut into little pieces, and fo fold. The be starch is white, foft, and friable, and eafi y broken into powder. Such as require fine ftarch, do not content them felves, like the ftarchmen, with refuse wheat, but ufe the finest grain. The process is as follows: The grain, being wel cleaned, is put to ferment in veffels full of water, which they expofe to the fun while in its greatest heat; changing the water twice a-day, for the face of eight or twelve days, according to the feafon. When the grain burits eafily under the finger, they judge it fufficiently fermented. The fermentation perfected, and the grain thus foftened, it is put, handful by handful, into a canvas bag, to feparate the flour from the hufks; which is done by rubbing and beating it on a plank laid across the mouth of an empty veffel that is to receive the flour. As the velicis are filled with this liquid flour, there is feen twin. ming at top a reddish water, which is to be care. fully fcummed off from time to time, and clean water is to be put in its place, which, after flirring the whole together, is so to be trained VOL. XXI. PART I. and it is therefore an object of importance to try if ftarch may not be made of fomething till lefs uletul. On the 8th of March 1796, a patent was granted to Lord Wiliam Murray for his difcove ry of a method by which ftarch may be extracted from horfe chefnuts. But the defeription of the method is too tedious for our admitting it. To STARCH. v. a. [from the noun.] To tiffen with starch.— Gay. Her goodly countenance I've feen Set off with kerchief starch'd. (1.) * STARCHAMBER. n. f. (camera stellata, Lat. A kind of criminal court of equity. Now abolished.-'ll make a starchambør matter of it, Szak. (2.) 'STAR-CHAMBER. COURT OF, {camera stellata, a famous, or rather infamous, English tribuhal, faid to have been fo cailed either from a Saxon word fignifying to steer or govern; or from its punishing the crimen stellionatus, or cofenage; or because the room wherem it fat, the old cons. cil-chamber of the palace of Westininiter, (Lamb. 148.) which is now converted into the lottery. office, and forms the E. fide of New Palace-yard, was full of windows; or, (to which Sir Edwart Coke, 4 Inft. 66. accedes), because haply the roof thereof was at the firft garnished with gilded stars. All these are merely conjectures (for no stars ave now in the roof, nor are any faid to have remaired there fo late as the reign of queen Elizabeth); and another conjectural etymology, as far-fetche l as any of them, has been derived from starra e stars, a corruption of the Hebrew word, hetar, a covenant, which Jewish covenants, it is alleged, were lodged in this chamber by Richard I. before the Jews were banished. (Sce Torvey's Angl. Judaic. 32. Seiden. tit. of hon. ii. 34. Uxor Ebraic. 1. 14.) But whatever was the origin of the name, this court was of very ancient original; but newmodelled by ftatutes 3 Hen. VII. c. r. and 20 Hen. VIII. c. 20. confiiting of divers lords fpiritual and temporal, bung privy-counfellors, tog ther with two judges of the courts of commenlaw, without the intervention of any jury. Their jurifdiction extended legally over riots, perjury, misbehaviour of theriffs, and other notorious mifdemeanors, contrary to the laws of the land. Yot this was afterwards (fays Ford Clarendon) freiched" to the alerting of all proclamations and orders of itate; to the vindicating of illegal com. Y Y Struggling, and wildly staring. Dryden. He star'd and rol'd his baggard eyes. Dryd. Or hifs a dragon, or a tyger stare. Dryden. Why do't thou not Try the virtue of that G. rgon face, To stare me into statue. Dryden. I was unluckily prevented by the prefence of a bear, which threw his eyes in my way, and stared me out of my refolution. Addifon.-The wit at his elbow stared him in the tace with so bewitching a grin, that the whiftier relaxed his fibres. Addifon.- miffions and grants of monopolies; holding for honourable that which pleafed, and for juft that which profited; and becoming both a court of law to determine civil rights, and a court of revenue to enrich the treasury; the council-table by proclamations enjoining to the people that which was not enjoined by the laws, and prohibiting that which was not prohibit:d; and the ftar hamber, which confifted of the fame perfons in different rooms, cenfuring the breach and difobedience to thofe proclamations by very great fines, imprisonments, and corporal feverities: fo that any disresp: & to any acts of state, or to the persons of statesmen, was in no time more penal, and the foundations of right never more in danger to be destroyed." For which reafons, it was finally abolished by ftatute 16 Car. I. c. 10. to the general joy of the whole nation. See KING'S BENCH. There is in the British Mufeum (Harl. MSS. Vol. I. N° 126.) a very full account of the conftitution and courfe of this court, compiled by William Hudfon of Gray's Inu, an eminent prac titioner therein. A short account of the fame, with copies of all its procefs, may alfo be found in 18 Rym. Foed. 192, &c. STARCHED. adj. [from starch.] 1. Stif. fened with starch. 2. Stiff; precife; formal.~ Does the Golpel any where preferibe a starched fqueezed countenance, a ftiff formal gait, or a fingularity of manners. Swift. * STARCHER. n. f. [from starch.) One whofe trade is to ftarch. STARCHLY. adv. [from starch.] Stiffly; precifely. STARCHNESS. n. f. [from starch] Stiffnefs; precifene fs. STARCKENBERG, a town of Germany, in the Tyrolefe; 13 miles NE. of Landeck. (1.) STARE. n. f. [from the verb.] 1. Fixed look. He look'd a lion with a gloomy ftare. Dryd. 2. [Sturnus. Lat.] Starling. A bird. (2.) STARE, in ornithology. See STURNUS. Her modeft eyes, abashed to behold Spenfer. And ugly shapes, did nigh the man difmay. Spenfer. Perhaps my enemies, who come to stare Dryden. Savift. Her hearers had no fhare In all the fpoke, except to stare. 2. To STARE in the face. To be undeniab y evident.-Is it poffibie for peopie, without fcruple to offend againft the iaw, which stares them in the face, whiift they are breaking it. Locke. 3. To ftand out.-Take off all the staring traws and jaggs in the hive. Mortimer. *STARER. n. f. [from stare.] One who looks with fixed eyes. One felf-approving hour whole years outweighs * Of ftupid starers, and of loud huzza's. Pope. (1.) STARFISH. n. f. [star and fish.] A fish branching out into feveral points.-This has a ray of one fpecies of Engl th fta fib. Woodward. (2.) STAR FISH. Ste ASTIRIAS, § 1. N° 1—8. STARGARD, a town of Pomerania, with an academy, and woolen manufactures; on the Inn, 18 miles SE. of Stettin, and 37 NW. of Landsperg. Lon. 25. 8. E. Lat. 53. 32. N. *STARGAZER. n.f. ftar and gaze.] An aftro. nomer, or aftrologer. In contempt.-Let the aftrologers, the stargazers, and the monthly prognofticators, ftand up and fave thee. If. xivii. 13.A ftargazer, in the height of his celeftial obfervations, tumbled into a ditch. L'Estrange. (1.) *STARHAWK. n. f. \aftur, Lat.] A fort of hawk. infaworth. (2.) STAR HAWK, or Gos-HAWK. See FALCO, N° 35. (1.) STARK, John, of Killermont, of an ancient and respectable Scottish family, was a covenanter; and having appeared in arms against his fovereign at the battle of Bothwell bridge in 1679, became obnoxious to the government, and, to conceal himself, withdrew into Ireland. After refiding a few years in the country, which he had chofen for the fcene of his banishment, he married Elizabeth daughter of Thomas Stewart, Efq. of Baiydrene in the north of Ireland; defcended of the noble family of Galloway. By this lady Mr Stark had feveral children; particularly (2.) STARK, Thomas, his fecond fon, who fettled at Manchester as a whole fale linen-draper, and married Margaret Stirling, daughter of William Stirling, Efq. of North woodfide, in the neighbourhood of Glafgow, by whom he had the Doctor.. (3.) STARK, the rev. John, another fon of the covenanter, was minifter of Lecropt in Perthshire; and, under his care, the Doctor, his nephew, whom whom we are chiefly to enlarge upon,received the rudiments of that education, which, rom the character of the mafter, and the relation between him and his pupil, was well calculates to flore the mind of Dr Stark with thofe virtuous principies which influenced his conduct through lite. STA 355 ) (4.) STARK William, M. D. the fon of Thomas, grandson of the Covenanter, ard nephew of the parfon, was born at Manchefter in July 1740, and educated by his uncle John above mentioned. From Lecropt young Stark was fent to the univerfity of G'afgow, where, under the tuition of Dra Smith and Black, he learned the rudiments of fcience, and acquired that mathematical accuracy and contempt of hypothies, with which he profecuted all his ftudies. Having chofen phyfic for his profeflion, he removed from the univerfity of Glasgow to that of Edinburgh, where he was foon diftinguished, and honoured with the friendfhip of the late Dr Cullen. Mr Stark, in 1765, went to London, and devoted himself to the study of phyfic and furgery; and looking upon anatomy as the principal pillar of both these arts, he endeavoured to complete with Dr Hunter what he had begun with Dr Monro; and under thefe two eminent profeffors he appears to have acquired a high degree of anatomical knowledge. He likewife entered about this time a pupil at St George's hospital: for being difgufted with the inaccmary of the noft of practical writers, he determined to have, from his own experience, a ftandard, by which he might judge of the experience of others. With what fuccefs he profecuted this plan, may be feen in a series of Clinical and Anatomical Obfervations made by him during his attendance at the hofpital, and publifhed after his death by his friend Dr Carmichael Smyth. Whilft attending the hofpital, he likewife employed himself in making experiments on, the blood, and other animal fluids; and alfo in a courfe of experiments in chemical pharmacy; but thefe experiments have not yet been published; In 1767 Mr Stark went to Leyden, and took the degree of M. D. publishing an inaugural differta. tion on the dysentery. On his return to London, In he recommended his ftudies at the hospital. 1769 he commenced a series of Experiments on Diet, which he was encouraged to undertake by Sir John Pringle and Dr Franklin, from whom he received many hints refpecting the plan and its execution. But the imprudent zeal with which he profecuted thefe proved, in the opinion of his friends, fatal to himfeif; for he began them on the 12th of July 1769, in perfect health and vigour, and from that day, though his health varied, it was feldom if ever good, till the 23d Feb. 1770, when he died, after fuffering much uneafinefs. His biographer Dr Smyth thinks, that other caufes, particularly chagrin and disappointment, had no Imall fhare in haftening his death; but his opinion seems not well-founded; for the pernicious effects of the experiments are visible in Dr Stark's own journal. When he entered upon them, his body weighed 12 ftone 3 lb. avoirdupois, which in a very few days was reduced to 11 ftone 10 lb. 8 oz.: and it continued on the whole to decrease till the day of his death. This can excite no wonder. Though the profeffed object of his ex * (5.) STARK. adj. | fterc, ftare, Saxon; Sterck, Dutch.] 1. Stiff; ftrong; rugged. Whofe fenfes all were ftraight benummed and Many a nobleman lies stark and stiff. Confider the stark security The commonwealth is in now. 3. Mere; imple; plain; grofs. Ben Jonson. Hudibras. To turn stark fools, and fubjects fit (6.)* STARK.adv. Is used to intend or augment the fignification of a word: as ftark mad, mad in the highest degree. It is now little used but in low language.- Then are the best but stark naught. Sidney. Spenfer. Abbot. Men and women go stark naked. They both dance much, and sometimes ftark naked. Heylyn.— Donne. He is ftark mad, who ever fays ( 356 STA STARKLY. adv. [from stark] Stiffy; As faft lock'd up in fleep as guiltle's labour, Dars, wafte, and wild, under the frown of Starles expos'd. Milton We, ke entries, are oblig'd to stand Now they never meet in grove or green, Nor walk by moon, Or glittering starlight without thee is fweet. * They danc'd by starlight. Milton. (2.) STARLIGHT. adj. Luhted by the stars. Bryden. Owls, that mark the fetting fun, declare A ftarlight evening and a mori.ing fail. Dryden. *STARLIKE, adj. A ftar and like:] 1. Steilated;, having various points refembing a star in ufire. Nightshade tree has ftarlike flowers. Mortimer. 2. Bright; illustrious.--The having turned many to righteoufnels fhall confer a sturlike and immortal brightness. Boyle. Thefe reafons mov'd her starlike hufband's heart. (1.) SLARLING, 7. f. [ftærling, Saxon; ·Dryden. fturnus.] A ima linging bird. I will have a ftarling taught to speak. Shak. (2.) STARLING. See STURNUS. (3.)STARLINGS, or STERLINGS. the name given to the strong pieces of timber which were driven into the bed of the river to protect the piles, on the top of which were laid the flat beams upon which were built the bafes of the tone piers that fupport the arches of London bridge. In general, ftarlings are large piles placed on the outfide of the foundation of the piers of bridges, to break ite force of the water, and to protect the stonework from injury by floating ice. They are otherwife called JETTES, and their place is often fupplied by large tones thrown at random round the piera of bridges, as may be seen at Stirling bridge when the river is low; and as was done by Mr Smeaton's direction round the piers of the centre arch of London bridge, when it was thought in danger of being undermined by the current. See SMFATON. STARNINA, Gerard, an historical painter, born at Florence in 1354. He was a difciple of Venetiano, and was much employed and patronized by Alphonfo XI. K. of Caftile. He died in 1403. STAROSITY, n. f. The government of a caftle; the fame with CAPITANFATE. * STARDAYOD. adj. [ftar and pave.] Studded with ftars. ous to ftarligh, Under the fhady roof Milton. the stars; aftronomy. Spenjer. 1. Influenced, *STARRED. adi, {from star.] Stari moft unluckily, is from my breaft 2. Decorated with flais. That fiarred Ethiop queen. Shak. Milton. His fceptre ftare'd with golden ftuds. Pore. * STARKING. adj. {stellans, Lat. from star.} light.Shining with ftellar light; blazing with sparking Such his fell glances as the fatal light Of starring comets that look kingdoms dead. * STARRY. adj. [from star.] 1. Decorated Crashur. with fters; abounding with ftars. 2. 3. Above the clouds, above the starry sky ! Pope. Coufilting of stars; fellar. Such is his will, that paints The darkeft fkies with ftore Of Starry lights. Ileav'n and earth's compacted frame, Spenfer. And flowing waters, and the ftarry flame. Dryd. R fembling ftars.- Tears had dimm'd the luftre of her starry eyes. (1.) STARSHOOT. n. !. [ftar and shoot.] An eShak. Illuyt. of that jelly, by the vulgar called a starfoot, as if mithion from a ftar.-I have feen a good quantity Boyle. it remained upon the extinction of a falling fta. (2.) STAR SHOOT, ora gelatinous fubftance ofSTAR-SHOT, & found in fields, and from the meteor called a falling-star: but, in reafuppofed by the vulgar to have been produced lity, the half-digested food of herons, fea-mews, and the like birds; which have been found, when fhot, to difgorge a substance of the fame kind. ftones, refembling radiated stars, with a greater or STAR-STONES, in the old mineralogy, foffil fmaller number of rays in the different fpecies; they are ufually found about an inch in length, and of the thickness of a goofe-quil!. Some have 5 angles or rays, others only 4; in fome the an gles are equid ftant, in others in egularly fo: in fome they are hert and blunt, in others long, narrow, and pointed; and some have their angles very fhort and obtuse. The several joints in the fame ipecimen are ufually all of the fame thicknefe; but in fore they are larger at one end, and in others at the middle, than in any other part of bifid, fo as to emulate the appearance of a fixthe body; and fome fpecies have one of the rays rayed kind. See ASTERIA, N° 2. of terrour; a fudden twitch or contraction of the Thefe flaws and starts would well become |