tor of Tring in Hertfordfire. He was in 1689 appointed vicar of Lewisham, in Kent, by Lord Dartmouth, to whom he had been chaplain. He was alfo appointed chaplain to William and Mary, and continued under queen Anne. He commenced D. D. July 5th, 1697; and was made vicar of Deptford, and dean of Canterbury in 1703; thrice chofen prolocutor of the lower house of Convocation. He was endowed with excellent parts, and acquired a large stock of learning, with the purest diction, and a just elocution. The character of the Chriftian and the gentieman, in him were happily united. He died March 18th 1728, aged 68. The dean was twice married: 1. to Olivia Cotton, by whom he had one fon and four daughters: 2. to a fifter of Sir Charies Waper, who furvived him, til OA. rft 1730, aged 54. One of his daughters was married to a fon of bifhop Burnet. His writings are, A Paraphrafe and Comment upon the Epifties and Gospels, 4 vois, 3705, 8v0: Sermons at Boyle's Lectures, 1706, 4to; 15 Sermons, 1700, 8vo. 12 Sermons, 1727, 8v0. Parfon's Chriftian Directory, 1716, 8vo. A Funeral Sermon on Mr Richard Stare bookfeller, 1724, 400: 20 Sermons, between 1692 and 1274. Private Prayers tranflated from the Greek of Bp. Andrews, with Additions, 1730. He alfo published editions of Epictetus, Thomas a Kem pis, and Rochefoucault.

(2.) STANHOPE, Philip Dormer, earl of CHES TERFIELD, was born in 1695, and educated in Trinity-hali, Cambridge; which place he left in 1714, when, by his own account, he was an abfolute pedant. In this character he went abroad, where a familiarity with good company foon con vinced him he was totally mistaken in almost all his notions: and an attentive study of the air manner, and address of the people of fashion, foon polished a man whofe predominant defire was to pleafe; and who, as it afterward appeared, valued exterior accomplishments beyond any other human acquirement. While Lord Stanhope, he got an early feat in parliament; and in 1722, fuc ceeded to his father's eftate and titles. In 1728, and in 1745, he was appointed ambaffador extra ordinary and plenipotentiary to Holland: which high character he supported with the greatest dig nity; ferving his own country, and gaining the efteem of the flates general. Upon his return from Holland, he was fent lord lieutenant of Ireland; and during his administration there, gave general fatisfaction to all parties. He left Dublin in 1746, and in October fucceeded the earl of Harrington as fecretary of state, in which poft he officiated until Feb. 6th 1748. Being feized with a deafnefs in 1752 that incapacitated him for the pleasures of fociety, he from that time led a private and retired life, amufing himself with books and his pen; in particular, he engaged largely as a voluteer in a periodical mifcellaneons paper called The World, in which his contributions have a diftinguished degree of excellence. He died in 1773, leaving a character for wit and abilities that had few equals. He diftinguished himself by his eioquence in parliament on many important occafons. He was an active promoter of the bill for altering the ftyle; on which occation, as he writes tu one of his letters to his fun, he made so evos

quent a fpeech in the houfe, that every one was pleafed. Lord Macclesfieid, one of the greatest mathematicians in Europe, and who had a principal hand in framing the bill, fpoke afterwards, with all the charnels that a thorough knowledge of the fubje& could dictate; but not having a flow of words equal to Lord Chefterfield, the latfer gained the applaufe from the former. The high character Lord Chesterfield fupported during fife, received no finall injury foon after his death, from a fuller difplay of it by his own hand. He left no iffue by his lady, but had a naturai son, Philip Stanhope, Efq. whofe education was for many years a close object of his attention, and who was afterward envoy extraordinary at the court of Drefden, but died before hith. When Lord Chesterfield died, Mr Stanhope's widow pubiifhed a courfe of letters written by the father to the fon, filled with inftructions fuitable to the different gradations of the young man's life to whom they were addreffed. Thefe letters contain many fine obfervations on mankind, and rules of conduct; but it is obfervable that he lays a greater ftrefs on exterior accomplishments and addrefs than on intellectual qualifications and fincerity; and alows greater latitude to fashionable pleasures than good morals will justify, espe cially in paternai inftructions. Hence the cele brated Dr Samuel Johnton juftly obferved of these letters, that "they inculcate only the morals of a whore, with the manners of å dancing master.” (3.) STANHOPE, in geography, a town of England, in Durham, 'near Weardale, with a market on Tuesday; 20 miles W. of Durham, and 264 N. by W. of London. Lon. 2. o. W. Lat. 54. 48. N.

́(1.) STANISLAUS Leczinfki, king of Poland, was born at Leopold the 20th of Odober 16771 His father was a Polish nobleman, diftinguished by his rank and the important offices which he held, but ftill more by his firmnefs and courage. Stanislaus was fent ambassador in 1704 by the af fembly of Warfaw to Charles XII. of Sweden, who had conquered Poland. He was at that time 27 years old, was general of Great Poland, and had been ambaffador extraordinary to the Grand Signior in 1699, Charles was fo delighted with the frankness and fincerity of his deportment, and with the firmnefs and fweetnefs which appeared in his countenance, that he gave him the crown of Poland, and ordered him to be crowned at Warsaw in 1705. He accompanied Charles XII: into Saxony, where a treaty was conciuded with King Auguftus in 4705, by which that prince refigned the crown, and acknowledged Staniflaus king of Poland. (See POLAND, 21.) The new monarch remained in Saxony with Charles til 707, when they returned into Poland and attacked the Ruffians, whom they obliged to evacuate that kingdom in 1708. But Charles being defeated by Peter the Great in 1709, Auguftus returned into Poland, and being affifted by a Ruffian army, obliged Stanislaus to retire first into Sweden, and afterwards into Turkey. Soon after he took up his relidence at Weiffenburg, in Alface. Auguf tus difpatched Sum his envoy to France to com plain of this; but the duke of Orleans, then regent, returned this anfwer: "Tell your king, that France has always been the afylum of unhap

PY

Northamptonshire. He wrote, 1. A volume of poems: 2. A tranflation of Elian's Various Hiftory: 3. Hiftory of Philofophy, and Lives of the Philofophers: 4. A Tranflation of Æfchylus, with a Commentary; and several other works. He died in 1678.

(3.) STANLEY, John, an eminent compofer and performer of mufic, born in 1713. He was blind from his infancy, but acquired fo profound a knowledge of mufic, that he became mafter of his Majefty's band of musicians, and organift to the Society of the Temple and of St Andrews, Holborn. He died in 1786.

(4.) STANLEY, in geography, a town of Eng. land, in Gloucestershire, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles S. of Gloucester, and 107 W. of London. Lon. 2. 16. W. Lat. 51. 40. N.

(5.) STANLEY, a confiderable village in Perthfhire, partly in the parish of Auchtergaven, and partly in that of Redgorton; famous for its extenfive machinery for fpinning cotton, and for the beauty of its fituation. In 1793, it contained a bout 520 inhabitants.

(1.) STANMORE, GREAT, a village of Middlesex, 10 miles NW. of London, in which are fome elegant feats. It is near a hill, which is fo very elevated that the trees growing on its top are a landmark from the German Ocean.

(2.)STANMORE, LITTLE, a village of Middlefex, near Edgware, cailed alfo WHITCHURCH, famous for a magnificent seat, called Canons, built by James, firft duke of Chandos, in 1712, who iived many years in it, in a kind of regal state, and died in 1744. It was demolished in 1747, and the materials were fold by auction. The church is an elegant structure, and contains ail that remains of the magnificence of Canons. It was built and ornamented by the duke. It lies 8 miles NW. of London.

(1.) * STANNARY. adj. [from stannum, Lat.] Relating to the tin-works.-A fteward keepeth his court once every three weeks: they are termed stannary courts, of the Latin stannum, and holds pleas of action of debt or trespass about white or black tin. Gareau.

(2.) STANNARY, n. f. is also used for the mines and works where tin is dug and purified; as in Cornwall, Devonshire, &c. See CORNWALL, 1, 4: and TIN.

(3.) STANNARY COURTS, in Devonshire and Cornwall, courts held for the adminiftration of juftice among the tinners therein. They are held before the lord-warden and his substitutes, in virtue of a privilege granted to the workers in the tin mines there, to fue and be fued only in their own courts, that they may not be drawn from their bufinefs, which is highly profitable to the public, by attending their law-fuits in other courts, The privileges of the tinners are confirmed by a charter, 33 Edw. I. and fully expounded by a private ftatute, so Edw. III. which has fince been explained by a public act, 16 Car. I. c. 15. What relates to our prefent purpose is only this: That ail tinners and labourers in and about the ftannaries thall, during the time of their working there. in, bona fide, be privileged from fuits of other courts, and be only pleaded in the ftannary court io ali matters, excepting pleas of land, life, and

member. No writ of error lies from hence to any court in Weftminfter-hall; as was agreed by all the judges, in 4 Jac, I. But an appeal lies from the steward of the court to the under-warden; and from him to the lord-warden; and thence to the privy-council of the prince of Wales, as duke of Cornwall, when he hath had livery or inveftiture of the fame. And from thence the appeal lies to the king himself, in the last resort.

STANNOWOI KREBET, mountains of Siberia. See SIBERIA, § 8.

STANNUM, [Lat.] TIN. See CHEMISTRY, Index; and METALLURGY, Part II. Sec. VII. Part III. Se&. VI.

STANOVITZKOI, a town of Ruffia, in Novogorod: 48 miles NW. of Tcherapovetz. STANSTED, a town of Virginia, 5 miles N. of Falmouth.

STANTON, a town of England, in Lincolnfhire, with a market on Monday; 16 miles NE. of Lincoln, and 129 N. of London. Lon. o. 2. W. Lat. 53. 18. N.

(1.) STANTZ, or STANZ, a town of the Helvetic republic, in the canton of Under-Walden; feated in a beautiful plain, at the foot of Mount Stanzberg, near the lake of Lucern; 8 miles SE. of Lucern, 29 S. of Zurich, and 42 E. of Berne. Lon. 8. 22. E. Lat.

(2.) STANTZ, or STANZ, a river of Stiria, which runs into the Muhr; 2 miles ENE. of Luttenberg. STANWIX, a town of England, in Cumber land, near Carlisle, on the oppofite bank of the Eden, on the road to Scotland.

STANYHURST, Richard, an Irifh hiftorian, poet and divine, born at Dublin, about 1545, and educated at Univerfity College, Oxford. He afterwards ftudied the law, at Furnival's and Lincoln's Inns; but turning Roman Catholic, he went to the continent, where he entered into orders; and, at Bruffels, was made chaplain to A!bert, archduke of Auftria, then governor of the Spanish Netheriands. He published several learned works; particularly, 1. Harmonia, feu catena dialectica in Porphyrium; fol. 1570. 2. De rebus in Hibernia geftis; 4to, 1584. 3. De vita S. Patricii; 12mo, 1587. 4. The first 4 books of Virgil's Eneid, in English hexameters; 12mo, 1583. He died in 1618.

STANYONE, a small town of England, in Northamptonshire, SW. of Weldon.

STANZ, or STANTZ. See STANTZ, N° 1 & 2. * STANZA. n. f. [stanza, Ital. ftance, Fr.] A number of lines regularly adjusted to each other; fo much of a poem as contains every variation of measure or relation of rhyme. Stanza is originally a room of a house, and came to fignify a fubdivifion of a poem; a staff.—

Nor till the happy nuptial house be seen, Shall any flanza with it fhine. Cowley. -Horace confines himself frictly to one fort of verfe or flanza in every ode. Dryd.-In quatrains, the last line of the stanza is to be confidered in the compofition of the first. Dryden.

Each exaited fanza teems with thought.

Pope. STANZBERG, a mountain of the Helvetic republic, in the canton of Underwalden, near the lake of Lucern. STAPELLIA,

STAPELIA, a genus of plants belonging to the clafs pentandria, and the order digynia. The generic characters are thefe: The calyx is monophyllous, quinquefid, acute, fmall, and permanent. The corolla is monopetalous, flat, large, and divided, deeper than the middle, into five parts, with broad, flat, pointed lacinia. The nectarium is fmail, ftar-thaped, flat, quinquefid, with linear lacinia; and embracing with its ragged points the feed-forming parts. Another fmall ftar, which is also flat and quinquefid, covers the feminiferous parts with its entire acute lacinia.— The ftamina are five in number; the filaments are erect, flat, and broad; and the anthere are linear, on each fide united to the fide of the filament. The piftillum has two germina, which are oval and flat on the infide. There are no ftyles; and the ftigmata are obsolete. The feed-veel confifts of two oblong, awl-shaped, unilocular and univalved foilicles. The feeds are numerous, imbricated, compreffed, and crowned with a pappus or down. This fingular tribe of plants is peculiar to the fandy deferts of Africa and Arabia. They are extremely fucculent. From this peculiarity of ftructure, the power of retaining water to fupport and nourish them, they are enabled to live during the prevalent droughts of thofe arid regions. On this account the ftapelia has been denominated the camel of the vegetable kingdom. The peculiar economy in the ftapelia, and other fucculent plants, feems to exift in the abforbent and exhalant fyftems. The power of abforption is as much increased as the power of the exhalant or perfpiratory veffels is diminished. In thefe plants, a fmall quantity of nourishment is required. There is no folid part to be formed, no large fruit to be produced. They generally have very fmall leaves, often are entirely naked; for that taking the whole plant, a small furface only is exposed to the action of light and heat,' and confequently a much smaller proportion of water is decompofed than in plants which are much branched and furnished with leaves. Two fpecies of ftapeita only were known at the beginning of the 18th century. The unfortunate Forskal, the companion of Niebhur, who was fent out by the king of Denmark to explore the interior of Arabia, and who fell a facrifice to the peftilential difcafes of thofe inhospitable regions, difcovered two new species." Thunberg, in his Prodromus, has mentioned five more. Forty new fpecies have been discovered by Mr Maflon of Kew Gardens, who was fent out by his prefent Majefty for the purpose of collecting plants round the Cape of Good Hope. Defcriptions of thefe, with elegant and highly finished coloured engravings, have lately been published. They are chiefly na tives of the extenfive deferts called Karo, on the weftern fide of the Cape.

STAPES OF THE EAR. See ANATOMY, Index, and SOUND, 9, v.

STAPHYLA, BLADDER NUT, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the clafs of pentandria, and order of trigynia; and in the natural fyftem arranged under the 23d order, tribilate. The calyx is quinquepartite. There are five petals. The capfules are three, inflated and joined together by a longitudinal future. The feeds are

3. STAPHYLINUS MURINUS. The head is depreffed. The colour is grey, clouded with black. The length is fix lines. It lives among horfe dung.

4. STAPHYLINUS RIPARIUS is of a reddish brown colour; but the elytra are azure coloured; and the head, antennæ, and two laft rings of the abdomen, are black. It is frequent on the banks of rivers in Europe.

5. STAPHYLINUS RUFUS is of an orange colour; but the pofterior part of the elytra and ab'domen is black, as are also the thighs at their base. Thefe infects have a peculiarity to be met with in almost every fpecies of this genus, which is, that they frequently turn up their tail, or extremity of the abdomen, especially if you chance to touch them; in which cafe the tail is seen to rise immediately, as if the infect meant to defend itself by finging. Yet that is not the place where the infect's offenfive weapons are fituated. Its tail has no fting, but it bites and pinches strongly with its jaws; and care must be taken, especially in laying hold of the larger spécies. Their jaws are ftrong, shoot out beyond the head, and are fubfervient to the animal in feizing and destroying its prey. They feed on all other infects they can catch: even frequently two ftaphylini of the fame fpecies bite and tear each other. Though this infect has very small clytra, yet its wings are large; but they are curioufly folded up, and concealed under the elytra. The infect unfolds and ́expands them when he chooses to fly, which he does very lightly. Among the fmall fpecies of this genus, there are feveral whofe colours are hvely and angularly intermingled. Some of them are found upon flowers, but they chiefly inhabit 'the dung of cows. Their larva, which refemble them fo much as to be fearce diftinguithable, live in damp places under ground. They are by fome called Rove beetles.

STAPHY