◆ SPIRACLE. [ Spiraculum, Lat.] A breathing hole; a vent; a small aperture. Most of the fpitacles perpetually fend forth fire. Woodward.

SPIRA, the Spiræa Frutex, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the clafs of ico/andria, and to the order of pentagynia; and in the natural fytem arranged under the 26th order, Pomace. The calyx is quinquefid; there are five petals; and the capfule is polyfpermous. There are 18 fpecies; of which two only are Britifli, the filipendula and uimaria.

1. SPIRÆA FILIPENDULA, dropwort, has pinnated leaves; the leaflets are ferrated; the talk is herbaceous, about a foot and a half high, terminated with a loose umbel of white flowers, often zinged with red. The petals are generally fix, and the fegments of the calyx are reflexed; the ftamina are 30 or more; the germina 12 or upwards. It grows in mountainous pastures.

2. SPIRAA ULMARIA, meadow-fweet. The leaves have only two or three pair of pinna, with a few fmaller ones intermixed; the extreme one being larger than the reft, and divided into three lobes. The calyx is redd fh; the petals white, and the number of capsules from fix to ten twifted in a spiral. The tuberous pea, like roots of the filipendula dried and reduced to powder, have been used instead of bread in times of fcarcity.. Hogs are very fond of these roots. Cows, goats, fheep, and fwine, eat the plant; but horfes refufe it. The flowers of the ulmaria have a fragrant fcent, which rifes in distillation. The whole plant indeed is extremely fragrant, fo that the common people of Sweden ftrew their floors with it on holidays. It has a fo an aftringent quality, and has been found useful in dyfenteries, ruptures, and in tanning of leather.

SPIRAGO, a town of the new Italian kingdom, in the department of the Olona, diftrict and late principality of Pavia, feated on the Olona, in a fertile country.

(1.) * SPIRAL. adj. Spirale, Fr. from spira, Lat.] Curved; winding; circularly involved, like a fcrew.-The fibres in the ventricles, running in fpiral lines from the tip to the base of the heart. Rag.

Why earth or fun diurnal ftages keep? In fpiral tracts why through the zodiack creep? Blackmore. -The inteftinal tube affects a straight, inftead of a fpiral cylinder. Arbuthnot.

(2.) SPIRAL LINE, in geometry, a curve line of the circular kind, which in its progrefs recedes from its centre.

SPIRALLY. adv. [from spiral.] In a fpiral forn.-Fibres running circularly or spirally from bafe to tip. Ray.

*SPIRATION. n. f.\spiratio, Lat.] Breathing. SPIRBACH. See SPIREBACH, N° 1 and 2. (1.) * SPIRE. n.f. [spira, Lat. Spira, Italian; fpira, Swedih.] 1. A curve line: any thing wreathed or contorted, every wreath being in a different plane; a curl; a twift; a wreath.— His circling fpires, that on the grafs . Floated redundant.

Milton. Sublime on radiant fpires he rode. Dryden. -Air feems to confift of spires contorted into fmall spheres; the folid fubftance of the spires

being very fmail in proportion to the spaces they take up. Cheyne. 2. Any thing growing up taper; a round pyramid, so called perhaps, because a line drawn round and round in iefs and lefs circles, would be a fpire: a steeple.

With gli'llring Spires and pennicles adorn❜J.

Milton. He cannot make one spire of grafs more or leis than he hath made. Hale.

Thefe pointed Jpires that would the ambient íky, Prior.

Inglorious change!

3. The top or uppermost point.

To the fpire and top of praifes vouch'd. Shak. (2.) SPIRE, in architecture, was used by the ancients for the bafe of a column, and fometimes for the aftragal or tore; but among the moderns it denotes à fteeple that continually diminishes as it afcenda, whether conical y or pyramidally.

(3.) SPIRE, in geography, a ci-devant bishopric of Germany, in the chicle of the Upper Rhine; which was fecularized by Bonaparte in 1801-2: It is 50 miles long and 30 broad, where it is broadeft. It was bounded by the Palatinate, the duchy of Wurtemberg, the late duchy of Deux Ponts, and the margravate of Baden. It is a fertile couatry, and is divided into two unequal parts by the Rhine. That part of it which lies on the left or W.. bank of the Rhine, is annexed to the French empire, and included (we think) in the department of the Rhine and Mofelle: the remainder, by Bonaparte's divifion of the indemnities in Aug. 1802, was allotted to the elector of Baden. (See REVOLUTION, § VIII.) The chief city is SPIRE. See N° 4.

(4.) SPIRE, or SPIRES, an ancient imperial city of Germany, capital of the above territory, formerly free and governed by its own magiftrates, now allotted to the elector of Baden. It was built before the Chriftian æra and named Spire, from the SPIREBACH, Two famous diets of the empire were held in it, in 1526, and 1529: at the laft of which the reformers entered their Proteft, and hence got the name PROTESTANTS. See REFORMATION, $3. In 1686, it was totally burnt by the French; in 1693, the imperial chamber, which had long been its chief glory and fource of emolument, was removed to Wetzlar. It was taken by the French republicans in 1792; evacuated by them in 1793; but retaken in 1794. It has a cathedral, 5 churches, and feveral convents. The magiftrates (who we fuppofe are still continued under the elector) and the majority of the inhabi tants are Lutherans. It is feated on the E. bank of the Rhine; 7 miles N. of Philipsburg, 12 SW. of Heidelberg, and 50 NNE. of Strasburg. Lon. 8.32. E. Lat. 49. 19. N.

* To SPIRE. V. n. [from the noun.] 1. To shoot up pyramidically. It is not fo apt to fpire up as the other forts. Mortimer. 2. [Spiro, Lat.] To breathe. Not in ufe. Spenfer.

(1.) SPIREBACH, or SPIRBACH, a river of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine; which runs through Spire and Spirebach, and falls into the Rhine, about half a mile below Spire.

(2.) SPIREBACH, a town of Germany, feated on the above river, 8 miles N. of Landau. Lon. 8. 12. E. Lat. 49. 20. N.

*

(1.) SPIRIT. n. f. fpiritus, Lat.] 1. Breath;

To a mighty work theu goeft, O king,

That equal fpirits and equal pow'rs shall bring. Daniel

wind.—All purges have in them a raw spirit. Bacon. All bodies have pirits and pneumatical parts within them; but the main difference be tween animate and inanimate are, that the spirits of things animate are all continued within themfelves and branched in veins as blood is; and the fpirits have alfo certain feats where the principal do refide, and whereunto the reft do refort; but the fpirits in things inanimate are fhut in and cut off by the tangible parts, as air in fnow. Bacun. -The balmy (pirit of the western breeze. Anon. 2. [Efpirit, Fr.] An immaterial fubftance; an intellectual being.-Spirit is a fubftance wherein thinking, knowing. doubting, and a power of moving do fubfist. Locke.

She is a

rit; yet not like air, or wind; Nor like the fpirits about the heart, or brain; Nor like thofe fpirits which alchymifts do find,

When they in ev'ry thing feek gold in vain;

For the all natures under heav'n doth país, Being like thofe fpirits which God's bright face do fee,

Or like himself whofe image once she was, Though now, alas: fhe fcarce his fhadow be. Davies. -I fhall depend on your conftant friendship, like the trust we have is benevolent fpirits. Pope.-If we feclude fpace, there will remain in the world but matter and mind, or body and spirit. Watts. -You are all of you pure spirits. I don't mean that you have not bodies, but that all that deferves to be called you, is nothing else but spirit. Law. 3. The foul of man.-The Spirit shall return unto God that gave it. Bible.

Look, who comes here! a grave unto a foul, Holding th' eternal spirit 'gainst her will. Shak. -Every that you call yours, befides this fpirit, is but like your cloathing. Law. 4. An apparition. -They were terrified, and fuppofed that they had feen a spirit. Luke, xxiv. 37.-Perhaps you might fee the image, and not the glafs; the former appearing like a fpirit in the air. Bacon.Whilft young, preferve his tender mind from all impreffions of pirits and gob.ins in the dark. Locke. 5. Temper; habitual difpofition of mind.

Upon their tongues a various spirit, to rase Quite cut their native language. Milton. -No man can think it grievous who confiders the restlefs torment of a malicious and revengeful Spirit. Tillotson.

Nor once difturb their heav'nly Spirits With Scapin's cheats, or Cæfar's merits. Prior. -Let them confider how far they are from that fpirit, which prays for its mɔft unjust enemies. Law. He is the devout man, who lives no longer on the way and fpirit of the world, but to the fole will of God. Law. 6. Ardour; courage; elevation; vehemence of mind.—

This morning, like the spirit of a youth That means to be of note, begins betimes. Shak. The Spirit stirring drum, th' ear piercing fife. Shak. -The king's party began to recover their spirit. Swift 7. Genius; vigour of mind.

More ample spirit than hitherto was wont, Here needs me. Fairy Queen.

11. Eagernefs; defire.-God has changed men's tempers with the times, and made a spirit of building fucceed a spirit of pulling down. South. Man of activity; man of life, fire and enterprise. The watery kingdom is no bar To ftop the foreign fpirits.

Shak.

13. Perfons diftinguished by qualities of the mind. A French word, happily growing obfolete.-Romith adverfaries, from the rising up of some schifə matical spirits amongst us, conclude, that the main body of our church is fchifmatical. White.

Oft pitying God did well-form'd fpirits raife, Fit for the toilfome bus'nefs of their day, To free the groaning nation. Corley. -Such spirits as he defired to pleafe, fuch would I chufe for my judges. Dryden. 14. That which gives vigour or cheerfulness to the mind; the pureft part of the body bordering, says Sydenham, on immateriality. In this meaning it is commonly written with the plural termination.

With my vex'd spirits I cannot take a truce, But they will quake.

When I fit and tell

Shah.

The warlike feats I've done his spirits fly out Into my story.

Shakesp

Alas! when all our lamps are burn'd, Our bodies wafted, and our spirits spent. What can we know, or what can we difcern? Davies. It was the time when gentie night began, T'endrain with fleep the buy spirits of man. Cowley

To fing thy praife, wou'd Heav'n my breath prolong,

Infufing Spirits worthy fuch a fon. Dryden. -All men by experience find the neceffity and aid of the spirits in the business of concoction. Blackmore. The orgalms of the spirits thould be allayed. Derham.

In fome fair body thus the fecret foul With fpirits feeds, with vigour fils the whole. Pope. -He is always forced to drink a hearty glais, to make his/pirits drowly enough for fleep. Lagu. 15. Cha

Nor doth the eye itfeif,

That most pure spirit of sense, behold itself.

Shak.

17. That which hath power or energy.-There is in wine a mighty fpirit. South. 18. An inflammable liquor raifed by diftilation; as brandy, rum. -What the chymifts call fpirit, they apply the name to fo many different things, that they feem to have no fettled notion of the thing. In general, they give the name of Spirit to any dif tilled volatile liquor. Boyle -All pirits, by frequent ufe, deftroy, and at laft extinguish the natural heat of the ftomach. Temple.-In diftiliations, what trickies down the fides of the receiver, if it will not mix with water, is oil; if it wil, it is fpirit. Arbuthnot. 19. In the poets Spirit was a monofyilable, and therefore was often written fprite, or, iefs properly, fpright.

The charge thereof unto a courteous fpright Commanded was. Spenfer. (2.) SPIRIT, in metaphysics, an incorporeal being or intelligence; in which fenfe God is faid to be a fpirit, as are angels and the human foul. See ANGEL, 1-10. METAPHYSICS, S.&. XXXV. and THEOLOGY.

(3.) SPIRIT, in chemistry, and pharmacy, a name applied to every volatile liquid which is not infioid like phlegm or water; and hence the diftinction into acid, alkaune, and vinous fpirits. See PHARMACY, Index.

(4.) SPIRIT OF SALT, in the new chemical nomenciature, is called Sulphat of Magnesia.

(5.) SPIRIT OF WINE. See CHEMISTRY, Index, DISTILLATION, and PHARMACY, Index. (6.) SPIRIT, PROOF. See SPECIFIC GRAVITY, $8.

(7.) SPIRITS, or ANIMAL SPIRITS. See ANATOMY, 513, and PHYSIOLOGY.

(8.) SPIRITS, or ARDENT SPIRITS, in commerce, distilation, &c. See ALCOHOL, BRANDY, CHEMISTRY, Index; DISTILLATION, § 1VII, i-xv. GENEVA, N° V, fi, i; Rum, f 2; SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS, and WHISKY.

*To SPIRIT. v. a. 1. To animate or a&tuate as a fpirit.

So tak'd the spirited sly snake. Milton. 2. To excite; to animate; to encourage.-H: wid be faint in any execution of fuch a counfel, un let's spirited by the unanimous decrees of a general diet. Temple.-Civil diffentions never fail of introducing and spiriting the ambition of private men. Swift. My officers and private me spirit up and alift those obstinate propie. Swift. 3. To draw; to entice.-In the fouthern coat of America, the fouthern point of the needie varieth toward the land, as being difpoted and spirited that way, by the meridional and proper hemifphere. Braun.-Tae miniftry had him spirited away. Arbuthnot.

* SPIRITALLY. adv. [from spirits, L. By means of the breath.-Conceive one of each pronounced shiritally, the other vocally. Helder,

* SPIRITED. adj. [from spirit.] Lively; viva

* SPIRITEDNESS. n. f. [from spiritid.] Difpofition or make of mind.-Ile fhowed the narrow spiritedness, pride, and ignorance of pedants. Addison.

* SPIRITFULNESS. n. f. [from spirit and full.] Sprightlinefs; livenincfs.-A cock's crowing is a tone that corresponds to finging, attefting his mirth and spiritfulness. Harvey.

* SPIRITLESS. adj. [from spirit.] Dejected; low; deprived of vigour; wanting courage; depreffed.A man fo faint, fo spiritless, So dull, fo dead in look, fo woe begone, Drew Priam's curtain.

Shak:

Of their wonted vigour left them drain'd, Exhausted, spiritless, afflicted, fati'n. Milton. Nor did ali Rome, grown spiritless, fupply A man that for bold truth durft bravely die.

Dryden.

Art thou fo bafe, fo spiritless a flave? Smith. * SPIRITOUS. adj. [from spirit.] 1. Refined; def:cated; advanced near to spirit.-

More refin'd, more spiritous and pure. Milt. 2. Fine; ardent; active.

* SPIRITOUSNESS. n. f. [from spiritous.} Fineness and activity of parts.-They, notwinftanding the great thinness and spiritousness of the liquor, did lift up the upper furface. Boyle.

(1.)* SPIRITUAL. adj. [spiritual, Fr. from spirit.] 1. Diftin&t from matter; immaterial; corporel.-Echo is a great argument of the spiritual effence of founds. Bacon.-Both vitirles and audibles in their working emit no corpos real fubftance into their mediums, but only carry certain spritual fpecies. Bacon.-Ali creatures, as well spiritual as corporeal, deciare their abfolute dependence upon the first author of all beings. Bentley. 2. Mentai; intellectuai.

Spiritual armour, able to refift Satan's affaults.

Milton.

-The fame ditafter has invaded his spirituals. South. 3. Not grofs; refined from external things; relative only to the mind.-Some who pretend to be of a more spiritual and refined religion, spend their time in conte plation. Caluny, 4. Not temporal relating to the things of heaven; ecclefiical.-Prace man in fome publick fociety, c vil or spiritual. Hooker.

Thou art reverend, Touching thy piritual iunction.

Shak.

Shak.

I have made an offer to his majesty, Upon our spiritual convocation. -Pole fervants, who have believing matters, are forbid to withdraw any thing of their worldly refpect, as prefuming upon their spiritual kindrel. Kettleworth.-Nor is there a more off Stual way to forward the falvation of mens fours, than for spiritual pertons to make themiftives as agree.able as they can. Swift.-She loves them as her Spiritual children, and they reverence her as their fpi itual moth r. Lasu.

(2.) SPIRITUAL, fiem:fits alfo belonging to or partaking of the nature of fpirit. See SPIRIT. * SPIRITUALITY. z., from spiritual)) 1. 11

corpo

pitits. (See SWEAT, 2.) Thefe have another advantage, that, in cafes of fudden emergency, they are always at band; whereas few perlons in health keep an alfortment of medicines in their poffeffion; and the furgeon, phylician, and laboratory are often at a great diftance.

corporeity; immateriality; effence distinct from matter. If this light be not fpiritual, yet it approacheth nearest unto fpirituality. Raleigh. 2. Intellectual nature.-A pleasure made for the foul, fuitable to its spirituality. South. 3. [Spiritualite, Fr.) Acts independent of the body; pure acts of the foul: mental refinement.—It will require both time and application to recover it to fuch a frame, for the fpiritualities of religion. South. 4. That which belongs to any one as an ecclefiaftick.The dean and chapter are guardians of the spiritualities, during the vacancy. Ayliffe.

SPIRITUALIZATION. n. f. [from fpiritualize. The act of fpiritualizing.

* To SPIRITUALIZE. v.a. [spiritualizer, Fr. from /pirit.] To refine the intellect; to purify from the feculencies of the world.-This would take it much out of the care of the foui, to fpiritualize and replenish it. Hammond-We afcend to our more fpiritualized felves. Glanville.-That load of earth which now engages to corruption, must be calcined and spiritualized. Decay of Piety. -An everlasting happiness, as great as God can give, and our fpiritualized capacities receive. Rogers.

SPIRITUALLY. adv. [from spiritual.] Without corporeal groffness: with attention to things purely intellectual.-Virgins live more fpiritually than other perfons. Taylor.

SPIRITUALTY. n. f. [from spiritual.] Ecclefiaftical body. Not in ufe.

We of the fpiritualty

Will raise your highness such a mighty sum,
As never did the clergy at one time. Shak.

SPIRITUOSITY. See SPIRITUOUSNESS. (1.) * SPIRITUOUS. adj. [spiritueux, Fr. from fpirit.] 1. Having the quality of spirit, tenuity and activity of parts.

More refin'd, more spirituous and pure. Milt. -The moft fpirituous part of the plant exhales by the action of the fun. Arbuth. 2. Lively gay; vivid; airy. It may appear airy and spirituous. Worton, (2.) SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. See SPIRITS, 7; and the articles there referred to. Moralifts, philofophers, and divines, in all ages, and in almoft all countries, (for all countries abound in fome kind of spirituous liquors,) have exclaimed against the abufe of fpirituous liquors, and with justice; for no human invention has ever tended more to corrupt the morals, and ruin the character, constitution and circumstances, of numberless individuals, than habitual and exceffive indulgence in fpirituous liquors. But while thefe abufes of them are to be regretted, their proper ufe and im portance fhould not be overlooked. The learned Dr Ruth of Philadelphia has written much upon this fubject; and, in his zeal for the health and morals of the people, propofes a total abolition of the manufacture. In this we differ from that learned phyfician. Spirituous liquors are not only ufeful in focial life, as a means of conviviality, but in many cafes highly beneficial as a medicine. In cafes of fudden faintings, apoplectic fits, extreme debility, and, above ail, in cafes of exceffive perfpiration, there is no remedy or antidote fo fpeedy and effectual in affording effectual relief, (ex. cept to fuch as have ruined their conftitutions by exceffive indulgence in them,) as a gla's of good VOL. XXI. PART I.

(3.) SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS have in all nations been confidered as a proper fubje&t of heavy taxation for the fupport of the state. This has naturally occafioned a nice examination of their ftrength. It having been at last found that this was intimately connected with the specific gravity, this has been examined with the moft fcrupulous attention to every circumftance which could affect it, fo that the duties might be exactly proportioned to the quantity of spirit in any ftrong liquor, independent on every other circumftance of flavour or tafte, or other valued quality. The chemift at laft found that the basis of all ftrong liquors is the fame, produced by the vinous fermentation of pure faccharine matter diffolved in water. He also found, that whether this vegetable falt be taken as it is fpontaneously formed in the juices of plants and fruits, or as it may be formed or extricated from farinaceous fruits and roots by a certain part of the process of vegetation, it produces the fame ardent fpirit, which has always the fame denfity in every mixture with water. The minute portions of aromatic oils, which are in fome degree infeparable from it, and give it a different flavour according to the fubftance from which it was obtained, are not found to have any fenfible effect on its denfity or fpecific gravity. This feems very completely esta. bli bed in confequence of the unwearied attempts of the manufacturers to letlen the duties payable on their goods by mixtures of other fubftances, which would increase their density without ma king them lefs palatable. The vigilance of the revenue officers was no lefs employed to detect every fuch contrivance. In fhort, it is now an acknowledged point, that the SPECIFIC GRAVITY is an accurate teft of the strength. But it was foon found by those who were appointed guardians of the revenue, that a mixture which appeared to con tain 35 gallons of alcohol, did really contain 351. This they found by actually making such a mixture 2 18 gallons of alcohol mixed with 18 of water produced only 35 gallons of spirits. The revenue officers, finding that this condensation was most remarkab'e in mixtures of equal parts of water and the ftrongeft fpirits which could then be procu red, determined to levy the duties by this mixture; becaufe, whether the fpirituous liquors was ftronger or weaker than this, it would appear, by its specific gravity, rather stronger than it really was. This fagacious obfervation, and the fimplicity of the compofition, which could at all times be made for comparifon, feem to be the reafons for our excife offices felecting this mode of eftimating the ftrength and levying the duties. A mixture of nearly equal measures of water and a cohoi is called PROOF SPIRIT, and pays a certain duty per gallon; and the ftrength of a spirituous liquor is estimated by the gallons, not of alcohoi, but of proof spirit which the cafk contains. But because it might be difficult to procure at all times this proof spirit for comparison, fuch a mix