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France. This he ardently longed for; not only inexorable, the duke of Alva, to whom the nego. on his fon's account, whofe adminiftration he tiations as well as the war had been committed, wished to commence in quietness, but that he entered the ecclefiaftical ftate at the head of might have the glory, when quitting the world, 10.000 veterans, and carried terror to the gates of restoring to Europe that tranquility, which his of Rome. The haughty pontiff, though still inambition had banished out of it almost from the flexible and undaunted in himfeif, was forced to time that he allumed the reins of government. give way to the fears of the cardinals, and a truce The great bar to fuch a pacification, on the part was concluded for 40 days. Mean time the duke of France, was the treaty which Henry had con- of Guife arriving with a fupply of 20,000 French cluded with the Pope; and the emperor's claims troops, Paul became more arrogant than ever, were too numerous to hope for adjusting them and banished all thoughts from his mind but fuddenly. A truce of five years was therefore thofe of war and revenge. The Duke of Guife, propofed by Charles; during which term, with however, who had precipitated his country into out difcuffing their refp:ctive pretenfions, each this war, chiefly from a defire of gaining a field fhould retain what was in his poffeffion; and where he might difplay his own talents, was able Henry, through the perfuafion of the conftable to perform nothing in Italy worthy of his former Montmorency, who reprefented the imprudence fame. He was obliged to abandon the fiege of of facrificing the true interefts of his kingdom to Civitella; he could not bring the duke of Alvato the rash engagements that he had come under a general engagement; his army perished by dif with Paul, authorised his ambassadors to sign at eafts; and the Pope neglected to furnish the neVaucelles a treaty, which would infure to him for cellary reinforcements. He begged to be recall fo confiderable a period the important conqueft ed; and France ftood in need of his abilities. which he had made on the German frontier, to- Philip, though willing to have avoided a rupture, gether with the greater part of the duke of Sa- was no fooner informed that Henry had violated voy's dominions. The Pope, when informed of the truce of Vaucelles, than he determined to act this tranfaction, was no lefs filled with terror and with fuch vigour, as fhould convince Europe that aftonishment, than rage and indignation. But he his father had not erred in refigning to him the took equal care to conceal his fear and his anger. reigns of government. He immediately affembled He affected to approve highly of the truce; and in the Low Countries a body of 50,000 men, and he offered his mediation, as the common father of obtained a fupply of 10,000 from England, which Christendom, in order to bring about a definitive he had engaged in his quarrel; and as he was not peace. Under this pretext, he appointed cardinal ambitious of military fame, he gave the command Rebibo his nuncio to the court of Bruffels, and of his army to Emanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy, his nephew cardinal Caraffa to that of Paris. The one of the greatest generals of that wariske age. public inftructions of both were the fame; but The duke of Savoy kept the enemy for fome time Caraffa, befides thefe, received a private commif- in fufpenfe with regard to his deftination; at last fion, to fpare neither intreaties, promifes, nor he seemed to threaten Champagne; towards bribes, to induce the French monarch to renounce which the French drew all their troops; then the truce, and renew his engagements with the turning fuddenly to the right, he advanced by raholy fee. He flattered Henry with the conqueft pid marches into Picardy, and laid fiege to St of Naples; he gained by his addrefs the Guifes, Quintin. It was deemed in thofe times a town the queen, and even the famous Diana of Poicti- of confiderable ftrength; but the fortifications ers, duchefs of Valentinois, the king's mistrefs: had been much neglected, and the garrifon did and they easily swayed the king himself, who al- not amount to a fifth part of the number requi ready leaned to that fide. All Montmorency's fite for its defence; it must therefore have fur. prudent remonftrances were disregarded; the rendered in a few days, if admiral Coligny had nuncio (by powers from Rome) abfolved Henry not taken the gallant refolution of throwing him from his oath of truce; and that weak prince feif into it with fuch a body of men as could be figned a new treaty with the Pope; which re- collected on a fudden. This he effected in spite kindled with frefli violence the flames of war, of the enemy, breaking through their main body, both in Italy and the Low Countries. No fooner The place, however, was clofely invested; and was Paul made acquainted with the fuccefs of the conftable Montmorency, anxious to extricate this negotiation, than he proceeded to the moft his nephew out of that perilous fituation, in indecent extremities againft Philip. He ordered which his zeal for the pubic had engaged him, the Spanish ambassador to be imprifoned; he ex- as well as to fa a town of fuch importance, communicated the Colonnas, because of their at- rafhly advanced to its relief with forces one haif tachment to the imperial houfe; and he confider- inferior to thofe of the enemy. His army was ed Philip as guilty of high treafon, and to have cut in pieces, and he himfeit made prifoner. The forfeited his right to the kingdom of Naples, cautious temper of Philip on this occafion faved which he was fuppofed to hold of the holy fee, France from devaftation, if not ruin. The duke for afterward affording them a retreat in his do- of Savoy propofed to overlook all inferior objects, minions. Alarmed at a quarrel with the Pope, and march fpeedily to Paris, which, in its confterwhom he had been taught to regard with the nation at that moment, he could not have failed moft fuperftitious veneration, Philip tried every to make himfelt matter of; but Philip, afraid of gentle method before be made ufe of force. He the confequences of fuck a bold enterprise, defir. even confulted fome Spanish divines on the law. ed him to continue the fiege of St Quintin, to fefulnef of taking arms against a perfon fo facred. cure a fafe retreat in cafe of any difafter. The They decided in his favour; and Paul continuing town, long and gallantly defended by Coligny,

was at laft taken by form; but not till France was in a fate of defence. Philip was now ferfible that he had loft an opportunity which could never be recalice, of ditreffing his enemy, and contented himself with reducing Horn and Catelet; which petty towns, together with St Quintin, were the foie fruits of one of the moft decifive victories gained in the 16th century. The Catholic king, however, continued in high exultation on account of his fuccefs; and as all his paffions were tinged with suprisition, be vowed to build a church, a monaftery, and a palace, in honour of St Laurence, on the day facred to whole memory the battle of St Quintin had been fought. I accordingly laid the foundation of an edifice, in which all these were included, and which he continued to forward at vaft experce, for 22 year. The fame principle which dictated the wow directed the building. It was fo formed as tonlemble a gridiron-on which culinary inftrumeid, according to the legendary tale, St Laurence had fuffered martyrdom. Such is the origin of the famous efcurial near Madrid, the royal refidence of the kings of Spain. The firft account of that fatal blow which France had received at St Quintin, was carried to Rome by the courier whom Henry had fent to recal the duke of Guife. Paul remonftrated warmly against the departure of the French army; but Guife's orders were pertaptory. The arrogant pontiff therefore found it neceffary to accommodate his conduct to the exigency of his affairs, and to employ the mediation of the Venetians, and of Colmo de Medici, to obtain peace. The firft overtures of this nature were eagerly listened to by the Catholic king, who fill doubted the juftice of his caufe, and confidered it as his greatest misfortune to be obaged to contend with the Pope. Paul agreed to renounce his league with France; and Philip flipulated on his part, that the duke of Alva fhould repair in perfon to Rome, and after asking pardon of the holy father in his own name and in that of his maker, for having invaded the patrimony of the church, fhould receive abfolution from that crime. Thus Paul, through the fuperitious timidity of Philip, not only finished an unpropitious war without any detriment to the apoftolic fee, but faw his conqueror humbled at his feet; and fo exceffive was the veneration of the Spaniards in that age for the papal character, that the duke of Alva, the proudeft man perhaps of his time, and accustomed from his infancy to converfe with princes, acknowledged, that when he approached Paul, he was fo much overawed, that his voice failed, and his prefence of mind forfook him. But though this war, which at its commencement threatened mighty revolutions, was terminated without occafioning any altera tion in those states which were its immediate object, it produced effects of confiderable confe. quence in other parts of Italy. In order to detach Octavio Farnese, duke of Parma, from the French intereft, Philip reftored to him the city of Placentia and its territory, which had been feized by Charles V. and he granted to Cofmo de Medicis the inveftiture of Sienna, as an equivalent for the fums due to him. By thefe treaties, the

balance of power among the Italian ftates was ported with more equality, and rendered lefs variable than it had been fince it received the first violent fhock from the invafion of Charles VIII. and Italy henceforth ceafed to be the theatre on which the monarchs of Spain, France, and Germany, contended for fame and dominion. Their hoftilities, excited by new objects, stained other regions of Europe with blood, and made other ftates feel, in their turn, the miferies of war. The duke of Guift, who left Rome the same day that his adverfary the duke of Aiva made his humiliating fubmifion to the Pope, was received in France as the guardian angel of the kingdom. He was appointed lieutenant-general in chief, with a juritdiction almoft unlimited; and, eager to justify the extraordinary confidence which the king had repofed in him, as well as to perform fomething fuitable to the high expectations of his countrymen, he undertook in winter the siege of Calais. Having taken that place, he next invested Thionville in the duchy of Luxembourg, one of the strongest towns on the frontiers of the Netherlands; and forced it to capitulate after a fiège of three weeks. But the advantages on this quarter were more than balanced by an event which happened in another part of the Netherlands. The marefchal de Termes, governor of Calais, who had penetrated into Flanders and taken Dunkirk, was totally routed near Gravelines, and ta ken prifoner by count Egmont. This difafter obliged the duke of Guife to relinquish all his other fchemes, and haften towards the frontiers of Picardy, that he might there oppose the progrefs of the enemy. The eyes of all France were now turned towards the duke of Cuife, as the only general on whofe arms victory always attended, and in whofe conduct as well as good fortune they could confide in every danger. His ftrength was nearly equal to the duke of Savoy's, each commanding about 40,000 men. They encamp. ed at the diftance of a few leagues from one another; and the French and Spanish monarchs having joined their respective armies, it was expected that, after the viciffitudes of war, a decifive battle would at last determine which of the rivals fhould take the afcendant for the future in the affairs of Europe. But both monarchs, as if by agreement, stood on the defenfive; neither of them difcovering any inclination, though each had it in his power, to reft the decifion of a point of fuch importance on the ifiue of a fingle battle. During this ftate of inaction, peace began to be mentioned in each camp, and both Henry and Philip discovered an equal difpofition to liften to any overture that tended to re-establish it. The private inclinations of both kings concurred with their political interests and the wishes of their people. Philip languished to return to Spain, the place of his nativity; and peace only could enable him, either with decency or fafety, to quit the Netherlands. Henry was now defirous of being freed from the avocations of war, that he might have leifure to turn the whole force of his government towards fuppreffing the opinions of the reformers, which were spreading with fuch rapidity in Paris and the other great towns, that they began to

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grow formidable to the established church. Court intrigues confpired with these public and avowed motives to haften the negotiation, and the abbey of Cercamp was fixed on as the place of congrefs. While Philip and Henry were making thefe advances towards a treaty which reftored tranquillity to Europe, Charles V. whofe ambition had fo ong difturbed it, but who had been for fome time dead to the world, ended his days in the monastery of St. Juttus in Estremadura, which he had chofen as the place of his retreat. See CHARLES V.

(35) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, UNTO THE REVOLT OF PORTUGAL. After the death of Charles, the kingdom of Spain foon loft great part of its confequence. Though Charles had ufed an his intereft to get his fon Philip elected emperor of GerDany, he had been totally disappointed; and thus the grandeur of Philip II. never equalled that of his father. His dominions were allo confiderably abridged by his tyrannical behaviour in the Netherlands. In confequence of this, the United Provinces revolted; and after a long and bloody war obtained their liberty. (See UNITED PROVINCES.) In this quarrel Elizabeth of Eugland took part againft Philip, which brought on a war with Spain. (See ARMADA, § 2-4; ELIZABETH, N1; and ENGLAND, § 41.) The great toties he futained in thefe wars exhausted the kingdom both of men and money, notwithstanding the great fums imported from America. Indeed, the difcovery and conqueft of that country hath much impoverished, irftead of enriching Spain; for thus the inhabitants have been rendered lazy and averie from every kind of manufacture or traffic, which only can be a durable fource of riches and ftrength to any nati n. The ruin of the kingdom in this refpect, however, was completed by his fucceffor. The rot of the tranfictions of Philip II's reign, with his general character, cruelties, a' d monftrous bigotry, are fully related under the articie PHILIP I. N° 19. Ife died Sept. 13th 1598, and was fucceeded by his fon Philip III. of whofe general character and tranfactions, we have alfo given a fummary account under the article PHILIP III, N° 20. This monarch, at the inftigation of the inquifition, and by the advice of his prime minifter the duke of Lerma, expelled from the kingdom all the Morefeoes or Moors, defcendants of the ancient conquerors of Spain. Thirty days only were allowed them to prepare for their departire, and it was death to remain beyond that time. The reafon pretended for this barbarous decree was, that thefe people were fill Mahometans in their hearts, though they conformed externally to the rites of Christianity, and thus might corrupt the true faith. The Morefcoes, however, chofe themfelves a king, and attempted to oppole the royal mandate; but being almoft entirely unprovided with arms, they were feon obliged to fubmit, and all banifhed the kingdom. By this violent and impolitic meafure, Spain loft almost a million of Industrious inhabitants; and as the king. dom was already depopulated by bloody wars, by repeated emigrations to America, and enervated by luxury, it now tank into a state of languor from which it has never recovered. In confequence of this languor, and the maladministration of the

duced by Philip II. revolted; (See PORTUGAL, 12-14.) but this revolution did not happen till the reign of Philip IV. who fucceded his father Philip III. in 1621; and aving rafhly engaged in two unfuccef fut wars, firft with the Dutch, and afterwards with the French, the Portuguese, whofe oppreffions and grievances had increated atter the death of Philip II. were encouraged to throw off the Spanish yoke in 1640, and elect John D. of Braganza their king; whofe pofterity fill enjoy that throne. (See PORTUGAL, § 14, 15.)

(36.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, UNTO THE TREATY OF AMIENS, in 1802. Philip IV. died in 1665, and was fucceeded by his fon Charles II. for the emperor Charles V. was the first of the Name in Spain. Charles II. was at his acceffion, an infant in every fenfe of the word, being only 4 years of age. He was twice married, but died without itfue, in November 1700, aged 39. By his first will, in 1698, he had named for his fucceffor, the prince of Bavaria, nephew of his 2d queen; but by another will in 1700, he appointed Prince Philip of France, D. of Anjou his heir, which, after his death, occafioned a new war, wherein the Bri tifh court took an active part. Queen Anne had but newly commenced her reign, when this refoJution was taken, (Sce ENGLAND, 72.) and a British army was fent into Spain to support Prince Charles of Auftria, in oppofition to Philip of Anjou, ad fon of Lewis, D. of Anjou, and grandfon of Lewis XIV. The unfuccef ful iffue of that at tempt is related amongst a mafs of other glorious fuccefles, under the article ENGLAND, $73, and 74; and thus the crown of Spain fell to branch of the houfe of Bourbon. Phillp V. was confirm. ed King of Spain, by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. In 1734, he invaded Naples, and wrefted that kingdom from the houfe of Auftria, in favour of his 2d fon Prince Charles. Philip V. mar ried Mary Louifa, daughter of Victor Amadeus D. of Savoy, by whom he had Prince Lewis, whom he affociated in the throne with him, but who died before him; and Prince Ferdinand. His queen dying in 1713, he married in Sept. 1714 Princets Elizabeth Farnese, heiress of Parma, by whom he had Prince Charles, Philip, D. of Par ma, Lewis, Cardinal of Bourbon, Mary Victoria, Q. of Portugal, and Mary Antonietta, Duchefs of Savoy. He died July 9th 1746, and was fucceeded by his eldest fon, Ferdinand VI. who married the infanta of Portugal, daughter of John V. but died without iffue, 10th Aug. 1759, and was fuc ceeded by his half brother Charles III. In confequence of the acceflion of the houfe of Burbon to the Spau th throne, the courts of France and Spain generally acted in the clofeft concert till the revolution, which equally in its origin and iflue, ftill aftonifhes all Europe, put an end to monarchy for a time in the former country. The wars of thefe two courts with BRITAIN are related under ENGLAND, and AMERICA; and these, with an unfuccefsful attempt on Algiers, and the threatened war refpecting NOOTKA SOUND (fee that article), enftitute the moft important part of the Spanish hiflory till the depofition and murder of Lewis XVI. of France. On that event Spain joined her for ces to thofe of the Empire, Britain, and Pruília, to Spanih governors, Portugal, which had been re-chaftife the Convention, and prevent thofe demo

cratical

cratical principles which had ruined France from Novada, or the fnowy mountains. Near Gibralbeing ipread through the other nations of Europe. tar, opposite to Mount Abyla in Africa, ftands But her exertions added nothing to the ftrength of the celebrated Mount Calpe: these were anciently the alliance; and being unable to defend herself called HERCULES'S PILLARS. The mountains agift the furious inroads of the republican yield great quantities of timber for fhipping, tops, fhe was glad to make a separate peace which are conveyed by the Ebro and other rivers with the Convention. See REVOLUTION, VI, to the Mediterranean. According to the ancient 19. Of the glorious victory obtained by the Bri- and modern writers, they abound alfo with gold, till fleet under Adm. Jervis, now Lord St Vin- filver, iron, lead, tin, cinnabar, quickfilver, alum, cent, over the Spanish fleet, though more than vitriol, copperas, lapis calaminaris, &c. befides double their number, a particular account is given gems, and mineral waters both hot and cold. The under the article REVOLUTION, VI, 31. Upon gold and filver mines are not worked at present, the events of the prefent war with France and but thofe of iron are. The neglect of the former Spain, (which has unfortunately commenced fo is owing partly to the indolence of the Spaniards, foon after the late peace,) we will not enter, as and partly to the gold and filver imported from cur work is now very near a clofe, and we have America. bught the hiftory of Europe fufficiently to a conculon, by giving the history of the revolutionary war, down to its termination by the treaty of Peace at Amiens, which was figned by the King of Spain's plenipotentiary, and the coronation of Napoleon, emperor of France. See REVOLUTION, y VI. 47, 48. K. Charles III. died in 1789, and was fucceeded by his fun, Charles IV. the prefent

monarch.

(37) SPAIN, INHABITANTS OF. The Spanids want neither inclination nor capacity for the Kiences; but have hardly an opportunity of acquiring any true learning or knowledge, at leaft in their fchools and un vertities. They are admired for their fecrecy, conftancy, gravity, patience in adverfity, and loyalty. They are alfo faid to be true to their word, great enemies to lying, and fo nice and jealous in point of honour, that they will flick at nothing to wipe off any ftain that is cft upon it. Among their vices and defects are atckoned their pride and contempt of foreigners, their indolence, laziness, luft, bigotry, and credality in believing the feigned miracles and legends of their monks. They are alio extremely patlionate, jealous, and vindictive; and are noted, above any other European ration, for defpifing and neglecting agriculture, arts, and manufactures. Thofe who with to make the tour of Spain may confult Mr Toronfend's Travels, Vol. 1.

(38.) SPAIN, LANGUAGE OF THE PEOPLE OF. The language of this country, especially that fpoken in Cattile, which is by far the pureft, approaches the nearest to the Latin of any language in Europe, mixed with Arabic words and terminations introduced by the Moors. In fome provinces, the vulgar tongue is a dialect of the old French, or rather Gafcon, which is little underflood in the others. In Bifcay, the language is fad to be a dialect of the Gothic or Celtic, and to have fome analogy with the Welch and Irish. (39.) SPAIN, MOUNTAINS AND MINERALS OF. The chief mountains are the Pyrences, which ftretch from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean, but not in a direct line, for near 200 miles: their breadth is, in fome places, not lefs than 80. That called the Pic de Midi is of a prodigious height. Over thefe mountains there are only a bout five paffages ont of Spain into France, and thefe alfo narrow; even the valleys between the mountains are covered with thick and lofty woods. The other chains in Spain are the Sierra 'Ocça, Sierra Molino, Sierra Moreno, and Sierra

(40.) SPAIN, NOBILITY OF. The higher nobility confift of counts, marquifes, and dukes. The grandees, who have precedence of all others, next the king and princes of the brood, are named out of thele. They have the privilege of being covered in the king's prefence, who ftyles them in his letters Illarious; and in speaking to them or of them, their Eminences: but there are others befide the grandees who are covered in the king's prefence; as cardinals, nuncios, archbishops, the grand prior of Caftile, and the grand prior of Malta, the generals of the orders of St Dominic and St Francis, ambaladors of crowned heads, the knights of the golden fleece, and of the three military orders of St James, Calatrava, and Alcantara, when the king aflifts at their respective chapters in quality of grandmafter. No grandee can be apprehended for any crime but by the exprefs order of the king. The inferior nobility style theinfelves Cavalleros and Hidaigos.

(41.) SPAIN, ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD IN. Of the orders in Spain, that of the golden ficece is the principal; which was inftituted in 1430 by Philip the Cood, duke of Burgundy, and is common now to the kings of Spain and the Loufe of Auftria. The order of St Jago de Compoftella was inftituted in the year 1175 by Ferdinand II. king of Leon. The order of Calatrava was founded by Sancho III. of Caftile. The order of Alcantara owes its inftitution to Ferdinand II. king of Leon. The three laft orders have large commanderies or eftates arnexed to them. The mafters of them. were once fo powerful, that they difputed the king's authority; whereupon the king procured those masterships to be conferred on himself by the Pope, that they might no longer affume ait independency of the ftate. The knights of thefe three orders are esteemed noblemen.

(42.) SPAIN, POPULATION OF. In the time of the Moors and Goths, this kingdom was exceedingly populous. It is faid to have then contained between 20 and 30 millions; whereas now it does not contain above 9, and Mi Cruttwell makes the number only 7, and this, among other caufes, is owing to the pride and lazinefs of the inhabitants, want of manufactures and good regulations, neglect of the mines and agriculture, the expulfion of the Moors, the peopling of America, heavy taxes, the great number of convents, exceflive venery, and the confequent infecundity of both fexes. Their debauchery and fterility are partly occafioned by their way of living; for they make

great

great ufe of fpices, and drink a great deal of cho-"duced, that they did not exceed 7 or 8 millions. culate, and strong wine mixed with brandy. At prefent, the revenues of the crown arifing in Spain are computed at five millions Sterling per annum, betides what arifes from America. The filver mines there are inexhauftible, and of the produce of thefe a fifth belongs to the king. The taxes in Spain are numerous and heavy.

(43.) SEAIN, PROVINCES OF. Spain is divided into 14 provinces: viz. three on the N. 1. NAVARRE; 2. ASTURIAS; 3. BISCAY; which laft is fubdivided into the fmaller provinces of ALVA, GUIPUSCOA, and BISCAY Proper; three on the E. viz. 4. VALENCIA; 5. ARRAGON; and 6. CATALONIA; three on the S. viz. 7. MURCIA; 8. Upper, and 9 Lower ANDALUSIA, which are fubdivided into GRANADA, JAEN, CORDOVA, and SeVILLF: two on the W. viz. 1o. GALICIA and 11. ESTRAMADURA: and three in the middle, viz. 12. LEON; 13. OLD, and 14. NEW CASTILE. See thele articles.

(44) SPAIN, QUADRUPEDS, FOWLS, FISH, &C. OF. Horfes, affes and mules are numerous; together with deer, wild fowl, and other game, chamois and other goats, but few horned cattle. The horfes of Andalusia and Afturia are particularly efteemed. Wolves are almoft the only wild beafts in the country. The wild bulls, ufed in their bull fights, are bred in Andalufia. The feas ahout Spain are well ftored with tith; among which is the anchovy, in the Mediterranean. We may quefs at the number of theep here by that of the hepherds, which is faid to be about 40,000. The fheep that bear the fine wool move regularly, every fummer, from fouth to north, along the mountains, which yield a great variety of fweet herbs and plants, and return again towards winter. During this progrefs, large quantities of falt are diftributed among them, and all poffible care is taken both of their health and fleeces.

(45.) SPAIN, RELIGION OF THE PEOPLE, AND AVARICE OF THE CLERGY OF. Te Spaniards are zealous Romanifts. Nowhere is there more ponip, farce, and parade, in what regards religion; and nowhere lefs true Christianity. Their zeal and their fuperftition exceed that of any ather Roman Catholic country, except Portugal. Nowhere did the inquifition reign with greater terror; there being no fubject who was not liable to be profecuted by the holy office, as it is called; however, the powers of that tribunal are now greatly diminished even in Spain. There are & archbithops in Spain, 7 in America, and one in Afia at Manilla; each of which has his fuffragan bithops. The archbishop of Toledo is primate, chancellor of Caftile, and, by virtue of his office, privy-councellor. He has a revenue of 100,000l. Sterling per annum. The king nominates all archbifhops and bishops; and fince 1753 even all small benefices. He has alfo a power to tax ecclefiaftical poffeffions, according to the exigency of af. fairs. Though the reft of the nation is poor, the clergy are immenfely rich, and their revenues very great. Moft of the towns and eftates belong to them, and are exempt from all public burdens; yet their avarice is infatiable, especially that of the Mendicant friars, though they profefs poverty. Their commerce, which is free from all duties and impofts, is alfo a rich fund to them. The number of ecclefiaftics and their monks, fervants, &c. is computed by Uftariz, at 250,000.

(46.) SPAIN, REVENUE OF. In the 17th century, the revenues of Spain amounted to 32 or 33 millions of livres; but afterwards they were fo rc

(47) SPAIN, RIVERS OF. Belides the rivers Minho, Douro, Tagus, Monda, Lima, and Gua diana, mentioned in Portugal, but which have their fources in Spain, the most confiderable are the Ebro, formerly Iberus, Guadalquiver, anciently Turia, Guadalquiver or Betis, Segura, and Xucar.

(48.) SPAIN, SOIL AND PRODUCE OF. Though there are fome fandy barren deferts in the fouth, and many barren mountains in the north, yet in the greater part of the country, particularly in the valleys and plains, the foil is good, producing a great variety of rich wines, oil, and fruits; fuch as oranges, lemons, prunes, citrons, almonds, raifins, dates, figs, chefnuts, pomegranates, capers, pears, and peaches; and fine faffron, but not a fufficiency of grain, which is chiefly owing to the neglect of tillage. Wheat and barley are the most common grain; the former of which is faid by fome to be the best in Europe. There is not much flax, hemp, oats, or hay, in Spain: but there is plenty of honey, falt, fine wool, filk, and cotton; and, in fome places, of rice and fugarcanes. The fea-plant KALI, so useful in various manufactures, abounds on the coafts. Sce SAL SOLA, N° 1.

(49.) SPAIN, STATE OF SCIENCE IN. Though the Spaniards are naturally men of wit and of an elevated genius, yet little progrefs in the sciences is to be expected from them, while the clergy keep them in ignorance, branding all literary refearches with the name of herefy, and inveighing against the feats of the Mufes as the fchools of heli, where the devil teaches forcery. There are 22 univerfitics, and feverai academies in Spain; but fo confituted, and under fuch reftrictions, that they can never attain to any measure of true learning. There are few printing houses in Spain; and moft of the books in that language are publied in other countries.

(50.) SPAIN, TRADE AND MANUFACTURES IN. In regard to trade and manufactures, the Spaniards are far from making fuch a figure as might be expected. Most of the laborious work in their hufbandry, manufactures, and handicrafts, is performed by the French, especially in the two Caftiles and the midland provinces, the natives being either too lazy or too proud to labour. By thefe means, the French usually return with large fortunes to their own country. The chief manufactures of Spain are thofe of filk, wool, iron, copper, and other hardwares; but thefe fall far fhort of the flourishing condition to which they might be brought: hence a great part of the trea fures of America go to the foreign merchants, who fupply them with goods for that part of the world. However, Spain, fince it hath had princes of the houfe of Bourbon upon the throne, hath improved its revenues, increased its forces by fea and land, and applied more to manufactures and hufbandry; having fhaken off, in fome measure, that

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