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to raise an infurrection among his numerous vaf fats, and introduce foreign enemies into the heart of France. Happily Francis got intimation of this confpiracy before he left the kingdom; but not being fufficiently convinced of the Conftabie's guit, he fuffered to dangerous a foe to efcape; and Bourbon entering into the emperor's fervice, employed all the force of his enterprising genius, and his great talents for war, to the prejudice of his prince and his native country. In confequence of the difcovery of this plot, and the efcape of the powerful confpirator, Francis reiinquithed his intention of leading his army in perfon into Italy. He was ignorant how far the infection had spread among his fubjects, and afraid that his abfence might encourage them to make fome defperate.attempt in favour of a man fo much beloved. He did not, however, abandon his defign on the Mianefe, but fent forward an army of 30,000 men, under the command of admiral Bonnivet. CoLonna, who was entrusted with the defence of that duchy, was in no condition to refift fuch a force; and the city of Milan, on which the whole territory depends, muft have fallen into the hands of the French, had not Bonnivet, who poffeffed wone of the talents of a general, wafted his time a frivolous enterprifes, till the inhabitants recovered from their confternation. The imperial army was reinforced. Colonna died; and Lannoy, Viceroy of Naples, fucceeded him in the com. mand but the chief direction of military operations was committed to Bourbon and the marquis de Pescara, the greatest generals of their age. Bonnivet, deftitute of troops to oppofe this new army, and ftill more of the talents which could renier him a match for its leaders, after various movements and encounters, was reduced to the neceflity of attempting a retreat into France. He was followed by the imperial generals, and routed at Biagrafa, where the famous chevalier Bayard was killed. The emperor and his allies were iefs accefsful in their attempts upon France. They were bailled in every quarter: and Francis, tho' ripped of his Italian dominions, might still have joved in fafety the glory of having defended his ative kingdom against one half of Europe, and ⚫ive bid defiance to all his enemies; but underading that the king of England, difcouraged by has former fruitiefs enterprifes, and difputted with *5.2 emperor, was making no preparations for an #tempt on Picardy, his ancient ardour fcized him or the conquest of Milan, and he determined, not chilanding the advanced feafon, to march into v. The French army no fooner appeared in #tutmont, than the whole Milanefe was thrown o confternation. The capital opened its gates. The forces of the emperor and Sforza retired to 3. and had Francis been fo fortunate as to fue them, they must have abandoned that poft, 4 been totally ditperfed; but his evil genius led ia to beliege Pavia, a town of confiderable rength, well garrifoned, and defended by An. auto de Leyva, one of the braveft officers in the anith fervice; before which place he was dered and taken prifoner on the 24th Feb. 1524. (25) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, UNTIL THE LIBE. PATION OF FRANCIS I. The captivity of Francis dal Europe with alarm. Almoft the whole

French army was cut off; Milan was immediately abandoned; and in a few weeks not a Frenchman was left in Italy. The power of the emperor, and fill more his ambition, became an object of univerfal terror; and refolutions were everywhere ta ken to fet bounds to it. Meanwhile Francis, deeply impreffed with a fense of his misfortune, wrote to his mother Louifa, whom he had left regent of the kingdom, the following short but expreffive letter: "All, Madam, is loft but honour," The fame courier that carried this letter, carried alfo difpatches to Charles; who received the news of the fignal and un-speded fuccefs which had crowned his arms with the most hypocritical moderation. He would not fuffer any public rejoicings to be made on account of it; and faid, he only valued it, as it would prove the occafion of reftoring peace to Chriftendom. Louifa, howe ver, did not trust to thefe appearances; if the could not preferve what was yet left, the determined at leaft that nothing fhould be loft through her negligence or weakness. Inftead of giving herfeif up to fuch lamentations as were naturai to a woman fo remarkable for maternal tenderness, the difcovered ali the forefight, and exerted all the activity, of a confummate politician. She took every poflible meature for putting the kingdom in a pofture of defence, while the employed all her addrefs to appease the refentment and to gain the friendship of England; and a ray of comfort from that quarter foon broke in upon the French affairs. Though Henry VIII. had not entered into the war against France from any concerted political views, he had always retained fome imperfect idea of that balance of power which it was neceflary to maintain between Charles and Francis; and the prefervation of which he boafted to be his peculiar office. By his alliance with the emperor, he ho ped to recover fome part of thofe territories on the continent which had belonged to his ancestors; and therefore willingly contributed to give him the afcendency above his rival; but having never dreamt of any event fo decifive and fatal as the victory at Pavia, which feemed not only to have broken, but to have annihilated the power of Francis, he now became fenfible of his own dan ger, as well as that of all Europe, from the lofs of a proper counterpoife to the power of Charles. Inftead of taking advantage of the diftreffed condition of France, Henry therefore determined to aflift her in her prefent calamities. Some difgults hid alfo taken place between him and Charles, and ftill more between Charles and Wolfey. The elevation of the cardinal of Medicis to St Peter's chair, on the death of Adrian, under the name of Clement VII. had made the English minifter fenfible of the infincerity of the emperor's promifes, while it extinguished all his hopes of the papacy; and he refolved on revenge. Charles, too, had fo ill fupported the appearance of moderation which he affumed, that he had already changed his ufual flyie to Henty; and instead of writing to him with his own hand, he dictated his letters to a fecretary, and fimply fubfcribed "Charles." InBluenced by all thefe motives, together with the glory of railing a fallen enemy, Henry liftened to the flattering fubmiffions of Louifa; entered into a defensive alliance with her as regent of

France

France, and engaged to use his beft offices to procure the deliverance of her fon from captivity. Meanwhile Francis was rigorously confined; and levere conditions being propofed to him as the price of his liberty, he drew his dagger, and, pointing it at his breast, cried, ""Twere better that a king thould die thus!" His hand was withheld: and flattering himself, when be grew cool, that fuch propofitions could not come directly from Charles, he defired that he might be removed to Spain, where the emperor then refided. His request was complied with; but he languifhed long before he obtained a fight of his conqueror. At laft he was favoured with a vifit; and the emperor, dreading a general combination against him, or that Francis, as he threatened, might, in obftinacy, retign his crown to the dauphin, agreed to abate fomewhat of his former demands. A treaty was accordingly concluded at Madrid; in confequence of which Francis obtained his liberty. The chief article was, that Burgundy fhould be reftored to Charles as the rightful inheritance of his ancestors, and that Francis's two eideft fons should be immediately delivered up as hottages for the performance of the conditions ftipulated. The exchange of the captive monarch for his children was made on the borders between France and Spain. The moment that Francis entered his own dominions, he mounted a Turkish horfe, and putting it to its fpeed, waved his hand and cried aloud feveral times, "I am yet a king! I am yet a king!"

(26.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, UNTIL THE SAVAGE DEVASTATION OF ROME, BY THE IMPERIALISTS. Francis never meant to execute the treaty of Madrid: he had even left a protest in the hands of notaries before be figned it, that his confent thould be confidered as an involuntary deed, and be deemed null and void. Accordingly, as foon as he arrived in France, he affembled the fiates of Burgundy, who protefted against the article relative to their province; and Francis coldly replied to the imperial ambaladors, who urged the immediate execution of the treaty, that he would religiously perform the articles relative to himfelf, but in thofe affecting the French monar chy, he must be directed by the sense of the nation. He made the highest acknowledgments to the king of England for his friendly interpofition, and offered to be entirely guided by his counfels. Charles and his minifters faw that they were overreached in those very arts of negociation in which they fo much exceed, while the Italian ftates obferved with pleasure, that Francis was refolved pot to execute a treaty which they confidered as dangerous to the liberties of Europe. Clement abfolved him from the oath which he had taken at Madrid; and the kings of France and England, the Pope, the Swifs, the Venetians, the Fiorentines, and the duke of Milan, entered into an alliance, to which they gave the name of the Holy League, becaufe his Holmefs was at the head of it, in order to oblige the emperor to deliver up Francis's two fons on the payment of a reafonable ranfom, and to re-establish Sforza in the quiet poffethion of the Milanete. In confequence of this league, the confederate army took the field, and VOL. XXI. PART 1.

Italy once more became the scene of war. Bug Francis, who it was thought would have infufed spirit and vigour into the whole body, had gone through fuch a feere of diftrefs, that he was become diffident of himself, ditruftful of his fortune, and defirous of tranquillity. He flattered himfelf, that the dread alone of fuch a confederge cy would induce Charles to liften to what was equitable, and therefore neglected to send due r inforcements to his allies in Ita y. Meantime He duke of Bourbon, who command the Imperia ifts; had made himself mafter of the whole Manefe, of which the emperor had promised him the inveftiture; and his troops beginning to mutiny for want of pay, he led them to Rome, and promifed to enrich them with the spoils of that city. Hị was as good as his word; for though he himf. If was flain in planting a fcaling ladder against the walls, his foldiers, rather enraged than difcoura. ged by his death, mounted to the affault with the utmoft ardour, animated by the greatnefs of the prize, and entering the city fword in hand, plundered it for feveral days. Never did Rome in any age fuffer fo many calamities, not even from the Barbarians, by whom he was often fubdued, the Huns, Vandals, or Goths, as now from the fubjects of a Chriftian and Catholic monarch. Whatever was refpectable in modefty, or facred in reigion, feemed only the more to provoke the rage of the foldiery. Virgins fuffered violation in the arms of their parents, and upon thole aitars tɔ which they had fled for fafety. Venerable prelates, after enduring every indignity and every torture, were thrown into dungeons, and mena ced with the moft cruel death, to make them rea veal their fecret treafures. Clement hinfelf, why had neglected to make his elcape in time, was taz ken prisoner, and found that the facredness of his character could neither procure him liberty nor refpect. He was confind till he fhould pay air enormous ranfom impofed by the victorious army, and furrender to the emperor all the places of ftrength belonging to the church. Chades received the news of this extraordinary event with e qual furprise and pleasure; but to concen his joy from his Spanish subjects, who were filled with horror at the infult offered to the fovereign pontiff, and to leffen the indignation of the reit of Europe, he expreffed the most profound forrow for the fuccefs of his arms. He put himfeif and his court into mourning: stopped the rejoicings for the birth of his fon Philip, and ordered prayers to be put up in all the churches of Spain for the recovery of the pope's liberty, which he could immediately have given him by a letter to his gemerals.

(27.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, UNTIL THE SACKING OF TUNIS. The concern expreffed by Hene ry and Francis for the calamity of their ally was more fincere. Alarmed at the progrefs of the imperial arms, they had, even before the taking of Rome, entered into a clofer alliance, and a greed to invade the Low Countries with a powerfui army; but no fooner did they hear of the Pope's captivity, than they changed, by a new treaty, the feene of the projected war from the Netherlands to Italy, and refolved to take the

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moft vigorous measures for reftoring him to liber- expedition against the piratical Rates of Africa. ty. Henry, however, contributed only money. Barbary, or that part of the African continentyA French army entered Italy, under the commanding along the coat of the Mediterranean iea, was of Marthal Lautrec; Clement obtained his free- then nearly in the fame condition which it is at dom; and war was for a time carried on by the prefent. Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis, were its confederates with fuccefs; but the death of Lau- principal ftates; and the two laft were nefts of pitrec, and the revolt of Andrew Doria, a famous BARBAROSSA, a famous Corfair, had fucGenoese admiral in the service of France, entirely ceeded his brother in the kingdom of Algiers, changed the face of affairs. The French army which he had formeriy atlifted him to ufurp. He was utterly ruined; and Francis, difcouraged and regulated with much prudence the interior police almoit exhaulted by to many unfuccesful enter of his kingdom, carried on his piracies with great prifes, began to think of peace, and of obtaining vigour, and extended his conquests on the coutsthe release of his fons by conceffions, not by the nent of Africa; but perceiving that the natives terror of his arms. At the fame time Charles, fubmitted to his government with impatience, and notwithstanding the advantages he had gained, fearing that his continual depredations would one had many reasons to with for an accommodation. day draw upon him a general combination of the Sultan Soliman having over-run Hungary, was Chriftian powers, he put his dominions under the ready to break in upon the Auftrian territories protection of the grand seiguor. Soliman, flatwith the whole force of the East; and the pro- tered by fuch an act of fubmiffion, and charmed giefs of the Reformation in Germany threatened with the boldncis of the man, offered him the the tranquillity of the empire. In confequence of command of the Turkish Blect. Proud of this difthis fituation of affairs, though pride made both tinction, Barbaroffa repaired to Conftantinople, parties conceal or diffembie their real fentiments, and made ufe of his influence with the fuitao to two ladies were permitted to restore peace to Eu- extend his own dominion. Partly by force, partrope. Margaret of Auftria, Charles's aunt, and ly by treachery, he ufurped the kingdom of TuLouifa, Francis's mother, met in 1529 at Cam- nis; and being now poffefled of greater power, he bray, and fettled the terms of accommodation be carried on his depredations against the Chriftian tween the French king and the emperor. Francis ftates with more deftructive violence than ever. agreed to pay two millions of crowns as the ran. Daily complaints of the piracies and ravages comfom of his two fons, to resign the fovereignty of mitted by the gallies of Barbaroila were brought Flanders and Artois, and to forego ail his Italian to the emperor by his fubjects, both in Spain and claims; and Charles ceafed to demand the refti- Italy; and all Christendom feemed to look up to tution of Bargundy. A. the fteps of this nego- him, as its greatest and most fortunate prince, for ciation had been communicated to the king of relief from this new and odious fpecies of oppres England; and Henry was, on that occafion, fo fion. At the fame time Muley Haffan, the exiled generous to his friend and ally Francis, that he king of Tunis, finding none of the Afnean princes fent him an acquittal of near fix hundred thou- able or willing to fupport him in recovering his fand crowns, in order to enable him to fulfil throne, applied to Charles for affittance against his agreement with Charles. But Francis's Ita- the ufurper. Equally delirous of delivering his lian confederates were lefs fatisfied with the trea- dominions from the dangerous neighbourhood of ty of Cambray. They were aimoft wholly aban. Barbaroffa, of appearing as the protector of an un. doned to the will of the emperor; and feem. fortunate prince, and of acquiring the glory an ed to have no other means of fecurity left but nexed in that age to every expedition against the his equity and moderation. Of thefe, from his Mahometans, the emperor readily concluded a part conduct, they had not formed the most ad- treaty with Muley Hatian, and fet fail for Tunis vantageous idea. But Charles's circumftances, with a formidable armament. The Goletta, a especially in regard to the Turks, obliged him to fea-port town, fortified with 300 pieces of can. behave with a generosity inconfiftent with his cha- non was taken, together with all Barbarofla's racter. The Fiorentines alone, whom he reduced deet: he was defeated in a pitched battle, and under the dominion of the family of Medicis, had 10,000 Chriftian flaves, having knocked off their reafon to complain of his feverity. Sforza obtain- fetters, and made themselves mafters of the citaed the inveftiture of Milan and his pardon; and del, Tunis was preparing to furrender. But while every other power experienced the lenity of the Charles was deliberating on the conditions, his conqueror. After having received the imperial troops fearing that they would be deprived of the crown from the hands of the Pope at Bologna, booty which they had expected, broke fuddenly Charles proceeded on his journey to Germany, into the town, and piilaged and malacred withwhere his prefence was become highly neceffary; out diftinction: 30,000 perfons perished by the for although the conduct and valour of his bro- fword, and 10,000 were made prifoners. The ther Ferdinand, on whom he had conferred the fceptre was reftored to Muicy Haflan, on condi hereditary dominions of the house of Auftria, and tion that he should acknowledge bin felf a vassal who had been elected king of Hungary, had obli- of the crown of Spain, put into the emperor's ged Solyman to retire with infamy and iofs, his hands all the fortified fea-ports in the kingdom of return was to be feared, and the diforders of re- Tunis, and pay annually 12,000 crowns for the ligion were daily increafing; an account of which, fubfiftence of the Spanish garrifon in the Goletta. and of the emperor's tranfactions with the Protef- Thele points being fettled, and 20,000 Chriftian tants, is given under the article REFORMATION. flaves freed from bondage either by arms or by Charles having exerted himfelf as much as he treaty, Charles returned to Europe, where his gould against the reformers, undertook his fit preince was become neceffary; while Barbarofia,

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who had retired to Bona, recovered new ftrength, and again became the tyrant of the ocean.

(28.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, UNTIL THE FLIGHT OF CHARLES V. OUT OF FRANCE. The king of France took advantage of the emperor's abfence to revive his pretenfions in Italy. The treaty of Cambray had covered up but not extinguifhed the flames of difcord. Francis, who waited only for a favourable opportunity of recovering the territories and reputation which he had loft, continued to negotiate againft his rival with different courts. But all his negotiations were alfconcerted by unforeseen accidents. The death of Clement VII. (whom he had gained by marrying his fon the duke of Oricans, afterwards Henry II. to Catharine of Medicis, the niece of that pontiff), deprived him of all the fupport which he hoped to receive from the court of Rome. The king of England, occupied with domestic cares and projects, declined engaging in the affairs of the continent; and the Proteftant princes, aflociated by the league of Smalkaid, to whom Francis had also applied, and who feemed drpofed at first to listen to him, filled with indigpation and resentment at the cruelty with which fme of their reformed brethren had been treated in France, refused to have any connection with the enemy of their religion. Francis was neither cruel nor bigotted: he was too indolent to concern himself about religious difputes; but his principles becoming fufpected, at a time when the emperor was gaining immortal glory by his expedition against the Infidels, he found it neceffary to vindicate himself by fome extraordinary demonftration of reverence for the established th. The indifcreet zeal of fome Proteftant converts furnished him with the occasion. They had affixed to the gates of the Louvre and other public places papers containing indecent reflections on the rites of the Romish church. Six of the perfons concerned in this rafh action were feized; and the king, pretending to be struck with hor ror at their blafphemies, appointed a folemn proceffion, to avert the wrath of heaven. The holy facrament was carried through the city of Paris in great pomp: Francis walked uncovered before 1, bearing a torch in his hand; the princes of the blood fupported the canopy over it; the nobles walked behind. In prefence of this numerous affembly, the king declared, that if one of his hands were infected with herefy, he would cut it off with the other; " and I would facrifice (added he) even my own children, if found guilty of that crime." As an awful proof his fincerity, the fix unhappy perfons who had been feized were publicly burnt, before the proceffion was finished, and in the most cruel manner. They were fixed upon a machine which defcended into the flames, and retired aiternately, until they expired. No wonder that the Proteftant princes were incenfed at fuch barbarity! But Francis, though unfupported by an ally, commanded his army to advance towards the frontiers of Italy, under pretence of chaftifing the duke of Milan for a breach of the law of nations, in putting to death his ambaffador. The operations of war, however, foon took a new direction. Inftead of marching directly to the Milanefe, Francis com

menced hoftilities against the duke of Savoy, with whom he had caute to be diffatished, and on whom he had fome claims; and before the end of the campaign, that feebie prince faw himleif ftripped of all his dominions, except the province of Piedmont. To complete his misfortunes, the city of Geneva, the fovereignty of which he claimed, and where the reformed opinions had already got footing, threw off his yoke; and its revoit drew along with it the lofs of the adjacent territory. Geneva was then an imperial city, and ever fince remained free, till the French revolution, in the course of which it was forced to become a part of the French republic. (See GENEVA, § 1, 1.) In this extremity the duke of Savoy faw no refource but in the emperor's protection; and as his misfortunes were chiefly occafioned by his attachment to the imperial intereft, he had a title to immediate affiftance. But Charies, who was juft returned from his African expedition, was not able to lend him the neceffary fupport. His treafury was entirely drained, and he was obliged to difband his army till he could raise new fupplies. Mean time the death of Sforza duke of Milan entirely changed the nature of the war, and afforded the emperor full leifure to prepare for action. The French monarch's pretext for taking up arms was at once cut off; but as the duke died without iflue, all Francis's rights to the duchy of Milan, which he had yielded only to Sforza and his defcendants, returned to him in full force. He inftantly renewed his ciaim to it; and if he had ordered his army immediately to advance, he might have made himself matter of it. But he unfortunately wafted his time in fruitlefs negotiations, while his more politic rival took poffeffion of the duchy as a vacant fief of the empire; and though Charies feemed fill to admit the equity of Francis's claim, he delayed granting the invertiture under various pretences, and was fecretly taking every poffible measure to prevent him from regaining a footing in Italy. During the time gained in this manner Charles had recruited his finan ces, and of course his armies; and finding himfeif in a condition for war, he at laft threw off the mafk under which he had fo long concealed his defigns from the court of France. Entering Rome with great pomp, he pronounced before the pope and cardinals, affembled in full confiftory a violent invective against Francis, by way of repley to his propofitions concerning the inveftiture of Milan. Yet Francis, by an unaccountable fatality, continued to negotiate, as if it had been fill poffible to terminate their differences in an amicable manner; and Charles, finding him fo eager to run into the fnare favoured the deception, and, by feeming to liften to his propofals, gained yet more time for the execution of his ambitious projects. If misfortunes had rendered Francis too diffident, fuccefs had made Charles too fanguine. He prefumed on nothing less than the fubverfion of the French monarchy; nay, he confidered it as an infallible event. Having chafed the forces of his rival out of Piedmont and Savoy, he pushed forward at the head of 50,000 men, contrary to the advice of his most experienced minfters and generals, to invade the fouthern provinces of France; while other two armies were Ee?

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ordered to enter it, the one on the fide of Picardy, the other on the fide of Champagne. He thought it impoffible that Francis could refift to many unexpected attacks on fuch different quarters; but he found himself miftaken. The French monarch fixed upon the most effectual pan for defeating the invañon of a powerlin enemy; and he prudently perfevered in following it, though contrary to his own natural temper, and to the genius of his people. He determined to remain altogether upon the deferfive, and to deprive the enemy of fubfift-nee by laying waste the country before him. The execution of this plan was committed to the marefchal Montmorency its author, a man happily fitted for fuch a truit by the inAlexible feverity of his difpofition. He made choice of a trong camp, under the walls of Avignon, at the confluence of the Rhone and Durance, where he affembled a confiderable army; while the king, with another body of troops, encamped at Valence, higher up the Rhone. Marfelles, and Arles were the only towns he thought it neceflary to defend; and each of these be furnifhed with a numerous garrifon of his but troops. The inhabitants of the other towns were compelled to abandon their habitations: the fort fications of fuch places as might have afforded fhelter to the enemy were thrown down; corn, forage, and provifions of every kind, were carried off or detroyed; the mills and ovens were ruined, and the wells filid up or rendered ufe efs. This devaftation extended from the Alps to Marseilles, and from the fea to the confines of Dauphiny; so that the emperor when he arrived with the van of his army on the confines of Provence, instead of that rich and populous country which he expected to enter, beheld nothing but one vaft and desert so iitude. He did not, however, defpair of fuccefs, though he faw that be would have many difficul ties to encounter; and as an encouragement to his officers, he made them liberal promises of lands and honours in France. But all the land which any of them obtained was a grave, and their mafter loft much honour by this raih and prefumptuous enterprize. After unfuccefsfully invefting Marlenles and Arles, after attempting in vain to draw Montmorency from his camp at Avignon, and not daring to attack it, Charles having spent two inglorious months in Provence, and lost one half of his troops by difeafe or by famine, was under the neceflity of ordering a retreat; and though he was fome time in motion before the enemy fufpected his intention, it was conducted with fo much precipitation and diforder, as to deferve the name of a flight, fince the light troops of France turned it into a perfect rout. The invasion of Picardy was not more fuccessful; the imperial forces were obliged to retire without efccting any conqueft of import

auce.

(29.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, UNTO THE INTERVIEW BETWEEN FRANCIS 1. AND CHARLES V. Charles had no fooner conducted the battered remains of his army to the frontiers of Milan, than he fet out for Genoa; and unwilling to expo'e himself to the fcorn of the Italians after fuch are verfe of fortune, he embarked directly for Spain. Meanwhile Francis gave himself up to that vain re

fentment which had formerly difgraced the profperity of his rival. They had frequently, in the courfe of their quarrels, given each other the ic, and mutual challenges had been fent; which, though productive of no ferious confquences be tween the parties, had a powerful tendency to encourage the pernic ous practice of dueling. Charles, in his invective pronounced at Ronit, had publicly accufed Francis of perfidy and breach of faith; Francis now exceeded Charles in the indecency of his accufations. The Dauphin dying fuddenly, his death was imputed to poison: Montecucul his cup bearer was put to the rack; and that unhappy nobleman, in the agonies of torture, acculed the emperor's generais Gonzaya and de Leyva, of infligating him to the deteflable act. The emperor himself was fufpected; nay, this extorted confeffion, and fome obfcure hints, were confidered as inconteftabie proofs of his guilt; though it was evident to all mankind, that neither Charles nor his generals could have any inducement to perpetrate fnch a crime, as Francis was till in the vigour of life himself, and had two fons befides the dauphin, grown up to a good age. But the incenfed monarch's refentment did not too here. Francis was not fatisfied with endeavouring to blacken the character of his rival by an ambiguous teftimony which led to the moit injur ous fufpicions, and upon which the mot cruel constructions had been put; he was willing to add rebellion to murder. For this purpose he went to the parliament of Paris: where being seated with the ufuai folemnities, the advocategeneral appeared, and accufed Charles of Auftria (fo he affected to call the emperor) of having vio lated the treaty of Cambray, by which he was freed from the homage due to the crown of France for the counties of Artcis and Flanders; adding, that this treaty being now void, he was ftud to be confidered as a vaifal of France, and confequently had been guilty of rebellion in taking arms 2gainit his fovereign. The charge was fuftained, and Charles was fummoned to appear before the parliament of Paris at a day fixed. The term expired; and no perfon appearing in the emperor's name, the parliament gave judgment, that Charles of Auftria had forteited, by rebellion and contumacy, the counties of Flanders and Artois, and declared these fiefs reunited to the crown of France. Francis, foon after this vain difplay of animofity, marched into the Low Countries, as if he had intended to execute the fentence pionounced by his parliament; but a fufpention of arms took place, through the interpofition of the queens of France and Hungary, before any thing of confequence was effected: and this cellation of hottities was followed by a truce, concluded at Nice, through the mediation of the reigning pontiff Paul III. of the family of Farnefe, a man of a venerable character and pacific difpofition. Each of these rival princes had strong reafons to incine them to a peace. The finances of both were ex haufted; and the emperor, the moft powerful of the two, was deeply impreffed with the dread of the Turkish arms, which Francis had drawn upon him by a league with Solyman. In confequence of this league, Barbaroffa with a great fect appeared on the coaft of Naples; filed that kingdom

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