condition that he fhould enjoy the revenue of certain places in the fertile mountains of Alpujarros; that the inhabitants should retain the undisturbed ro of their houfes, goods, and inheritaneest the of of their laws, and the free exercise of their religion. This coded the empire of the ARABS, MOORS, OF SARACERS in Spain, after it had continued about 8c They introduced the arts and fciences into Europe at a time when it was loft in darkness; they rolled many of the luxuries of life, when they were not even known among the neighbouring nations; and they feem to have given birth to that romantic giantry, which fo eminently prevailed in the ages of chivalry, and which, blending itself with the veneration of the northern nations for the fofter sex, still particularly diftinguithes modern from ancient manners. But the Moors, notwithstanding these advantages, and the eulogies bestowed upon them by fome writers, appear always to have been deftitute of the effential qualities of a polished people, humanity, generofity, and mutual sympathy.

dom. Whoever was guilty of murder, robbery, or any act that violated the public peace, and was feized by the troops of the Brotherhood, was carried before their judges; who, wi on Dyg l ty regard to the exclutive urination when the lord of the place ight claim, who was generally the author or abettor of the injuftice, tried and condemned the criminals. The nobles often murmured against this falutary inftitution; they complained of it as an encroachment on one of their moft valuable privileges, and endeavoured to get it abolished. But Ferdinand and Isabella, fenfible of the beneficial effects of the Brotherhood, not only in regard to the police of their kingdom, but in its tendency to abridge, and by degrees annihilate, the territorial jurifdiction of the nobility, countenanced the inftitution upon every occation, and fupported it with the whole force of royal authority; by which means the prompt and impartial administration of juftice was reftored, and with it tranquillity and order returned. But at the fame time that their Catholic majefties (for fuch was the title they now bore) were giving vigour to their civil government, and securing their fubje&s from violence and oppreffion, an intemperate zeal led them to establish an ecclefiaftical tribunal, equally contrary to the natural rights of humanity and the mild fpirit of the gospel. This was the court of inquifition; which decides upon the honour, fortune, and even the life, of the unhappy wretch who happens to fall under the fufpicion of herefy, or a contempt of any thing prefcribed by the church, without his knowing, being confronted with his accufers, or permitted either defence or appeal: 6000 perfons were burnt by order of this fanguinary tribunal within four years after the appointment of Torquemada, the firft inquifitor general; and upwards of 100,000 felt its fury. The fame furious and blinded zeal, which led to the depopulation of Spain, led alfo to its aggrandizement. The kingdom of Granada now alone remained of all the Mahometan poffeffions in Spain. Princes equally zealous and ambitious were naturally disposed to turn their eyes to that fertile territory, and to think of increafing their hereditary dominions, by expelling the enemies of Chriftianity, and extending its doctrines. Every thing confpired to favour their project: the Moorish kingdom was a prey to civil wars; when Ferdinand, having obtained the bull of Sixtus IV. authorizing a crufade, put himself at the head of his troops, and entered Granada. He continued the war with rapid fuccefs: Ifabella attended him in feveral expeditions; and they were both in great danger at the fiege of Malaga; an important city, which was defended with great courage, and taken in 1487. Baza was reduced in 1489, after the lofs of 20,000 men. Guadix and Almeria were delivered up to them by the Moorish king Alzagel, who had firft dethroned his brother Alboacen, and afterwards been chafed from his capital by his nephew Abdali. That prince engaged in the fervice of Ferdinand and Ifabella; who, after reducing every other place of eminence, undertook the fiege of Granada. Abdali made a gallant defence; but all communication with the country being cut off, and all hopes of relief at an end, he capitulated, after a ficge of 8 months, on

(21.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, TO THE DEATHS OF ISABELLA, PHILIP I. AND FERDINAND V. The conqueft of Granada was followed by the expulfion, or rather the pillage and banishment, of the Jews, who had engroffed all the wealth and commerce of Spain. The inquifition exhausted its rage against these unhappy people, many of whom pretended to embrace Chriftianity, to preserve their property. About the fame time their Catholic majefties concluded an alliance with the emperor Maximilian, and a treaty of marriage for their daughter Joan with his fon Philip, archduke of Austria and sovereign of the Netherlands. About this time alfo the contract was concluded with Chriftopher Columbus for the discovery of new countries; and the counties of Rouflillon and Cerdagne were agreed to be restored by Charles VIII. of France, before his expedition into Italy. The difcovery of America was foon followed by extenfive conquefts in that quarter, as is related under the articles MEXICO, PERU, CHILI, &c. which tended to raise the Spanish monarchy above any other in Europe. On the death of fabella, which happened in 1506, Philip archduke of Auftria came to Caftile to take poffeffion of that kingdom as heir to his mother-in-law; but he dying foon after, his fon Charles I. afterwards the V. emperor of Germany, became heir to the crown of Spain. His father at his death left the king of France governor to the young prince, and Ferdinand, dying in 1516, left cardinal Ximenes fole regent of Cattile, till the arrival of his grandson.

(22.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, TO THE ELECTION OF CHARLES V. EMPEROR. Ximenes, whofe character is no lefs fingular than illuftrious, who united the abilities of a great ftatefman with the abject devotion of a fuperftitious monk, and the magnificence of a prime minifter with the severity of a mendicant, maintained order and tranquillity in Spain, notwithstanding the difcontents of a turbulent and high-spirited nobility. When they difputed his right to the regency, he coolly fhowed them the teftament of Ferdinand, and the ratification of that deed by Charles; but thefe not fatisfying them, and arguments proving ineffectual, Dd 2

he

be led them i fealibly towards a balcony, whence they had a view of a large bedy of troops under arms, and a formidable train of artillery. "Behold (faid the cardinal) the powers which I have received from his Catholic majefty: by thefe I go vern Caftile; and will govern it, till the king, your mafter and mine, fall come to take poffetion of his kingdom." A declaration fo bold and determined filenced all oppofition; and Ximenes main tained his authority till the arrival of Charles in 1517. The young king was received with univerial acclamations of joy, but Ximenes found little caufe to rejoice. He was feized with a violent diforder, fuppofed to be the effect of poifon; and when he recovered, Charles, prejudiced against him by the Spanift, grandees and his Flemith courtiers, fighted his advice, and allowed him every day to fink into neglect. The cardinal did not bear this treatment with his ufual fortitude. He expected a more grateful return from a prince to whom he delivered a kingdom more flourishing than it had been in any former age, and authority more exterfive and better eftablifhed, than the moft illuftrious of his ancestors had ever pollelled. Confcious of his own integrity and meri', he could not therefore refrain from giving vent, at times, to indignation and complaint. He lament ed the fate of his country, and foretold the calamities to which it would be expofed from the infolence, the rapacioufhets, and the ignorance of trangers. But in the mean time he received a letter from the king, difmiffing him from his councils, under pretence of eating his age of that burden which he had fo long and fo ably fuftained. This letter proved fatal to the minifter; for he expired in a few hours after reading it. While Charles was taking poffeflion of the throne of Spain, in confequence of the death of one grandfather, another was endeavouring to obtain for him the imperial crown. With this view Maximilian aflembled a diet at Augsburg, where he cultivated the favour of the electors by many acts of beneficence, to engage them to choofe that young prince as his fucceffor. But Maximilian himself never having been crowned by the pope, a ceremony deemed effential in that age, as well as in the preceding, he was confidered only as king of the Romans, or emperor elect; and no example occurring in hiftory of any perfon being chofen fucceffor to a king of the Romans, the Germans, always tenacious of their forms, obítinately refufed to confer upon Charles a dignity for which their conftitution knew no name. But though Maximilian could not prevail upon the German eJectors to choose his grandfon of Spain king of the Romans, he had difpofed their minds in favour of that prince; and other circumftances, on the death of the emperor, confpired to the exaltation of Charles. The imperial crown had fo long con. tinued in the Auftrian line, that it began to be confidered as hereditary in that family; and Germany, torn by religious difputes, ftood in need of a powerful emperor, not only to preferve its own internal tranquillity, but alfo to protect it against the victorious arms of the Turks, who under SeJim I. threatened the liberties of Europe. This fierce and rapid conqueror had already fubdued

the Mamaluke, and made himself mafter of Egypt and Syria. The power of Charles appeared neceffary to oppofe that of Selim. The extensive dominions of the house of Auftria, which gave him an intereft in the prefervation of Germany; the rich fovereignty of the Netherlands and Franche Compte; the entire poffeflion of the great and warlike kingdom of Spain, together with that of Naples and Sicily, all united to hold him up to the first dignity among Christian princes; and the new world feeted only to be called into exiftence, that its treafures might enable him to defend Christendom against the infidels. Such was the language of his partifans. Francis I. however, no fooner received intelligence of the death of Maxiinilian, than he declared himself a candidate for the empire; and with no les confidence of fuccefs than Charles. He trufted to his fuperior years and experience; his great reputation in arms; and it was farther urged in his favour, that the impetuofity of the French cavalry, added to the firm refs of the German infantry, would prove itrefift. ible, and not only be fufficient, under a warlike emperor, to fet limits to the ambition of Selim, but to break entirely the Ottoman power, and prevent it from ever becoming dangerous again to Germany. Both claims were plausible. The dominious of Francis were lefs extenfive, but more united than thofe of Charles. His fubjects were numerous, active, brave, lovers of glory, and lovers of their king. Thefe were strong arguments in favour of his power, fo neceflary at this juncture: but he had no natural intereft in the Ger manic body; and the electors, hearing fo much of military force on each fide, became more alarmed for their own privileges than the common fafety. They determined to reject both candidates, and offered the imperial crown to Frederic, furnamed the Wije, duke of Saxony. But he, undazzled by the iplendour of an object, courted with fo much eagerness by two mighty monarchs, rejected it with a magnanimity no lefs fingular than great." In times of tranquillity (laid Frederic), we wish for an emperor who has no power to invade our liberties; times of danger demand one who is able to fecure our fafety. The Turk ith armies, led by a warlike and victorious mo narch, are now aflembling: they are ready to pour in upon Germany with a violence unknown in former ages. New conjunctures call for new expedients. The imperial fceptre must be committed to fome hand more powerful than mine or that of any other German prince. We poffefs neither dominions, nor revenues, nor authority, which enable us to encounter fuch a formidable enemy. Recourse must be had, in this exigency, to one of the rival monaichs. Each of them can bring into the field forces fufficient for our defence. But as the king of Spain is of German extraction, as he is a member and prince of the empire by the territories which defcend to him from his grandfather, and as his dominions ftretch along that frontier which lies moit expofed to the enemy, his claim, in my opinion, is preferable to that of a ftranger to our language, to our blood, and to our country." Charles was elected in confequence of this fpeech in 1520.

(23.) SPAIN,

view between two gallant princes, whofe hearts were no lefs fufceptible of friendship than their maaners were of infpiring it. Finding it impofible, however, to prevent a vifit, in which the vnity of all parties was f› much concerned, he endeavoured to defeat its purpofe, and to pre-occupy the favour of the English monarch, and of his minifter, by an act of complaifance ftill more flattering and more uncommon. Relying wholly upon Henry's generolity for his fafety, he landed at Dover, in his way from Spain to the Low Countries. The king of England, who was on his way to France, charmed with fuch an inftance of con fidence, haftened to receive his imperial gueft; and Charles, during his fhort ftay, had the addrefs not only to give Henry favourable impreffions of his character and intentions, but to detach Wolfey entirely from the intereft of Francis. The tiara had attracted the eye of that ambitious prelate; and as the emperor knew that the papacy was the fole point of elevation, beyond the greatnefs he then poffeffed, at which he could aspire, he made him an offer of his intereft on the firft vacancy. The day of Charles's departure, Henry went o ver to Calais with his whole court, to meet Fraucis. Their interview was in an open plain between Guifnes and Ardres; where the two kings and their attendants difplayed their magnificence with fuch emulation and profufe expence, as procured it the name of the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Here Henry erected a spacious houfe of wood and canvas, framed in London, on which, under the figure of an English archer, was the following motto: "He prevails whom I favour;" alluding to his own political fituation as holding in his hands the balance of power among the potentates of Europe. Feats of chivalry, however, parties of galiantry, and fuch exercifes as were in that age reckoned manly or elegant, rather than serious bulinefs, occupied the two courts during the time that they continued together, which was 18 days. After taking leave of this fcene of dissipation, the king of England paid a vifit to the emperor and Margaret of Savoy at Gravelines, and engaged · them to go along with him to Calais; where the artful and politic Charles completed the impreffion which he had begun to make on Henry and his favourite, and effaced all the friendship to which the frank and generous nature of Francis had given birth. He renewed his affurances of affisting Wolfey in obtaining the papacy; and he put him in immediate poffeffion of the revenues belonging to the fees of Badajox and Palencia in Spain. He Hattered Henry's pride, by convincing him of his own importance, and of the juftneis of the motto which he had chofen; offering to fubmit to his fole arbitration any difference that might arife between him and Francis. This important point being secured, Charles repaired to Aix-la-Chapelle, where he was folemnly invested with the crown and fceptre of Charlemagne, in prefence of a more fplendid and numerous ailembly than had appeared on any former inauguration About the fame time SOLIMAN II. one of the mott accomplished, enterprifing, and victoricus of the Turkish princes, and a conftant and formidable rival to the emperor, afcended the Ottoman throne.

(23.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, TO THE INAUGURA TION OF CHARLES V. The two candidates had hitherto conducted their rival!hip with emulation, but without enmity. They had even mingled in their competition many expreflions of friendihip and regard. Francis in particular declared with his ufual vivacity, that his brother Charles and he were fairly and openly fuitors to the fame miftrefs: "The most affiduous and fortunate (added te) will win her; and the other muâ rest contented." But the preference was no fooner given to his rival, than Francis difcovered all the paflions natural to disappointed ambition. He could not fupprefs his chagrin and indignation at being baulkd in his favourite purfuit, and rejected, in the face of all Europe, for a youth yet unknown to fame. The fpirit of Charles refented fuch contempt; and from this jealoufy, as much as from oppofition of interests, arofe that emulation be tween those two great monarchs which involved them in almost perpetual hoftilities, and kept their whole age in movement. Charles and Francis had many intering claims in Italy; and the latter thought himfelf bound in honour to reftore the King of Navarre to his dominions, unjustly feized by the crown of Spain. They immediately began to negotiate; and as Henry VIII. of England was the third prince of the age in power and in digtity, his friendship was eagerly counted by each of the rivals. He was the natural guardian of the liberties of Europe. Senfible of the confequence which his fituation gave him, and proud of his pre-eminence, Henry knew it to be his intereft to keep the balance even between the comtending powers, and to reftrain both, by not joining entirely with either; but he was feldom able to reduce his Meas to practice. Vanity and refentment were the great fprings of all his undertakings; and his Beighbours, by touching these, found an eafy way to draw him into their measures, and force him epon many rafh and inconfiderate enterprises. All the impolitic fteps in Henry's government must not, however, be imputed to himself; many of them were occafioned by the ambition and avarice of his prime minifter and favourite, cardinal Woley. This man, who, by his talents and accomp. hments, had rifen from one of the lowest conditions in life to the highest employments, both in church and state, enjoyed a greater degree of pow. er and dignity than any English fubject ever pof. effed, and governed the haughty, prefumptuous, ad untractable spirit of Henry, with abfolute authority. Francis was equally well acquainted with the character of Henry and of his miniiter. He had accesfully flattered Wolfey's pride, by honouring him with particular marks of his confidence, and beftowing upon him the appellation of Father, Tator, and Governor; and he had obtained the reftitution of Tournay, by adding a penfion to thofe refpectful titles. He now folicited an interview with the king of England near Calais; in hopes of being able, by familiar converfation, to attach him to his friendship and intereft, while he gratified the cardinal's vanity, by affording him an opportunity of displaying his magnificence in the prefence of two courts, and of difcovering to the two nations his influence over their monarchs. Charles dreaded the effects of this projected inter

(24) SPAIN, (HISTORY OF, UNTIL THE CAP

TURF

TURE OF FRANCis, I. The firft act of Charles's administration was to appoint a diet of the empire, to be held at Worms, to concert with the princes proper measures for checking the progrefs of" thofe new and dangerous opinions which threatened to disturb the peace of Germany, and to overturn the religion of their ancestors." The opinions propagated by Luther and his followers were here meant. But all his efforts for that purwere infuflicient, as is related under the articles LUTHER and REFORMATION. In 1521, the Spaniards, diffàtisfied with the departure of their fovereign, whofe election to the empire they fore faw would interfere with the adminiftration of his own kingdom, and incenfed at the avarice of the Flemings, to whom the direction of public affairs had been committed fince the death of cardinal Ximenes, feveral grandces, to flake off this oppreflion, entered into an allociation, to which they gave the name of the Sanda Junela; and the fword was appealed to as the means of redrefs. This Teemed to Francis a favourable juncture for reinftating the family of John d'Albret in the kingdom of Navarre. Charles was at a distance from that part of his dominions, and the troops ufually ftationed there had been called away to quell the commotions in Spain. A French army, under Andrew de Foix, fpeedily conquered Navarre; but that young and inexperienced nobleman, pushed on by military ardour, ventured to enter Caftile. The Spaniards, though divided among themselves united against a foreign enemy, routed his forces, took him prifoner, and recovered Navarre in a shorter time than he had spent in fubduing it. Hoftilities thus begun in one quarter, between the rival monarchs, foon fpread to another. The king of France encouraged the duke of Bouillon to make war against the emperor, and to invade Luxemburg. Charles, after humbling the duke, attempted to enter France; but was repelled and worted before Mezieres by the famous chevalier Bayard, diftinguished among his contemporaries by the appellation of The Knight without fear and without reproach; and who united the talents of a great general to the punctilious honour and romantic gallantry of the heroes of chivalry. Francis broke into the Low Countries, where, by an excefs of caution, an error not natural to him, he loft an opportunity of cutting off the whole imperial army; and, what was of ftill more confequence, he difgufted the conftable Bourbon, by giving the command of the van to the duke of Alençon, During thefe operations in the field, an unfuccefsful congrefs was held at Calais, under the mediation of Henry VIII. It ferved only to exasperate the parties whom it was intended to reconcile. A league was foon after concluded, by the intrigues of Wolfey, between the pope, Henry, and Charles, against France. Leo had already entered into a feparate league with the emperor, and the French were faft lofing ground in Italy. The infolence and exactions of marefhal de Lautrec, governor of Milan, had totally alienated the affections of the Milanefe from France. They refolved to expell the troops of that nation, and put them eyes under the government of Francis Sforza, trother to Maximilian their late duke. In this refolution, they were encouraged by the pope, who

excommunicated Lautrec, and took into his pay a confiderable body of Swifs. The papal army, commanded by Profper Colonna, an experienced general, was joined by fupplies from Germany and Naples; while Lautrec, neglected by his court, and deferted by the Swifs in its pay, was unable to make head againft the enemy. The city of Milan was betrayed by the inhabitants to the confederates; Parma and Placentia were united to the ecclefiaftical state; and of their conquefts in Lombardy, only the town of Cremona, the caftle of Milan, and a few inconfiderable forts, remained in the hands of the French. Leo X. received the accounts of his rapid fuccefs with fuch transports of joy, as are faid to have brought on a fever, which occafioned his death. The fpirit of the confederacy was broken, and its operations fufpended by this event. The Swifs were recalled; fome other mercenaries difbanded for want of pay; and only the Spaniards, and a few Germans in the emperor's fervice, remained to defend the duchy of Milan. But Lautrec, who with the remnant of his army had taken fhelter in the Venetian territories, deftitute both of men and money, was unable to improve this favourable opportunity as he wished. All his efforts were rendered ineffectual by the vigilance and ability of Colonna and his affociates. Meantime much difcord prevailed in the conclave. Wolfey's name, notwithstanding all the emperor's magnificent promifes, was fcarce ly mentioned there. Julio de Medici, Leo's ne phew, thought himself fure of the election; when by an unexpected turn of fortune, cardinal Adrian of Utrecht, Charles's preceptor, who at that time governed Spain in the emperor's name was unani mously raised to the papacy, to the astonishment of all Europe, and the greateft difguft of the Italians. Francis, roufed by the rifing confequence of his rival, refolved to exert himself with fresh vigour, to wreft from him his late conquefts in Lombardy. Lautrec received a supply of money, and a reinforcement of 10,000 Swifs. With this reinforcement he was enabled once more to act offenfively, and even to advance within a few miles of Milan; when money again failing him, and the Swifs growing mutinous, he was obliged to attack the imperialifts in their camp at Bicocca, where he was repulfed with great flaughter, having loft his braveft officers and beft troops. Such of the Swifs as furvived fet out immediately for their own country; and Lautrec, defpairing of being able to keep the field, retired into France. Genoa, which ftill remained fubject to Francis and made it easy to execute any fcheme for the recovery of Milan, was foon after taken by Colonna: the authority of the emperor and his faction was everywhere established in Italy. The citadel of Cremona was the fole fortrefs which remained in the hands of the French. The affliction of Francis for fuch a fucceffion of misfortunes was augmented by the unexpected arrival of an Eng lith herald, who in the name of his fovereign declared war againft France. The courage of this excellent prince, however did not forfake him: though his treasury was exhaufted by expensive pleaiures, no lefs than by hoftile enterprises, he aflembled a confiderable army, and put his kingdom in a state of defence for refifting this new e

nemy