power; and are under the controul of government, from which they expect preferments. The pro vinces of Bifcay and Navarre, which have particular privileges, fend alfo deputies to the throne; but they do not make a part of the body of the deputies of the kingdom. The adminiftration of Spain is divided into fix principal departments. The minifter for foreign affairs is the directing minitter, and is ftiled fecretary of State. The miniter of war has but a circumfcribed authority. He is prefident of the council of war, but the impec tors of the infantry, and thofe of the cavalry, dragoons, and provincial regiments, draw up a tatement of whatever relates to the corps of which they have the direction; and the minister at war has only to prefent the memorials they give in to the king. The marine minifter has no affociates. The chiefs of the three departments of Ferrol, Carthagena, and Cadiz, and infpectors of the marine, are named by the king; but the marine or dinances prepared by the minifter alone, require only the fanction of the king. The minifter of the finances should be under the infpection of the fuperintendent general of that department; but thefe two offices were fome time fince united; the feparation of them would multiply, without recelity, the fprings of government; and the interefts of the state require that they thould be fimplified as much as permanent forms, thot facred bulwarks of juftice and property, will admit. the Catholic King. The hereditary prince is ftyled Prince of Austurias, and the other loyal children Infants. The kings of Spain are never crowned. For the adminiftration of government and juftice, there are feveral councils and tribunals; as the cabinet-council, the privy council, the council of war, the council of Caftile, the council of the inquifition, the council of finances, the council of the Indies, the feven courts of royal audiences, &c. The hiftory of Spain proves how great an influence the Cortes had in former times in the most important affairs; fuch as war or peace, taxes, &c. But during a long courfe of years they have not been ailembled, except for the fake of form; and the fovereigns, without formally rejesing their intervention, elude their authority. They promulgate from the throne certain ordinances under the name of Pragmatics, the preambles of which give us to understand, that they claim the fame authority as if they had been publifhed in the affembly of the Cortes; who are never convoked but at the accellion of a new monarch, to adminifter to him an oath in the name of the nation, and to fwear fidelity to him. On fuch occafions letters of convocation are fent to all the Grandees; to all perfons bearing titles of Caftile; to all the prelates; and to every city which has a right to fend deputies to the Cortes. The two firft claffes reprefent the nobility; the pricfts it in the name of the clergy: and one magiftrate from each of the cities, reprefent the poople. Except on fuch an occafion, the Cortes of the whole kingdom have been affembled but twice during the last century, and only once upon pubLe buinef, in the year 1713, when Philip V. convoked them to give their approbation to the Pragmatic Sanction, which charged the order of fucceffion to the throne. They are still confulted, for the fake of form, in certain cafes, but without aflembling. At their breaking up in 1713, it was regulated, that they fhould be represented by a permanent committee, whofe office it fhould be to watch over the administration of that part of the taxes called Millones, which had been granted under Philip II. They retained the adminiftration of these impofts until 1718, when Card. Alberoni, whofe imperious genius was irritated at fuch fhackles, transterred it to the hands of the fovereign. From that time, the affemblics of the deputies of the kingdom have received no more of the revenues of the ftate, than is neceffary to pay the falaries and expences of the members. Thefe are 8 in number. All the provinces of Caftile unite to nominate fix; Catalonia and Majorca ap-ed what is related of the most wealthy country point one; and the regencies of Valentia and Arragon elect the 8th. Thefe deputics hold their places fix years, at the end of which a new election takes place in the fame manner. As a relict of their ancient rights, they fill retain the privilege of being members of the council of finances, by which the fovereign communicates to the nation the neceflity of levying any new tax; and the approbation they are fuppofed to give to the royal. refolution, is a ihadow of the confent of the Cortes, without which taxes could not formerly be levied. But it is eafy to fee how feeble this rampart of liberty muft be, which is only formed of a fmail number of citizens, who pics no real VOL. XXI. PART 1. (5.) SPAIN, EARLIEST ACCOUNTS OF. Spain, as well as the reft of Europe, was probably pec pled by the CELTES; but the Spanih hitorians derive the origin of their nation from TUBAL the fifth fon of Japhet, afferting that Spain had been a monarchy for 2126 years before the coming of the Celtes into it. Till the coming of the Carthaginians into Spain, however, nothing certain can be affirmed of the Spaniards; and this happened not long before the commencement of the first Punic war. Their fuccefs in reducing the country, and their final expulfion by the Romaney has already been related under the articles ROME and CARTHAGE; we have here therefore only to take notice of the state of Spain under the Romani government, until the Romans were in their turn expelled by the northern barbarians. (6.) SPAIN, GREAT RICHES ANCIENTLY IN. AL the time of the Roman corqueft, Spain, though, prodigious quantities of filver had been carried out of it by the Carthaginians and Tyrians, was yet a very rich country. In the most ancient times, indeed, its riches are faid to have exceed in America. Ariftotle allures us, that when the Phoenicians first arrived in Spain, they exchanged their naval commodities for fuch immenie quantities of filver, that their fhips could neither cattain nor fustain its load, though they ated it t ballait, and made their anchors and other implements of filver. When the Carthaginians fint came to Spain, they found the quantity of filver nothing lettened, fince the inhabitants at that time made all their utenfils, and even mongers, of that precious metal. In the time of the Ro mans this amazing plenty was very much dunje nifhed; however, their gleanings were by ro means fpicable, file in 9 years they carried of 00 of value. 111,542 pounds of filver, and 4095 lb. of gold, be- armis. Upon this, war was immediately commen. fides an immenfe quantity of coin and other things ced. The conful with great confidence invested NUMANTIA; but being repulfed with confider(7.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, FROM THE ARRIVAL able lof, he fat down before TERMANTIA, where: OF THE ROMANS, TILL THE DEATH OF VIRIA- he was attended with ftill worfe fuccefs. The THUS. The Spaniards were always remarkable very first day, the Termantines killed 700 of his for their bravery, and fome of Hannibal's beft legionaries; took a great convoy which was com troops were brought from thence. But as the ing to the Roman camp; and having defeated a Romans penetrated farther into the country than confiderable body of their horfe, pushed them the Carthaginians had done, they met with na- from poft to poll till they came to the edge of a tions whofe love of liberty was equal to their va- precipice, where they all tumbled down, and lour, and whom the whole ftrength of their em- were dashed to pieces. In the mean time Servilipire was fearce able to subdue. Of these the an, who had been continued in his command' moft formidable were the Numantines, Cantabri- with the title of proconful, managed matters fo ill, ans, and Afturians. In the time of the third Pu- that Viriathus furrounded him on all fides, and nic war, one VIRTATHUS, a celebrated hunter, obliged him to fuc for peace. The terms offered and afterwards the captain of a gang of banditti, to the Romans were very moderate; being only took upon him the command of fome nations who that Viriathus fhould keep the country he at that had been in alliance with Carthage, and ventured time polieffed, and the Romans remain maftersto oppose the Roman power in that part of Spain of all the reft. This peace the proconful was vecalled LUSITANIA, now PORTUGAL. The pre-ry glad to fign, and afterwards got it figned by tor, named Vetilius, who commanded in thofe the fenate and people of Rome. The next year parts, marched against him with 10,000 men ; but . Pompeins was continued in his command awas defeated and killed, with the lots of 4000 of gainft the Numantines in Farther Spain, while his troops. The Romans immediately difpatched Q. Servilius Cæpio, the new conful, had for his another prætor with ro,000 foot and 1300 horf: province Hither S, ain, where Viriathus had eftabut Viriathus having firft cut off a detachment of blifhed his new ftate. Pompeius undertook to 4000 of them, engaged the reft in a pitched bat- reduce Numantia by turning afide the ftream of tle; and having entirely defeated them, reduced the Durus, now the Douro, by which it was fupgreat part of the country. Another prætor, who plied with water; but, in attempting this, fuch was fent with a new army, met with the fame numbers of his men were cut off, that, finding fite; fo that, after the deftruction of Carthage, himfelf unable to contend with the enemy, he the Romans thought proper to fend the coniul, was glad to make peace with them on much worfe Quintus Fabius, who defeated the Lufitanians in terms than they had offered of their own accord. feveral battles, and regained two important pla- The peace, however, was ratified at Rome; but ces which had long been in the hands of the re- in the mean time Cæpio, defirous of thowing his bels. After the expiration of Fabius's confulate, prowess against the renowned Viriathus, prevail Viriathus continued the war with his ufual fuced upon the Romans to declare war against him cefs, till the fenate fent against him the conful Q. Cæcilius Metellus, an officer of great valour and experience. With him Viriathus did not choofe to venture a pitched battle, but contented himself with acting on the defenfive; in confequence of which the Romans recovered many cities, and the whole of Tarraconian Spain. The other conful, Servilianus, did not meet with the fame fuccefs; his army was defeated and his camp was nearly taken by Viriathus.. Notwithstanding the good fortune of Metel'us, however, he was recalled by the intrigues of his countrymen, without being allowed to finish the war he had begun with so much fuccefs. In refentment for this he weakened the army under his command; difbanded the flower of his troops, ex. haufled the magazines, let the elephants die, broke in pieces the arrows which had been provided for the Cretan archers, and threw them into a river. Yet, after all, the army which he gave up to his fucceffor Q. Pompeius, confifting of 30,000 foot and 2000 horfe, was fufficient to have crufhed Viriathus if the genera! had known how to use it. But, instead of oppofing Viria thus with fuccefs, the imprudent conful procured much more formidable enemies. The Termantians and Numantines, who had hitherto kept themselves independent, offered very advantage ons terms of peace and alliance with Rome; but Pompeius infifted on their delivering up their without any provocation. As Cæpio commanded an army greatly fuperior to the Lufitanians, Viriathus thought proper to fue for peace; but finding that Capio would be fatisfied with nothing lefs than a furrender at difcretion, he refolved to fland his ground. In the mean time, the latter having bribed fome of the intimate companions of Viriathus to murder him in his fleep, he by that infamous method put an end to a war which had lafted 14 years, very little to the honour of the republic.. (8.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, FROM THE DEATH OF VIRIATHUS TILL THE DESTRUCTION OF NUMANTIA. After the death of Viriathus, the Ro mans with like treachery ordered their new conful Popilius to break the treaty with the Numantines. Ilis infamous conduct met with the reward it deferved; the Numantines fallying out, put the whole Roman army to flight with fuch flaughter, that they were in no condition to act during the whole campaign. Mancinus, who fucceeded Popilius, met with ftil! worfe fuccefs; his great armay, confifting of 30,000 inen, was utterly defeated by 4000 Numantines, and 20,000 of them kill ed in the purfuit. The remaining 10,000, with their general, were pent up by the Numantines in fuch a manner that they could neither advance nor retreat, and would certainly have been all put to the fword or made prifoners, had not the Numantines, with a generality which their enemies never poffeffed, offered to let them depart upon condition that a treaty fhould be concluded with them upon very m derate terms. This the conful very willingly promifed, but found himfelf unable to perform. On the contrary, the Romans, not fatisfied with declaring his treaty null and veid, ordered him to be delivered up to the Numantines. The latter refufed to accept him, unlefs he had along with him the ao cco men whom they had relieved as above related. At laft, after the confal had remained a whole day bef re the city, his fuccefor Furius, thinking this a fufficient recompenfe to the Numantines for breaking the treaty, ordered him to be received again into the camp. However, Furius did not choose to engage with fuch a defperate and refolute enemy as the Numantines had fhowed themfelves; and the war with them was difcontinued till the year 133 E.C. when SCIPIO EMILIANUs, the deftroyer of Carthage, was ient against them. Againft this renowned commander the Numantines with all their valour were not able to cope. Scipio, having with the u moft care introduced frict difciplive among his troops, and reformed the abufes which his predeceffors had fuffered in their armies, by degrees brought the Romans to face their enemies, which at his arriva, they had abfolutely refuied to do. Having then ravaged all the country round about the town, it was foon blocked up on all fides, and the inhabitants began to feel the want of provifions. At laft they refolved to make one defperate attempt for their liberty, and either to break through their enemies, or perifh in the attempt. With this view they marched out in good order by two gates, and fell upon the works of the Romans with the utmoft fury. The Romans, unable to stand this desperate fhock, were on the point of yielding; but Scipio, baftening to the place attacked, with no fewer than 20,000 men, the unhappy Numantines, who were at laft driven into the city, where they fuftained for a little longer the miferies of famine. Finding at lat, how ever, that it was altogether impoffible to hold out, it was refolved by the majority to fubmit to the pleafure of the Roman commander. But this refolution was not univerfally approve 1. Many thut themfelves up in their houfes, and died of burger, while even thofe who had agreed to furrender repented their offer, and fetting fire to their houfes, perifhed in the flames with their wives and children, fo that not a fingle Numantine was left alive to grace the triumph of the conqueror of Car thage. (9.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, FROM THE DESTRUCTION OF NUMANTIA, TILL THAT OF LAURON. After the deftruction of Numantia the whole of Spain fubmitted to the Roman yoke; and nothing remarkable happened till the times of the Cimbri, when a prætorian army was cut off in Spain by the Lufitanians. From this time nothing remarkable occurs in the hiftory of Spain till the civil war between Marius and Sylla. The latter having crushed the Marian faction, (fee ROME,) profcribed all thofe that had fided against him whom he could not immediately deftroy. Among thefe was Sertorius, a man of confummate valour and experience in war. He had by Marius been appointed prætor of Spain; and upon the overthrow of Mari us, retired to that province. Sylla no fooner heard of his anival in that country, than he fent thither one Caius Annius with a powerful army to drive him out. As Sertorius had but few troops along with him, he difpatched one Juliu: Salinator with a body of 6000 men to guard the pafles of the Pyrenees, and to prevent Antius from entering the country. But Salinator baving been treacherously murdered by affaffins hired by Annins for that purpose, he no longer met with any obftacle; and Sertorius was obliged to embark for the coat of Africa with 3000 men, being all he had now remaining. With thefe he landed in Mauritania; but as his men were firaggling carelessly about, great numbers of them were cut off by the barbarians. This new misfortune obliged Sertorius to re-embark for Spain; but finding the whole coaft lined with the troops of Annius, he put to fea again, not knowing what coufe to fleer. In this new voyage he met with a small fleet of Cilician pirates; and having prevailed with them to. join him, he made a defcent on the coaft of Yvica, overpowered the garrifon left there by Annius, and gained a confiderable booty. On the news of this victory Annius fet fail for Yvica, with a confiderable fquadron, having 5000 land forces on board. Sertorius, not intimidated by the fuperiority of the enemy, prepared toʻgive them battle. But a violent ftorm arifing, most of the ships were driven on fhore and dailed to pieces, Sertorius himself with great difficulty efcaping with the small remains of his fleet. For fome time he continued in great danger, being prevented from putting to fea by the fury of the waves, and from landing by the enemy; at last, the storm abating, he paffed the ftraits of Gades, now Gibraltar, and la ded near the mouth of the river Bæotis. Here he met with fome feamen newly arrived from the Atlantic or Fortunate Iflands; and was fo taken with the account which they gave him of thofe happy regions, that he refolved to retire thither to spend the reft of his life in quiet and happiness. But having communicated this design to the Cilician pirates, they immediately abandoned him, and fet fail for Africa, with an intention to affift one of the barbarous kings against his fubjects who had rebelled. Upon this Sertorius failed thither alfo, but took the oppofite fide: and having defeated the king named Afcalis, obliged him to fhut himself up in the city of Tidgis, now Tangier, which he clofely beficged. But in the mean time Pacianus, who had been fent by Sylla to afflift the king, advanced with a confiderable army against Sertorius. Upon this the latter, leaving part of his forces before the city, marched with the reft to meet Pacianus, whofe army, though greatly fuperior to his own in number, he entirely defeated; killed the general, and took all his forces prifoners.-The fame of this victory foon reached Spain; and the Lufitanians, being threatened with a new war from Annius, invited Sertorius to head their armies. With this request he very readily complied, and foon became very formidable to the Romans. Titus Didius, governor of that part of Spain called Batica, first entered the lifts with him; but being defeated, Sylla next difpatched Metellus, reckoned one of the beft commanders in Rome, to stop the progress of this new ССЯ care to heighten by the power of fuperftition; for having procured a young hind of a milk-white colour, le made it fo tame that it followed him wherever he went: and Sertorius gave out to the ignorant multitude, that this hind was infpired by Diana, and revealed to him the defigns of his eve mies, of which he always took care to be well informed by the great numbers of Ipies he employed. While Sertorfous was employed in eftabathing his authority, the republic of Rome, alarmed at his fuccefs, refoived to cru!!. hun at all events. Syila was now dead, and all the eminent generais in Rome folicited this honourable though dangerous, employment. After much debate a decree was paffed in favour of Pompey the Great, but without recalling Metellus. In the mean time, the troops of one Perpenna, or Perperna, had, in spite of all that their general could do, abandoned him and taken the oath of allegiance to Sertorius. This was a moft figual advantage to Sertorius for Perperna commanded an army of 33,000 men, and had come into Spain with a defign to fettle there as Sertorius had done; but as he was defcended from cãe of the first families in Rome, he thought it below his dignity to ferve under a ny general, however eminent he might be. But the troops of Perperna were of a different op nion; and therefore declaring that they would ferve none but a general who could defend him. felf, they to a man joined Sertorius; upon which Perpina himself, finding he could do no better, confented to ferve allo as a fubaitern. On the ar rival of Pompey in Spain, several of the cities which had hitherto continued faithful to Sertenus began to waver; upon which the latter refolved, by fome fignal exploit, to convince them that Pompey could no more fereen them from his refentment than Mete lus. With this view he laid fiege to Lauron, now Lirias, a place of conliderable ftrength. Pompey, not doubting but he fhould be able to raise the fiege, marched qu'e up to the enemey's ines, and found means to inform the garrifon that thefe who befieged them were themfelves befieged, and would foon be obliged to retire with lofs and difgrace. On hearing this meflage, “I waí teach Syila's difciple (faid Sertorius), that it is the duty of a general to look behind as well as before him." Having thus fpuken, he fent orders to a detachment of 6000 men, who lay concealed among the mountains, to come down and fall upon his rear if he should offer to force the lines. Pompey, furprised at their fudden appearance, durft not ftir out of his camp, and in the mean time the besieged, defpairing of relief, furrendered at difcretion; up on which Sertorious granted them their lives and liberty, but reduced their city to afhes. enemy. But Metellus, notwithstanding all his experience, knew not how to act againft Sertorius, who was continually changing his ftation, putting his army into new forms, and contriving new fratagems. On his firft arriva! he fent for L. Doniius, then prætor of Hither Spain, to his anitarce; but Sertorius, being informed of his march, detached Hirtuleius, or Herculeius, his quæfter, againft him, who gave him a total overthrow. Metellus then dispatched Lucius Lollius prætor of Narbonne Gaul against Hirtuleius; but he met with no better fuccefs, being utterly defeated, and his lieutenant-general killed. The fame of thefe victories brought to the camp of Sertorius fuch a pumber of illuftrious Roman citizens of the Marian faction, that he formed a defign of erecting Lufitania into a republic in 'oppofition to that of Rome. Sylla was continually fending fresh fupplies to Metellus; but Sertorius with an handful of men, accustomed to range about the mountains, to endure hunger and thift, and live expofed to the inclemencies of the weather, fo haraffed the Roman army, that Metellus himself begah to be quite difcouraged. At laft, Sertorius, hearing that Metellus had froken difrespectfully of his conrage, challenged his antagonift to end the war by fingle comb.t; but Metellus very prudently declined the combat, as being advanced in years; yet this refufal brought upon him the contempt of the unthinking multitude, upon which MetelLas refolved to recieve his reputation by fome ligna! exploit, and therefore laid finge to Lacobriga, a confiderable city in thole parts. This he hoped 10 reduce in two days, as there was but one well in the place; but Sertorius, having previously removed all thofe who could be of no fervice during the fiege, and conveyed 6550 skins full of water into the city, Metellus continued a long time be. fore it without making any impreffion. At last, his provifions being almost spent, he fent out A. quinius at the head of dooo men to procure a new Tupply; but Sertorius falling unexpectedly upon them, cut in pieces or took the whole detachment; the commander himself being the only man who escaped to carry the news of the difafter; upon which Metellus was obliged to raite the fige with difgrace. And now Sertorius, having gained fome intervals of eate in confequence of the many advantages he had obtained over the Rouns, began to civilize his new fubjects. Their fnage a d furious manner of fighting he changed for the regular order and difcipline of a well-forined army; he bestowed liberally upon them gold and filver to adorn their arms, and by converfing familiarly with them, prevailed upon them to lay ahide their own drefs for the Roman toga. He funt for all the children of the principal people, and placed them in the great city of Ofca, now Herefca, in the kingdom of Aragon, where he appointed them mafters to inftruct them in the Koman and Greek learning, that they might, as He pretended, be capable of sharing with him the government of the republic. Thus he made them ically hoftages for the good behaviour of their pa rents; however the latter were greatly pleafed with the care he took of their children, and all Lufitania were in the hi heft degree attached to their new fovereign. This attachment he took (1) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, FROM THE DESTRUCTION OF LAURON, TILL THE MURDER OF SERTORIUS. While Sertorius was thus fuccefsfully contending with Pompey, his quæftor Hituleius was entirely defeated by Metellus, with the iefs of 20,00o men; upon which Sertonus ad vanced with the utmost expedition to the banks of the Sucro in Tarraconian Spain, with a defign to attack Pompey before he could be joined by Metelus. Pompey, on his part, did not decla the combat; but, fearing that Metellus might Share he not been affaffinated at an entertainment by the infamous treachery of Perperna, in 73 B. C. after he had made head against the Roman forces for almost ten years. Pompey was no fooner informed of his death, than, without waiting for any new fuccours, he marched against the traitor, whom he eafily defeated and took prifoner; and having caufed him to be executed, thus put an end, with very little glory, to a most dangerous war. (11.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, FROM THE MURDER OF SERTORIUS, TILL ITS CONQUEST BY THE VISIGOTHS. Many of the Spanish nations, however, stili continued to bear the Roman yoke with great impatience; and as the civil wars which took place first between Julius Cæfar and Pompey, and afterwards between Octavianus and Antony, diverted the atte: tion of the republic from Spain, by the time that Auguftus had become fole mafter of the Roman empire, they were a gain in a condition to affert their liberty. The CANTABRIANS and ASTURIANS were the most powerful and valiant nations at that time in Spain; hut, after incredible efforts, they were obliged to lay down their arms, or rather were almost exterminated, by Agrippa, as is related under these articles. From this time the Spaniards continu-. ed in quiet subjection to the Romans; but on the decline of the empire they were attacked by the northern nations, who put an end to the Roman name in the weft. As the inhabitants had by that time cutirely loft their ancient valour, the barbarians met with no refiftance but from one another. In the reign of the emperor Honorius, the Vandals, Alans, and Suevians, entered this country; and having made themselves mafters of it, divided the provinces among themfelves. In 444 the Romans made one effort more to recover their power in this part of the world; but being utterly defeated by the Suevians, the latter eftablished a kingdom there which lafted till the year 584, when it was utterly overthrown by the Goths under Leovigild. Care the glory of the victory, advanced with the greatest expedition. Sertorius put off the batt.e ful towards the evening; Pompey, though he knew that the night would prove difadvantageous to him, whether vanquished or victorious, because his troops were unacquainted with the country, refolved to venture an engagement, efpecially as he feared that Metellus might arrive in the mean time, and rob him of part of the glory of conquering fo great a commander. Pompey, who commanded his own right wing, foon obinged Perperna, who commanded Sertorius's Jett, to give way. Hereupon Sertorius iumfeif taking upon him the command of that wing, brought back the fugitives to the charge, and oblized Pompey to fly in his turn. In his flight he was overtaken by a gigantic African, who had aiready lifted up his haud to difcharge a blow at him with his broad fword; but Pompey prevented him by cutting of his right hand at one biow. As be ibil continued his flight, he was wounded and thrown from his horfe; fo that he would commay have been taken prifoner, had not the Africans who pursued him quarrelied about the zel furniture of his horse. This gave an opportunity to the general to make his escape; fo that at noth he reached his camp with much difficulty. But in the mean time Atranius, who comaanded the left wing of the Roman army, had tirely defeated the wing which Sertorius had 1-*t, and even pursued them so closely that he ent-red the camp along with them. Sertorius, retarring, fuddenly, found the Romans busy in pundering the tents; when, taking advantage of their Gruation, he drove them out with great {ghter, and retcok his camp. Next day he of ter battle a fecond time to Pompey; but Metelle- then coming up with all his forces, he thought proper to decline an engagement with both commanders. In a few days, however, Pompey and Metelius agreed to attack the camp of Sertorius. Metel'us attacked Perperna, and Pompey feil upcu Sertorius. The event was fimer to that of the former battle; Meteilus defeated Perperna, ad Sertorius routed Pompey. Being then informed of Perperna's misfortune, he haftened to bis lief; rallied the fugitives, and repulfed Metel.us in his turn, wounded him with his lance, and would certainly have killed him, had not the Romans, athamed to leave their general in diftrefs, haftened to his affiftance, and renewed the fight with great fury. At laft Sertorius was obliged to quit the field, and retire to the mountains. Pompey and Metellus haftened to beliege him; but wile they were forming their camp, Sertorius broke through their lines, and efcaped into Lufitan:a. Here he foon raifed fuch a powerful army, that the Roman generals, with their united forces, did not think proper to venture an engagement with Lim. They could not, however, refift the perpetual attacks of Sertorius, who now drove them from place to place, till he obliged them to separate, the one went into Gau', and the other to the foot of the Pyrenees. Thus did this celebrated commander triumph over all the power of the Romans; and there is little doubt but he would have continued to make head against all the other generals whom the republic could have fent ; had (12.) SPAIN, HISTORY OF, TILL ITS CONQUEST BY THE MOORS, OR SARACENS. The princes of the Goths, now called VISIGOTHS, or Weftern Goths, to diftinguith them from the Eafter or OSTRO-GOTHS, (See GOTHS,) continued to reign over a confiderable part of Spain till the beginning of the 8th century, when their empire was entirely overthrown by the Saracens. During this period, they had totally expelled the eastern emperors from what they poffeffed in Spain, and even made confiderable conquefts in Barbary; but towards the end of the 7th century the Saracens over-ran all that part of the world with a rapidity which nothing could refift; and having foon poífeffed themselves of the Gothic dominions in Barbary, they made a defcent upon Spain about the year 711 or 712. The king of the Goths at that time was cailed Roderic, and by his bad conduct had occafioned great difaffection among his fubjects. He therefore determined to put all to the flue of a battle, knowing that he could not depend upon the fidelity of his own people if he allowed the enemy time to tamper with them. The two armies met in a plain near XERES in Andalufia. The Goths began the attack with great fury |