the ad barrel, which was loaded with ball: this broke his wing; but on my advancing to feize him, he fought with great fury with the other. There are many thoufands of them in the inhabited diftri&t. They divide the field with the hyena: what carrion the latter leaves at night, the former come in crowds to feed on in the day. Near the extremity of each wing is a horny fubftance, like the fpur of an old cock. It is ftrong and harp, and a formidable inftrument of attack. Some Aluid exudes from this bird that smells like mufk; but from what part I am uncertain." The fer pants found in Soudan are the same as in Egypt; but the natives have not the art of charming them, like the Egyptians. The locuft of Arabia is very common, and is frequently roafted and eaten, particularly by the lives. In Dar-Fur there feems to be a fcarcity of metals; but in its neighbourhood all kinds are to be found. The copper brought by the merchants from the territories of certain idolatrous tribes bordering on Fur, is of the finest quality, in colour resembling that of China, and appears to contain a portion of zinc, being of the fame pale hue. Iron is found in a bundance. Siver, lead, and tin, they receive from Egypt; but of gold, in the countries to the E. and W. the fupply is abundant. Aiabafter, and various kinds of marble, are found within the limits of Fur, as is foffit fait within a certain diftrict; and there is a fufficient fuppy of nitre. Of our European trees, very few exift in Dar-Fur. The characterfue marks of thofe fpecies which most abound there, are their fharp thorns, and the folid and unperishable quality of their fubftance. They feem to be much the fame as thofe in Abyffinia. There is a smail tree called enneb, to the fruit of which they have given the name of grapes. It bears leaves of a light green hue; and the fruit, which is of a purple colour, is attached, not in bunches, but fingly to the fmaller branches, and interfpe fed among the leaves. The internal Structure of the fruit is not very unlike the grape, which it also refembles in fize: but the pulp is of a red hue, and the tafte is ftrongly aftringent. The water meion (cucurbita citrullus) grows wild over almost all the cultivable lands, and ripens as the corn is removed. In this ftate it does not attain a large fize. As it ripens, the camels, alles, &c. are turned to feed on it. The feeds, as they grow blackish, are collected to make a kind of tar, kutran. Thofe plants of the melon which receive artificial culture grow to a large fize, and are of exquifite flavour. Tobacco is produced in abundance; and cochineal is found in Dar-Fer, or its neighbourhood. The harvest is conducted very fimply. The women and faves break off the ears with their hands, leaving the ftraw ftanding, which is afterwards applied to buildings, &c. They then put them in baskets, and carry them away. When thrafted, they expofe the grain to the fun tili it become quite dry; after this a hole in the earth is prepared, the bottom and fides of which are covered with chaff to exclude the vermin. This cavity or magazine is filled with grain, which is then covered with chaff, and afterwards with earth, whereby it is preferved tolerably well. In ufing it for food, they grind it, boil it, and eat it with milk, or with a Sauce made of dried meat

boiled with onions, &c. The Furians ufe little butter. The monarch can do nothing contrary to the Koran, but he may do more than the laws wil authorife; and as there is no council to controul or aflift him, his power is defpotic. He speaks in public of the foil and its productions as his perfonal property, and of the people as little elfe than his flaves. His power in the provinces is delegated to officers, called Meleks, who poffe's an authority equally arbitrary. At the beginning of the Harif, or wet feason, which is the moment for fowing the corn, the king goes out with his Meleks and the rest of his train; and while the peopie turn up the ground and fow the feed, he alfo makes feveral holes with his own hand. This cuftom calls to the mind a practice of the Egyptian kings mentioned by Herodotus. The popu lation is not large. An army of 2000 men was fpo ken of, when Mr Browne was in the country, as a great one; and he does not think that the number of fouls within the empire exceeds 200,000. The troops are not famed for fkill, courage, or perieverance. In their campaigns, much reliance is placed on the Arabs who accompany them, and who are properly tributaries rather than fubjects of the Sultan. One energy of barbarism they poffefs in common with other favages, that of being able to endure hunger and this. In their perfons the Furians are not remarkabie for cleanliness. Though obferving as Mahommedans all the fuperftitious formalities of prayer, their hair is rarely combed, or their bodies compietely washed. The hair of the pubes and the axi læ it is ufual to exterminate. They have no foap, but a kind of farinaceous paste is prepared, which being applied with butter to the skin, and rubbed continually till it become dry, not only improves its appearance, but removes from it accidental fordes, and the effect of continued tranfpiration. The female flaves are dexterous in the application of it; and to undergo this operation is one of the refinements of African fenfuality. Nothing refembling current coin is found in Soudan, unlefs it be fmall tin rings, the value of which is in fome degree ar bitrary. The Auftrian dollars, and other filver coins brought from Egypt, are all fold as ornaments for the women. The difpofition of the Fu rians is cheerful; and that gravity and referve which the precepts of Mahommedanifm infpire, feems by no means to fit easy on them. A go. vernment perfectly defpotic, and not ill adminif tered, yet forms no adequate restraint to their violent paffions. Prone to inebriation, but unpicvided with materials or ingenuity to prepare any other fermented liquor than buza, with this alone their convivial exceffes are committed. But the the Sultan publifhed an ordnance (March 1795) forbidding the ufe of that liquor under pain death, the plurality, though lefs pubiicy than before, ftili indulge themfelves in it. A company often fits from fun-rife to fun-fet, drinking and converfing, till a fingle man fometimes carries off near two gallons of that liquor. The bu za has, however, a diuretic and diaphoretic tendency, which precludes any danger from these execffes. In this country dancing is practifed by the men as well as the women, and they often dance promifcuously. The vices of thieving, iy

of

a fpecies of abfynthium, for its odour, and as a remedy: both the laft fell to advantage. 21. Coffee. 22. Nutmegs. 23. Dufr, the thell of a fish in the Red Sea, ufed for a perfume. 24. Silk unwrought. 25. Wire, brafs and iron. 26. Coarse glass beads, made at Jerufalem. 27. Copper culinary utenfils, for which the demand is fmail. 28. Old copper for reworking. 29. Small red caps of Barbary. 30. Thread linens of Egypt. 31. Light French cloths. 32. Silks of Scio. 33. Silk and cotton pieces of Aleppo, Damafcus, &c. 34. Shoes of red leather. 35. Black pepper. 36. Writing paper, a confiderable article. 37. Soap of Syria. The goods tranfported into Egypt are, 1. Slaves, male and female. 2. Cameis. 3. Ivo ry. 4. Horns of the rhinoceros. 5. Teeth of the hippopotamus. 6. Oftrich feathers. 7. Whips of the hippopotamus's hide. 8. Gum. 9. Pimento. 1o. Tamarinds, made into round cakes. 11. Leather facks for water and dry articies. 12. Peroquets in abundance, and fome monkeys and Guinea fowls. 13. Copper, white, in small quantity.

SOUDE ST CROIX, a town of France, in the dep. of Marne; 10 miles W. of Vitry. SOVERDEM, a town of Maritime Auftria, ia Friuli: 5 miles N. of Belluno.

(1.) * SOVEREIGN. adj. [souverain, French: sovrano, Spanish.] 1. Supreme in power; having no fuperiour.-Player teftifieth that we acknowledge him our sovereign good. Hooker.

You, my sovereign lady.

ing, and cheating in bargains, are here almost uverfal. No property, whether confiderable or trifling, is fafe out of the fight of the owner, nor indeed fcarcely in it, unless he be ftronger than the thief. In buying and felling, the parent glories in deceiving the fon, and the fon the parent; and God and the Prophet are hourly invoked, to confirm the moft palpable frauds and falfchoods. The privilege of polygamy, the people of Soudan puth to the extreme. By their law, they are allowed four tree women, and as many flaves as they can maintain; but the Furians take both free women and flaves without limitation. The Sultan has more than 100 free women, and many of the Meleks have from 20 to 30. In their indulgence with women they pay little regard to reitraint or decency. The form of the houfes fecures no great fecrecy to what is carried on within them; yet the concealment which is thus of fered is not always fought. The shade of a tree, or long grafs, is the fole temple required for the facrifices to the Cyprian goddefs. In the courfe of licentious indulgence, father and daughter, son and mother, are fometimes mingled; and the relations of brother and fifter are exchanged for clofer intercourfe. About 150 years ago, previously to the establishment of mifm, the people of Fur feem to have formed wandering tribes; in which flate they probably contracted thefe monftrous habits of immorality. In their persons they differ from the negroes of the coaft of Guinea. Their hair is generally fhort and woolly, though fome have it of the length of 8 or 10 inches, which they eitcem a beauty. Their complexion is for the most part perfectly black. The Arabs, who are numerous within the empire, retain their diftuction of feature, colour, and language. They most commonly intermarry with each other. The laves, which are brought from the country they call Fertit, (land of idolaters,) perfectly refemble thofe of Guinea, and their language is peculiar to themfelves. The revenues of the crown confift of a duty on all merchandise imported, which, in many inftances, amounts to near a tenth ; of a tax on all flaves exported; of all forfeitures for mif demeanors; of a tenth on all merchandise, especially Daves; of a tribute paid by the Arabs, who breed oxen, horfes, camels, theep; of a quantity of corn paid annually by every village; befides many valuable pretents. The king is chief merchant in the country; and not only dispatches with every caravan to Egypt a great quantity of his own merchandife, but alfo employs his flaves to trade with the goods of Egypt on his own account, in the countries adjacent. The commodities brought by the caravans from Egypt are, 1. Amber beads. 2. Tin. 3. Coral beads. 4. Corasian beads. 5. Faife cornelians. 6. Beads of Venice. 7. Agate. 8. Rings, filver and brafs, for the ancies and wrifts. 9. Carpets. 10. Blue cotton cloths. 11. White cotton ditto. 12. In. dian muflies and cottons. 13. Blue and white cloths of Egypt, called Melayes. 14. Sword blades, from Cairo. 15. Smalt looking glaffes. 16. Copper face-pieces, or defenfive armour for the borfes heads. 17. Fire arms. 18. Kohhe! for the eyes. 19. Rhea, a kind of mois from EuToptan Turkey, for food and a fcent. 20. She,

Shak.

None of us who now thy grace implore, But held the rank of sovereign queen before. Dryden. -Whether Efau, then, were a vaffal to Jacob, and Jacob his sovereign prince by birthright, I leave the reader to judge. Locke. 2. Supremely efficacious; predominant over difeafer.-A sovereign prefervative of God's peope from the venomous infection of herefy. Hocker.-The molt sovereign prescription in Galen is but empirick. -Shak.

Thus I fearch it with a so'reign kifs. Shak. -A water we cali water of paradife, is made very sovereign for health. Bacon.

From parboil'd fhoes and boots, and all the reft

Which were with any sovereign fatness bleft.

1

*

Donne.

Some sovereign comforts drawn from common fenfe. Dryden. (2.) SOVEREIGN. n.f. Supreme lord.O, let my sovereign turn away his face. Shak. By my sovereign, and his fate, I fwear. Dryd. (3.) SOVEREIGN, in matters of government, 18 applied to the fupreme magistrate or magiftrates of an independent government or ftate; because their authority is only bounded by the laws of God and the laws of the ftate: fuch are kings, princes, &c. See KING, MONARCH, PREROGATIVE, PRINCE, &c.

(4.) SOVEREIGN POWER, or SOVEREIGNTY, is the power of making laws; for wherever that power refides, all others must conform to it, and be directed by it, whatever appearance the outward form and adminiftration of the government may put on. For it is at any time in the option

of

of the legislature to alter that form and adminif tration by a new edict or rule, and to put the execution of the laws into whatever hands it plea. fes: and all the other powers of the state muft obey the legislative power in the execution of their feveral functions, or elfe the conftitution is at an end. In our conftitution the law afcribes to the king the attribute of fovereignty: but that is to be understood in a qualified fenfe, i. e. as fupreme magiftrate, not as fole legiflator; as the legislative power is vefted in the king, lords, and ccm.nons, not in any of the three eftates alone.

* SOVEREIGNLY. adv, [from fovereign.] Supremely; in the highest degree. He was fove, eignly lovely in hi felf. Boyle.

(1.)* SOVEREIGNTY, n. f. [foveraineté, Fr.] Supremacy; higheft place; fupreme power; high. eft degree of excellence.—

I, your vaffai, have employed and pain'd Your unknown fovereignty. Shak. Happy were England, would this virtuous prince

Take on his grace the foreignty thereof. Shak. To punish and pardon malefactors; to have the fole authority of making war and peace, are the true marks of fovereignty. Davies

A mighty hunter thence he shall be ftil'd Before the Lord; as in despite of heav'n, Or from heav'n, claiming tecond fovereignty.

Milton. --Nothing does fo gratify a haughty humour, as this piece of ufurped favereignty over our brethren. Government of the Tangue.

Jove's own tree,

That holds the woods in awful fov'reignty.

Dryden.

I well forefee, whene'er thy fuit I grant, That I my much-lov'd sov’reignty shail want, And her new beauty may thy heart invade. Dryden. -Let us above all things poflefs our fouls with awful apprehenfions of the majesty and fovereignty of God. Rogers.-Seleucus recovered the jovereignty in fome degree. Arbuthnot.

(2.) SOVEREIGNTY. See SOVEREIGN, § 4. SOUF, or VOSTANI, the middle diftrict of Egypt, between Bahira and Said.

SOUFFEL, a river of France, which runs into the Rhine, 4 miles below Strasburg,

SOUFFLOT, James Germain, a celebrated French architect, born in 1713. He improved himfelf in Italy, and, on his return to France, was appointed fuperintendant of the royal build. ings, and thofe of Marly, the Thuilleries, &c. His greatest work was the church of St Genevieve in Paris. He died in 1780.

(1.) SOUFFRIERE, a fmall town, fituated at the bottom of a bay, towards the leeward extremity of the island of St Lucia. The ground about it is very remarkable. It is thus defcribed by Dr Rollo: "Souffriere is furrounded by hills covered with trees, the declivities of which, and every. part capable of produce, are cultivated, and afford good fugar-cane. This place has its marfhes, but not fo extenfive, or fo much to windward as thofe about Carenage. The extremity of the S. fide of Souffriere Bay runs into two fteep hills of a conical figure, which are nearly perpendicular:

they are reckoned the highest on the island, and are known by the name of the Sugar Loaf Hills. From their height and straitnefs it is impoffible to afcend them: it was once attempted by two negroes, but they never returned. They are covered with trees and fhrubs, and are the shelter of goats, feveral of which fometimes defcend, and are fhot by the natives. After paffing the hills to windward of Souffriere, a fine cicar and level country prefents itself. From the back of the Sugar-Loaf Hills, and all along the fea-coaft, to the distance of from 15 to 20 miles, this flat or level extends: it is all cultivated and divided into rich eftates, affording fugar-cane equal to any in our islands. This beautiful fpot is interfected by many rivers of very clear water, and thefe are conducted by art to the purpofe of fugar making. The rains in this part are lefs frequent than on any other part of the island; however, they have often a proportion more than fufficient. The wind here blows from the fea, or nearly fo. There is a remarkable volcano near Souffriere. A rivulet of black running water appears, fending forth teams nearly boiling. From this the volcano appears in a hollow, furrounded clofe on every fide by hils. There are only two openings; the one we entered, and another almoft oppofite to it on the N. fide. In the hollow there are many pits of a black and thick boiling matter, which seems to work with great force. Lava is lowly thrown out; and in the centre of the hollow there is a large mafs of it, forming a kind of hill. This we afcended; but were foon obliged to return from the exceffive heat. The lava is a fulphur mixed with a ca careous earth and fome faline body. We found fmail quantities of alum in a perfect ftate. In the opening, at the N. fide of the hollow, there is a rivulet of very good water. On ftirring the bottom, over which this water runs, we were surprised to feel it very hot; and on placing a tumbler filled with fome of the water ciofe to the bottom of the rivulet, it foon became fo hot as not to be touched. The liquid which runs from the pits is ftrongly impregnated with fulphur, and resembles a good deal the preparation fold in the fhops named aqua fulphurata, or gas fulphuris."

(2.) SOUFFRIERE BAY, a bay on the E. coatt of Dominica. Lon. 61. 17. W. Lat. 15. 31. N.

(1.) * SOUGH. n. f. [from fous, Fr.] A fubterraneous drain.-The deifs would be flown with waters, it being impoffible to make any addits or foughs to drain them. Ray.-Another was found in finking a fough pit. Woodward.

(2.) SOUGH. See MINE, III. 6.

* SOUGHT. The preterit and participle pass. of feek. I am sought of them that afked not for me: I am found of them that fought me not. Ifa. lxv. 1.

SOUHAITOU, a town of Afia, in Thibet. SOUI, a town of China, of the 2d rank, in the province of Hou-quang: 527 miles S. of Peking. SOVIESE, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia: 44 miles W. of Berlat.

SOVIGNY. See SOUVIGNY.

SOUILLAC, a town of France, in the dep. of Lot, and late province of Querci; feated on the Borefe; 32 miles N. of Cahors, and 9 NNE. of Gourdon. Lon. 1. 21. E. Lat. 44. 55. N.

SOUILLY,

SOUILLY, a town of France, in the dep, of the Meufe: 7 miles SSW. of Verdun, and 9 ESE. of Clermont.

SOUL TCHEOU, a town of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Se-tchuen, at the conflux of the Yan and the Kincha: 850 miles SW. of Pekin. Lon. 122 9. E. Perro. Lat. 28. 40. N. SOUKAPURA, a kingdom on the S. coaft of the island of JAVA.

SOUKERKE, a town of the French empire, in the dep. of the Lys; and late province of Austrian Flanders: miles NW. of Bruges.

(1.) * SOUL. n. f. \ faavel, Saxon; fael, Dan. fual, Islandick; fiel, Dutch.] 1. The immaterial and immortal spirit of man.-Heaven till then was no receptacle to the fouls of either. Hooker.

Perhaps, for want of food, the foul may pine. Davies. -Thefe, being religious bonds betwixt God and their fouls, could not by any politick act of ftate be diffolved. Hayward.-So natural is the know. ledge of the foul's immortality, and of fome abi for the future reception of it, that we find some tract or other of it in moft barbarous nations. Heylyn. 2. Intellectual principle.—

Eloquence the foul, fong charms the sense. Milton. -The eyes of our fouls only then begin to fee, when our bodily eyes are ciofing. Law. 3. Vital principle.

Souls of animals infuse themselves Into the trunks of men.

Shak.

Thou fun, of this great world both eye and foul. Milton. Join voices, all ye living fouls! Milton. -In common difcourfe and writing, we leave out the words vegetative, fenfitive, and rational; and make the word foul serve for all thefe principles. Watts. 4. Spirit; effence; quinteffence; principal part.

He has the very foul of bounty.
Charity the foul of all the reft.

5. Interiour power.

Shak. Milton.

There is fome foul of goodness in things evil. Shak. 6. A familiar appellation expreffing the qualities of the mind.

Three wenches where I ftood, cry'd,
Alas, good foul!

-This is a poor mad foul. Shak.—

Shak.

The poor foul fat finging by a fycamore tree.
Shak.

Keep the poor foul no longer in fufpenfe.

Dryden. -Unenlarged fouls are difgufted with the wonders of the microfcope. Watts. 7. Human being. The moral is the cafe of every foul of us. L'Er. -It is a republick; there are in it about 1000 fouls. Addifon.

My life is here no foul's concern. Swift. 8. Active power.

Heav'n would fly before the driving foul. 9. Spirit; fire; grandeur of mind.—

Dryden.

Not a foul, to give our arms fuccefs. Young. 10. Intelligent being in general.—

Every foul in heav'n fhill bend the knee.

Milton.

(2.) The SOUL is the principie of perception, memory, intelligence, and volition, in man; which, fince the earliest era of philofophy, has furnished questions of difficult investigation, and materials of keen and important controversy. (See ANATOMY, Index; METAPHYSICS, Sec. I. VI. XXXII, XXXVI, &c. and RESURRECTION, $2.) In the 4th volume of the Memoirs of the Literary and Philofophical Society of Manchester, the reader will find a very valuable paper by Dr Farrier, proving, by evidence apparently complete, that every part of the brain has been injured without af fecting the act of thought. An abridgment of that memoir would weaken its reasoning; which, built on matters of fact and experience, appears to us to have shaken the modern theory of the MATERIALISTS from its very foundation.

(3.) SOULS OF BRUTES. See BRUTES, 4-10. SOULAINES, a town of France, in the dep. of Aube; 12 m. N. of Bar, and 27 E. of Troyes. SOULANCOURT, a town of France, in the dep. of Upper Marne; 44 miles E. of Bourmont. * SOULDIER. See SOLDIER.

SOULE, a ci-devant county of France, between Bearn and Navarre; now included in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. MAULEON was the capital.

* SOULED. adj. [from foul.] Furnished with

mind.

Wou'd'ft thou the Grecian chiefs, though largely foul'd,

Shou'd give the prizes they had gain'd before. Dryden.

SOULIERES, a town of the French empire, in the dep. of Mont Blanc, ci-devant duchy of Savoy, and late county of Maurienne: 20 miles E. of St Jean, or St John.

* SOULLESS. adj. [from soul.] Mean; low; fpiritlefs.-Slave, foulless villain, dog! Shak. SOULONA, a town of Asia, in Thibet. *SOULSHOT. n. f. [ foul and shot.] Something paid for a four's requiem among the Romanists.In the Saxon times there was a funeral duty to be paid, called pecunia fepulchralis & fymbolum anime, and in Saxon soulshot. Ayliffe.

SOULTZ, a town of France, in the dep. of the Laver; 7 miles NNE. of Haguenau, and 6 S. of Weiffemburg.

SOUMENZAC, a town of France, in the dep of Lot and Garonne; 74 miles NW. of Laufan, and 13 NNE. of Marmande.

**

(1.) SOUND. adj. [fund, Saxon.] 1. Healthy; hearty; not morbid; not difeafed; not hurt.To take the ind:fpos'd and fickly fit For the found man.

Shak.

He hath a heart as found as a bell. Shak.-He hath received him fate and found. Luke, xv. 27.We can preferve

Unhurt our minds, and understanding found.

Milton.

The king vifits all around, Comforts the fick, congratulates the found.

Dryden.

But Capys, and the rest of founder mind, The fatal prefent to the flames delign'd. Dryd. -When a word, which originally fignifies any particular object, is attributed to feveral other objects, on account of fome evident reference or

relation