and later marries her. [See Bolte und Polívka, i, 192 for many variants of the last two incidents.]

AMERICAN INDIAN VERSION.

2. Ojibwa: Skinner, JAFL, xxix, 337.

A. Princess offered to propounder of riddle. A princess is offered in marriage to a man who can propose a riddle which she cannot solve.

A1. Hero obtains magic objects. An abused youngest son follows his brothers and their friends who are going to enter the contest for the princess. He has a good time while his brothers are trying in vain to think of riddles. On the way he receives three magic objects: a food-producing cloth, an inexhaustible flask, and a fiddle which compels people to dance.

B1. Accidental clues found. On the way the hero picks up an egg and a door-latch. He eases himself and takes his faeces along By means of these he confounds the princess. [The jests are confused and indecent, but they are remarkably close to the European originals.]

D1. Magic objects help hero from prison. The princess refuses to marry him and sends him to prison. He feeds the inmates from his magic cloth and flask, and makes them dance by means of his fiddle.

D. Outwitting the princess. The princess wants the magic objects, but he refuses to sell them. He lets her have them only if she will do three things: sit in his presence for five minutes in her night clothes, permit him to sleep outside her door, and answer "No" to all his questions. By asking appropriate questions he gains admittance to her bed, and the next day marries her.

XVIII. JACK THE NUMSKULL.

The stories of numskulls in European folk-lore usually center about the literal following of instructions in some foolish manner, the foolish giving away of goods out of pity, and foolish adventures with inanimate objects. These incidents appear in any number of orders

and combinations. Unlike the usual folk-tale, there is no well-defined line of action, and for this reason it is for the originals of separate incidents that we must look, rather than for originals of any particular combination. In many European tales these numskull incidents are followed by adventures of a clever hero, such as are found in the next chapter of this paper. This type is represented in Europe by Zingerle, No. 24, and among the Indians by Rand, No. 57. Only incidents found among the Indians will be considered in the following comparisons.

EUROPEAN TYPES.

1. German: Grimm, No. 59.

2. English: Jacobs, English Fairy Tales, p. 152.

A. Mr. Long-Winter. The fool is instructed to keep the bacon for the long winter. He talks this about to his neighbors. Finally a man appears who poses as Mr. Long-Winter, and the fool gives the bacon away to him. [See Bolte und Polívka, i, 521, 526 for variants.]

B. Literal fool. Jack works for a farmer from whom he receives a penny as payment. On his home he loses the penny. "You stupid boy," says the mother, "you should have put it in your pocket." "I'll do so another time," replies Jack. The next day he receives a jar of milk for his work and straightway puts it in his pocket. By this process of strict obedience Jack carries cream cheese on his head, loses part, and gets the rest matted in his hair; he carries a cat on his head and is scratched; he trails a shoulder of mutton along in the dirt; and finally carries a donkey home on his shoulders. [Jacobs. Cf. Grimm and Zingerle.]

C. Sympathetic fool. The fool sees the ground cracked from drought and fills the holes up with butter in order to heal them. [Grimm.]

D. Race with pot. The fool challenges a three-legged pot to race with him. In his anger he finally breaks off all the legs of the pot. [For variants see Bolte und Polívka, i, 521, note.]

AMERICAN INDIAN VERSIONS.

4. Micmac: Rand, No. 57.

A. Mr. Longdays. The youngest of three brothers, a numskull, is left at home to care for the house. One day when the brothers leave him to be gone on a long journey, they tell him to keep the pig for the long days. He tells this to all the neighbors, and soon "Mr. Longdays" appears and claims the pig. [For a related incident in which a girl marries "Mr. Wisdom" see Chapter XX, No. 7.]

B. Literal fool. At another time his brothers send him to bring home a horse. He takes the bridle off before he reaches home and tells the horse to go up to the house. When the horse runs away, his brothers scold him and say that he should have ridden the horse down the lane. The boy promises to do better next time. By this process of literal obedience he rides an old woman down the lane and tries to kiss a pig.

C. Sympathetic fool. The hero goes for lard, and seeing how cracked and hard the ground is, oils it with the lard. In the same way he fills up holes in the stubble with the needles for which he has been sent. With the red flannel that he brings from market he clothes the crosses in the graveyard, which he thinks must be cold.

B. Literal fool. When he is told to wash the mother's face, he does it as he would wash clothes: he puts her face in boiling water and kills her.

Clever fool. For rest of story see Chapter XIX, No. 3.

5. Shuswap: Teit, JE, ii(7), No. 63.

C. Sympathetic fool. The hero is sent to buy needles and on his way home sees women who he thinks have use for them and gives all his away. At this his father is very angry. He is next sent to buy fat, and he fills cracks in dry plants.

D. Race with pot. When sent to buy a pot, he buys one with four legs. When he tries to race with the pot and can get no response, he breaks off the legs one after the other. His father is so angry that the boy is forced to leave home.

19.

Dragon Rescue. For the rest of the story see Chapter I, No.

6.

Thompson River: Teit, JAFL, xxix, 315.

D. Race with pot. Exactly as in last story.

7. Thompson River: Teit, JAFL, xxix, 315.

C. Sympathetic fool. Jack sees the cracks in a dry puddle and fills them with lard so as to cure them.

The numskull stories given here were probably derived from French sources, like other tales told by the Micmac and Thompson River tribes.

XIX. JACK THE TRICKSTER.

The incidents in this and the next two stories to be considered (Chapters XX and XXI) are often interchanged. The first four incidents as they come in the French Canadian version of the present tale usually appear in the order given. The rest have no well-established succession. References for each of the incidents will be found after the description of it in the type given below.

GENERAL TYPE.

A. Sale of worthless objects. The hero sells worthless objects by making the buyer believe they have magic properties. [See Bolte und Polívka, ii, 10; Clouston, Popular Tales and Fictions, ii, 229; Espinosa, JAFL, xxvii, 221.]

B. Fatal imitation. The hero places a bag of blood at the throat of his grandmother. He pretends to kill her and then revive her with a magic wand. He sells the pseudo-magic wand to a man who tries it on his wife with fatal results. [Same references as for A.]

C. Substitute for execution. The hero is condemned to be thrown into the sea in a bag. As his executioners approach the sea, they leave him for a moment. He calls out continually that he doesn't want to go to heaven, and a peasant who investigates is persuaded to take his place in the bag so that he may go to heaven. [Same references as for A. See also: Dähnhardt, Natursagen, iv, 26; Cape Verde Islands: Parsons, JAFL, xxx, 236; Bahama Islands: Cleare, JAFL, xxx, 229.]

D. Diving for cattle. The hero, with the flock of sheep he has acquired from the shepherd he has duped, meets the man who has had him condemned. Naturally surprised to see the drowned man, he asks where the sheep came from. The hero replies that he got them from the bottom of the sea after he was thrown in. If he had gone on a little farther, however, he would have found a drove of cattle. The man dives for the cattle and is drowned. [Same references as for A.]

E. Falling on robbers. The hero takes a house-door up into a tree. While he is there, some robbers come and count their money under the tree. The hero lets the door fall, and the robbers flee, to the great enrichment of the hero. [See Bolte und Polívka, i, 522.]

F. The exchanged corpse. The hero, who has killed a person, sets the corpse up in such a manner that it is knocked over by another, who is thereupon accused of the murder. [See Clouston, Popular Tales and Fictions, ii, 242; Montaiglon-Raynaud, v, 115, 215, vi, 117; Köhler, Kleinere Schriften, i, 65.]

G. Tails in mud. The hero kills and sells pigs and leaves their tails sticking in the mud. The owner, when he tries to pull the tails up and finds that they come up easily, is convinced that the pigs have escaped underground. [See Cosquin, i, 50.]

H. Misreported order. The hero is sent as the bearer of an order concerning himself. He misrepresents the order so that he is given many desirable things. [See Bolte und Polívka, i, 286; Clouston, Popular Tales and Fictions, ii, 458.]

I. Holding up the rock. The hero puts his shoulder under a great rock and pretends to be holding it up. He persuades a man to take his place, and meanwhile runs off with the dupe's goods. [See Parsons, JAFL, xxx, 237, xxxi, 229 for variants. It is known in Spanish America. For Cape Verde Island version, see JAFL, xxx, 235; for Mexican, see Boas, JAFL, xxv, 206, 237.]

J. Holding down the hat. The hero steals a man's hat by telling him that he has a valuable bird under the hat that he is holding down on the ground. The man consents to hold the hat down while the hero goes after a cage. The man lends the hero

his good hat and the hero goes off with it. [Mr. Teit says that he has heard this tale in Europe.-JAFL, xxix, 314.]

K. The defiler rewarded. The hero defiles a church, and then