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GENIAL, GENIALES, an epithet given by the pagans to certain gods who were supposed to preside over generation.

GE'NIAL. a. (genialis, Latin.) 1. That contributes to propagation (Dryden). 2. That gives cheerfulness, or supports life (Milton). 3. Natural; native (Brown).

GENIALLY. ad. 1. By genius; naturally (Glanville). 2. Gaily; cheerfully.

GENICULATE. In botany. Kneed. (Knee-jointed, With.) Applied to a stem, peduncle of awn, forming a very obtuse angle at the joints, as when the knee is a little bent. As in alopecurus geniculatus. In Delin. Pl. it is explained to be, internodiis interceptus, which is the same with nodosus. There is this difference, however, that nodous (nodosus) means knotty, or merely having knots; whereas geniculate implies, that the stem is bent in an angle at the joint. Flexuous is totally different from both, for it implies deviation in a curve, not at an angle. See KNOTTED.

GENICULE. (dimin. from Genu.) In botany. Knee, knot, of joint. Properly a Joint, where there is a bending, like that at the knee: but is frequently put for a joint in general; and then is synonymous with nodus. See KNOT and KNOTTED.

GENICULATION. s. (geniculatio, Lat.)

Knottiness.

GENII, a sort of intermediate beings, which the Mahometans believe to exist between men and angels: of a grosser fabric than the latter, but much more active and powerful than the former. Some of them are good, others bad; and they are thought capable of future salvation and damnation, like men.

GENIO. s. (genio, Ital. genius, Latin.) A man of a particular turn of mind (Taller). GENTO. (from Yevov, the chin.) In anatomy, names compounded of this word belong to muscles which are attached to the chin.

GENIO-HYO-GLOSSUS. (musculus geniohyo-glossus, yivuvyawssos; from youor, the chin, and y, the tongue, so called from its origin in the chin, and insertion in the tongue.) This muscle forms the fourth layer between the lower jaw and os hyoides. It arises from a rough protuberance in the inside of the middle of the lower jaw; its fibres run like a fan, forwards, upwards, and backwards, and are inserted into the top, middle, and root of the tongue, and base of the os hyoides, near its cornu. Its use is to draw the tip of the tongue backwards into the mouth, the middle down wards, and to render its back concave. It also draws its root and the os hyoides forwards, and thrusts the tongue out of the mouth.

GENIO-HYOIDEUS. (musculus, genio-hyoideus, yerusvoudais; from you, the chin, and Daning, the os hyoides, so called from its origin in the chin, and its insertion in the os hyoides.) This muscle constitutes the third layer between the lower jaw and os hyoides. It is a long, thin, and fleshy muscle, arising tendinous from a rough protuberance at the inside of the chin, and growing somewhat broader and thicker as it descends backward to be inserted by very short tendinous fibres into both the

edges of the base of the os hyoides. It draws the os hyoides forwards to the chin.

GENIOSTOMA, in botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order monogynia. Corol funnel-form, the throat bearded; calyx inferior, five-cleft; stigma cylindrical, grooved; capsule two-celled, many seeded. One species; a native of Tama island.

GENIPI ALBUM. The plant which bears this name in the pharmacopoeias is the Artimisia rupestris; foliis pinnatis, caulibus adscendentibus; floribus globosis, cernuis; receptaculo papposo, of Linnéus. It has a grateful smell, and is used in some countries in the cure of intermittents and obstructed catamenia. See ARTEMISIA.

GESIPI VERUM. The plant directed for medicinal purposes under this title is the Achillea; foliis, pinnatis, pinnis simplicibus, glabris, punctalis of Haller. It has a very grateful smell, and a very bitter taste, and is exhibited in Switzerland in epilepsy, diarrhea, and debility of the stomach. See ACHILLEA.

GENISTA. Green-weed. In botany, a genus of the class diadelphia, order decandria. Calyx two-lipped, with two short teeth above and three longer beneath; banner oblong, reflected back by the pistils and stamens. Twentyfive species; almost all of them natives of Europe, generally of the south of Europe; three only common to our own heaths. Of this genus a few are spinous, but by far the greater number unarmed. Those indigenous amongst ourselves are:

1. G. tinctoria: with leaves lanceolate, gla brous; branches round, striate, erect; legumes glabrous. It is found both on our heaths and in our pastures with a shrubby stalk about three feet high. The flowers are used by dyers for giving a yellow colour to their ma terials, whence the plant has obtained the name of dyer's weed, or dyer's broom. Horses and cattle of all kinds eat it. See the article DYEING.

2. G. pilosa. Leaves lanceolate, fascicled; silky underneath, peduncles axillary very short; corols hairy: stem tubercled, striate, procumbent. Found on dry heaths, and not disliked by cattle.

3. G. anglicana; with simple or compouud spines, flowering branches unarmed; leaves oblong, glabrous; racemes leafy; corols glabrous. Found in large quantities on almost every heath; and too common to require farther notice. Horses and cattle refuse it; goats, however, eat it readily.

GENISTA CANARIENSIS. The systematic name of the tree whose wood is called rhodium. See RHODIUM LIGNUM.

GENITALS. s. (genitalis, Lat.) Parts belonging to generation (Brown).

GEʼNITING. s. (A corruption of Janeton, French.) An early apple. See PYRUS.

GENITIVE, in grammar, the second case of the declensions of nouns.

The relation of one thing considered as be. longing in some manner to another, has occasioned a peculiar termination of nouns, called the genitive case.

In English, the genitive case is made by prefixing the particle of; in French, de, or du, &e. though, in strictness, there are no cases at all, or at most only two, in either of those languages, inasmuch as they do not express the different relation of things by different terminations, but only by additional prepositions. (See CASE.) In the Latin, this relation is expressed in divers manners: thus we say, caput hominis, the head of a man; color rose, the colour of a rose; opus Dei, the work of God, &c.

GENITUM, in mathematics, a name given by sir Isaac Newton, in his Principia, to any quantity which is not made by addition, or subduction of divers parts, but is generated or produced, in arithmetic, by the multiplication, division, or extraction of roots, of any terms whatsoever, in geometry, by the invention of contents, and sides, or of the extremes and mean proportionals. "Quantities of these sorts (says he) I consider as variable and indetermined, and increasing or decreasing, as it were, by a perpetual motion, or flux; and I understand their momentaneous increments, or decrements, by the name of moments. Se FLUX

IONS.

GENIUS. S. 1. The protecting or ruling power of men, places, or things (Milton). 2. A man endowed with superior faculties (Addison). 3. Mental power or faculties (Waller). 4. Disposition of nature by which any one is qualified for some peculiar employment (Pope). 5. Nature; disposition (Burnet).

GENIUS, a good or evil spirit or dæmon, whom the ancients supposed set over each person, to direct his birth, accompany him in life, and to be his guard. (See DEMON.) Among the Romans, Festus observes, the name genius was given to the God who had the power of doing all things, deum qui vim obtineret rerum omnium gerendarum; which Vossius, de Idol. rather chooses to read genendarum, who has the power of producing all things, by reason Censorinus frequently uses gerere for gignere. Accordingly St. Augustin, de Civitat Dei, relates, from Varro, that the genius was a god who had the power of generating all things, and presided over them when produced. Testus adds, that Aufustius spake of the genius as the son of God, and the father of men, who gave them life. Others, how ever, represented the genius as the peculiar or tutelary god of each place; and it is certain the last is the most usual meaning of the word. The ancients had their genii of nations, of cities, of provinces, &c. Nothing is more common than the following inscription on medals; GENIUS POPULI ROM. the genius of the Roman people;" or GENIO POP. ROM." to the genius of the Roman people;" In this sense genius and lar were the same thing; as, in effect, Censorinus and Apulius affirm they were. See LARES and PE

NATES.

The Platonists and other eastern philosophers supposed the genii to inhabit the vast region or extent of air between earth and

heaven. They were a sort of intermediate powers, who performed the office of mediators between gods and men. They were the interpreters and agents of the gods, communicated the will of the deities to men, and the prayers and vows of men to the gods. As it was unbecoming the majesty of the gods to enter into such trifling concerns, this became the lot of the genii, whose nature was a mean between the two, who derived immortality from the one and passions from the other, and who had a body framed of an aërial matter. Most of the philosophers, however, held that the genii of particular men were born with them, and died; and Plutarch attributes the ceasing of oracles partly to the death of the genii. See ORACLE.

GENIUS, in matters of literature, &c. a natural talent or disposition to do one thing more than another, or the aptitude a man has received from the God of nature to perform well and easily that which others can do but indifferently and with a great deal of pains. The distinguishing characteristic of genius is invention. A man of genius is fertile in the production of new trains of thought, new selections and groupings of imagery, new expedients for the removal of difficulties, &c. Thus genius may be termed the power of making new combinations, pleasing or elevating to the mind, or useful to mankind. To know the bent of nature is of great importance. Men usually come into the world with a genius determined not only to a certain art or science, but often to certain parts of it, in which alone they are capable of success. If they quit their sphere, they fall even below mediocrity in their profession. Art and industry add much to natural endowments, but cannot supply them where they are wanting. Every thing depends on genius. A painter often pleases without observing rules, whilst another displeases though he observes them, because he has not the happiness of being born with a genius for painting.

A man born with a genius for commanding an army, and capable of becoming a great general by the help of experience, is one whose organical conformation is such, that his valour is no obstruction to his presence of mind, and his presence of mind causes no abatement of his valour. Such a disposition of mind cannot be acquired by art: it can be possessed only by a person who has brought it with him into the world. What has been said of these two arts may be equally applied to all other professions. The administration of great concerns, the art of putting people to those employments for which they are naturally formed, the study of physic, and even gaming itself, all require a genius. Nature has thought fit to make a distribution of her talents among men, in order to render them necessary to one another, the wants of men being the very first link of society; she has therefore pitched upon particular persons, to give them aptitude to perform rightly some things which she has rendered impossible to others; and the latter have a greater facility granted them for other things, which

facility has been refused to the former. Nature, indeed, has made an unequal distribution of her blessings among her children; yet she has disinherited none; and a man divested of all kinds of abilities is as great a phenomenon as an universal genius.

From the diversity of genius the difference of inclination arises in men, whom Nature has had the precaution of leading to the employments for which she designs them, with more or less impetuosity in proportion to the greater or less number of obstacles they have to sur-mount in order to render themselves capable of answering this vocation. Thus the inclinations of men are so very different, because they follow the same mover, that is, the impulse of their genius. This, as with the painter, is what renders one poet pleasing even when he trespasses against rules, while others are disagreeable, notwithstanding their strict regularity.

The genius of these arts, according to the abbé du Bos, consists in a happy arrangement of the organs of the brain; in a just conformation of each of these organs; as also in the quality of the blood, which disposes it to ferment, during exercise, so as to furnish plenty of spirits to the springs employed in the functions of the imagination. Here he supposes that the composer's blood is heated, for that painters and poets cannot invent in cool blood; nay, that it is evident they must be wrapt into a kind of enthusiasm when they produce their ideas. Aristotle mentions a poet who never wrote so well as when his poetic fury hurried him into a kind of phrensy. The admirable pictures we have in Tasso of Armida and Clorinda were drawn at the expence of a disposition he had to real madness, into which he fell before he died. "Do you imagine (says Cicero), that Pacuvius wrote in cold blood? No, it was impossible. He must have been inspired with a kind of fury, to be able to write such admirable verses."

We by no means wish it to be understood, from any thing said above, that genius is independent of method, or derives no aid from it. On the contrary we are persuaded that the man of philosophical genius pursues his investigations, the poet courts his muse, the painter sits down to his canvas, the inventive mechanist turns to his instruments, each by some method peculiar to himself; each following some rule, which though he is most probably incapable of imparting or even of explaining to another, he nevertheless invariably conforms to. The following remarks which a truly philosophical artist has applied to painting, may be extended, with some trifling alterations, to all the different employments of our intellectual powers.

"What we now call genius, begins, not where rules abstractedly taken end, but where known, vulgar, and trite rules have no longer any place. It must of necessity be, that works of genius, as well as every other effect, as they must have their cause, must likewise have their rules: it cannot be by chance that excellencies

are produced with any constancy, or any certainty, for this is not the nature of chance; but the rules by which men of extraordinary parts, and such as are called men of genius, work, are either such as they discover by their own peculiar observation, or of such a nice texture as not easily to admit handling or expressing in words.

"Unsubstantial, however, as these rules may seem, and difficult as it may be to convey them in writing, they are still seen and felt in the mind of the artist; and he works from them with as much certainty as if they were embodied, as I may say, upon paper. It is true, these refined principles cannot be always made palpable like the more refined rules of art; yet it does not follow, but that the mind inay be put in such a train, that it shall perceive, by a kind of scientific sense, that propriety which words can but very feebly suggest." Joshua Reynolds's Discourses).

(Sir

GENOĂ, a republican state of Italy; bounded on the north by Piedmont, the Milanese, and the Parmesan, on the east by the states of the duke of Tuscany, on the south by the Mediterranean sea, and on the west by the county of Nice; about 120 miles in length, but scarcely in any part more than twenty in breadth. The country is mountainous, and part of it covered with barren rocks, which serve for its defence. Some of the mountains are covered with wood, and some yield good pasture. There is but a small quantity of arable land, so that the inhabitants are obliged to purchase great part of their corn from Naples, Sicily, and other places; however, they carefully cultivate every place they can, and throughout the year they are supplied with excellent legumes and vegetables for the table. They make a considerable quantity of wine, and have abundance of excellent fruit.

GENOA, a city of Italy, capital of a republic of the same name. It is about ten miles about, and defended towards the land by a double wall. Several bastions are erected along the sea shore, on rocks which rise above the water. The streets are in general narrow, but clean and well paved; two, called the Strada Nuova and Strada Balbi, are filled with magnificent palaces, fronted with marble. It is the see of an archbishop. The cathedral is built in the Gothic style, and paved with black and white marble, in the treasury of which is preserved a curious hexagon dish, said to be of a single emerald, found at Cesarea in the time of the crusades, which the Genoese received as their share of the plunder. Besides the cathedral, it contains thirty-two parish churches, many of which are magnificent, and adorned with sculptures and pictures by the best masters. The doge's palace is large, without decoration, except two statues of John Andrew Doria and Andrew Doria, larger than the life, at the entrance. The arsenal contains arms for 34,000 men, machines, models for bridges, the armour worn by a number of Genoese women in the erusades, a shield containing 120 pistols, made by Julius Cesar Vacche, for the purpose of as

sassinating the doge and senate at one time, &c. Other public buildings are the Albergo, which serves as a poor house and house of correction, where is a beautiful relievo, the Virgin sup porting a dead Christ, by Michael Angelo; and the assumption of the Virgin, in white marble, by Puget, an inimitable piece of sculpture; a large hospital for the sick of all nations and religions; the Conservatory, for educating and portioning 300 poor girls; and a great number of palaces belonging to the nobility. They reckon at Genoa sixty-nine convents of men and women. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 150,000. Lat. 44. 25 N. Lon. 8. 41 E.

The government of Genoa was aristocratic, none but the nobility having any share in it. These were of two sorts, the old and the new, whence there were eighty persons chosen, who made the great council, in which their sovereignty resided. Besides these, there was a senate, composed of the doge and twelve senators, who had the administration of affairs. The doge continued in his office but two years. In the year 1798, the French contrived, by intrigues and force, entirely to change the old government, and to erect the Genoese territory into what they called the Ligurian republic, governed after the manner of their own, by two councils and a directory: the country likewise was divided into departments. At present Genoa is subject to the dominion of a son-in-law of Bonaparte, who has assumed the title of king of Italy.

GENSENG, in botany. See PANAX. GENT. a. (gent, old French.) Elegant; soft; gentle; polite: not in use (Spenser). GENTEEL. a. (gentel, Fr.) 1. Polite; elegant in behaviour; civil (Addison). 2. Graceful in mien (Tatler). 3 Elegantly dressed (Law).

GENTEELNESS. s. (from genteel.) 1. Elegance; gracefulness; politeness (Dryden). 2. Qualities befitting a man of rank.

GENTES, in botany, nations, great tribes, or rather casts of vegetables. Linnéus makes nine of them. 1. Palmæ. 2. Gramina, or grasses. 3. Lilio. 4. Herbæ. 5. Arbores, trees. 6. Filices, ferns. 7. Musci, mosses. 8. Algæ. 9. Fungi. The only difference between this arrangement and that of families is, that the third, fourth, and fifth divisions of the former are included in the seventh of the latter.

GENTIA'NA. Gentian. In botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order digynia. Corol one-petalled, tubular at the base, without nectariferous pores; capsule superior, twovalved, one-celled, many-seeded. Fifty-six species which may be thus sub-arranged.

A. Corols from five to nine-cleft; somewhat campanulate.

B. Corols funnel form, naked, five or tencleft.

C. Corols four or five-cleft, with capillary, many-cleft acute scales at the orifice. D. Corols four or five-cleft, salver-shaped, with the orifice naked.

The different species are scattered over the globe, but the greater number are Alpine plants; and five indigenous to the pastures and mountains of our own country. Those of chief note are,

1. G. lutea. Corols about five-cleft, wheelshaped, whorled; the whorls somewhat cymed; calyx spathaceous. It has a long, cylindric root, which affords the common gentian of the dispensatories. This root has little or no smell, but to the taste evinces great bitterness, on which account it is in general use as a tonic, stomachic, anthelmintic, antiseptic, emmenagogue, and febrifuge. The officinal preparations of this root are infusum gentiana compositum of the London pharmacopœia, and infusum amarum, vinum amarum, tinctura amara of the Edinburgh pharmacopœia; together with an extract, for which a formula is given in both pharmacopoeias. This plant is a native of the Alps, and some parts of Germany.

2. G. acaulis. Long-flowered gentian. Corol campanulate, five-cleft, as long as the stem; stem quadrangular. It is a native of the Alps, but frequently found in our flowergardens, to the beauty of which it contributes in no small degree by its elegant and variable little azure Howers. See Nat. Hist. Plate CXXIII.

3. G. nivalis. Corols five-cleft, funnelform; angles of the calyx equal, acute; branches alternate, one-flowered. It is found wild both in our own country and on the Alpine mountains.

The centaurium minus, or lesser centaury, is arranged by Linnéus and Hudson as a species of this genus: more minute examination, however, has since established it to be a monogynian rather than a digynian plant; and hence on the authority both of Withering and Curtis, we have transferred it to the genus chironia. See CHIRONIA CENTAURIUM.

GENTIANA ALBA. The root of this plant, laserpitium latifolium; foliis cordatis, inciso-serratis, of Linnéus, possesses stomachic, corroborant, and deobstruent virtues. It is seldom used. See LASER PITIUM.

GENTILE, GENTILIS, a pagan, or person who adores false gods. The Hebrews applied the name, genies, nations, to all the people of the earth who were not Israelites or Hebrews.

GENTILE, in the Roman law and history, a name which sometimes expresses what the Romans otherwise called barbarians, whether they were allies of Rome or not; but this word was used in a more particular sense for all strangers and foreigners not subject to the Roman empire.

GENTILESCHI (Horatio), an Italian painter, was born at Pisa in 1563. He painted in many cities of Italy, in France, and in England, with great repute. His finest work abroad was the portico of cardinal Bentivoglio's palace at Rome; and in England, the cielings at Greenwich and York-house. He died in this country at the age of eighty-four.

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Glycine Rubicunda.

Large flowered Genhan. Dingy flowered Glycine.

From McDonalds Fictionary Plate 26.

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