the use of the hand left or right (Brown). 2. With hands joined (Milton). HANDEL (George Frederic), an illustrious musician, was born at Hall in Upper Saxony in 1684. His father, who intended him for the law, perceiving his propensity to music, strictly prohibited all instruments from his house. The son, however, contrived to have a small clavichord concealed in the garret, where he used to amuse himself when the family was asleep. At the age of seven years he went with his father to the court of the duke of Saxe Weissenfels, to whom Handel's brother-in-law was valet. While there he got into the church one morning, and began to play on the organ. The duke, who was in the church, surprised at the playing, asked who it was, and on being informed, expostulated with the old gentleman for restraining his son's inclination; in consequence of which music was not only tolerated, but a master provided for him, who was Zackaw, the organist of the cathedral at Hall. Handel made so great a progress under this master, as shortly to become his assistant, and at the age of nine he actually composed the church service. In 1698 he went to Berlin, where he was greatly noticed by the king of Prussia. From Berlin he went to Hamburgh, and while there had a dispute with another musician, who basely made a push at him with his sword as they were coming out of the orchestra, but a music book being in his bosom prevented the weapon from piercing his heart. Here he composed, at the age of fourteen, his opera of Almeria, which had a great run. Soon after he visited Italy, and at Florence produced the opera of Rodrigo, for which he received a purse of a hundred sequins, and a service of plate. After travelling through the greatest part of Italy he returned to Germany, and 1710 came over to England; but being under an engagement to, the elector of Hanover, his stay was short. However in 1712 he came hither again, and obtained a pension of two hundred pounds a year from queen Anne, which was afterwards doubled by George I. Some of the nobility projected a plan for erecting an academy in the Haymarket, which was to secure a constant supply of operas to be composed by Handel, and to be under his direction. This plan was carried into effect, and succeeded for about ten years, and then fell to the ground. The rage for Italian music prevailed, and the divine Handel could not stop the progress of the delusion. He then went to Ireland, where he met with a favourable reception. But in 1742 his popularity returned, and he retained his glory to the last. He died April 14th, 1759, and was buried in Westminster-abbey, where there is an elegant monument to his memory. This most eminent musician is universally allowed to have been a great epicure: in his temper he was very haughty, but was seldom or never guilty of mean actions. His pride was uniform; he was not by turns a tyrant and a slave. He appears to have had a most exravagant love for liberty and independence; insomuch, that he would, for the sake of liberty, do things otherwise the most prejudicial to his own interest. He was liberal even when poor, and remembered his former friends when he was rich. His musical powers can perhaps be best expressed by Arbuthnot's reply to Pope, who seriously asked his opinion of him as a musician; "Conceive (said he) the highest you can of his abilities, and they are much beyond any thing you can conceive." A musical exhibition took place in Westminster-abbey some years ago, under the name of the Commemoration of Handel. It may justly be considered the grandest of the kind ever attempted in any nation. Of the rise and progress of the design, together with the manner in which the first celebration was executed, an accurate and amusing detail is given in the fourth volume of the History of Music, by Dr. Burney, who closes his observations on this memorable occasion with these words: "As this commemoration is not only the first instance of a hand of such magnitude being assembled together, but of any band at all-nuinerous, performing in a similar situation with out the assistance of a manuductor to regulaté the measure, the performances in Westminster-abbey may be safely pronounced no less remarkable for the multiplicity of voices and instruments employed, than for accuracy and precision. When all the wheels of that huge inachine, the orchestra, were in motion, the effect resembled clock-work in every thing but want of feeling and expression. And as the power of gravity and attraction in bodies is proportioned to their mass and density, so it seems as if the magnitude of this band had commanded and impelled adhesion and obedience beyond that of any other of inferior force. The pulsations in every limb, and ramifications of veins and arteries in an animal, could not be more reciprocal, isochronous, and under the regulation of the heart, than the members of this body of musicians under that of the conductor and leader. The totality of sound seemed to proceed from one voice and one instrument; and its powers produced not only new and exquisite sensations in judges and lovers of the art, but were felt by those who never received pleasure from music before. These effects, which will long be remembered by the present public, perhaps to the disadvantage of all other choral performances, run the risk of being doubted by all but those who heard them, and the present description of being pronounced fabulous if it should survive the present generation.” HANDER. s. (from hand.) Transmitter; conveyor in succession (Dryden). HANDFAST. s. (hand and fast.) Hold; custody: obsolete (Shakspeare). HANDFUL. s. (hand and full.) 1. As much as the hand can gripe or contain (Addison). 2. A palm; a hand's breadth (Bacon). 3. A small number or quantity (Clarendon). 4. As much as can be done (Raleigh). HAND-GUN. s. A gun wielded by the hand. HANDICAP, a term in the sportsman's dialect, applicable to match, plate, or sweep stakes, in the following way: First as to a handicap match. A, B, and C, put an equal sum into a hat. C, who is the handicapper, makes a match for A and B, who, when they have perused it, put their hands into their pockets, and draw them out closed; then they open them together, and if both have money in their hands, the match is confirmed; if neither have money, it is no match: in either of these cases, the handicapper C draws all the money out of the hat to his own use; but if one have money in his hand, and the other none, although it is no match, he that has the money in his hand is entitled to the whole deposit in the hat in stead of the handicapper. A handicap plate is the gift of an individual, or raised by subscription, for which horses are generally declared the day before running, at a certain hour, by written information privately delivered to the clerk of the course, whose province it is to make out the list, and hand it to the steward of the race; when the weight each horse must carry is irrevocably fixed, by whomsoever the steward may appoint, and appears in the printed lists of the following morning. Horses thus entered, and declining the weight appointed for them to carry, are of course permitted to be withdrawn, without any forfeit or loss. HANDICRAFT. s. (hand and craft.) 1. Manual occupation (Addison). 2. A man who lives by manual labour (Swift.) HANDICRAFTSMAN. s. A manufacturer; one employed in manual occupation (Sunft). HANDILY. ad. (from handy.) With skill; with dexterity. HANDINESS. s. (from handy.) Readiness; dexterity. HANDING, is sometimes used to express the taking hold of a cock during his battle in the pit. This, however, is a mere provincial term, the hander of the cocks being now more generally known by the denomination of a setter-to. See COCKPIT ROYAL. HANDIWORK. s. (handy and work.) Work of the hand; product of labour; mauufacture (L'Estrange). HANDKERCHIEF. s. (hand and kerchief.) A piece of silk or linen used to wipe the face, or cover the neck (Arbuthnot). To HANDLE. v. a. (handelen, Dutch.) 1. To touch; to feel with the hand (Locke). 2. To manage; to wield (Shakspeare). 3. To make familiar to the hand by frequent touching (Temple). 4. To treat; to mention in writing or talk (Atterbury). 5. To deal with; to practise (Jeremiah). 6. To treat well or ill (Clarendon). 7. To practise upon; to transact with (Shakspeare). HANDLE. s. (handle, Saxon.) 1. That part of any thing by which it is held in the hand; a haft (Taylor). 2. That of which use is made (South). HANDLESS. a. Without a hand (Shaks,). HANDLING, a term applied by cockers to the judicious examination of a cock by the hand when brought up from his walk, to ascertain whether he is in proper condition to be placed in the pens, and prepared to fight in either the main battles or the byes. This is done by a particular mode of taking the girt of the body by grasp, to discover the shape and substance, the bone, and strength, as well as the firmness or flaccidity of the flesh; upon the aggregate of which so much depends, that in proportion to these qualifications he is accepted or rejected. HANDMAID. s. A maid that waits at HANDSOMENESS. s. (from handsome) Beauty; grace; elegance (Boyle). HAND-SPIKE, or HAND-SPEC, a lever, or piece of ash, elm, or other strong wood, five or six feet long, cut thin like a wedge at one end, that it may get the easier betwixt things which are to be separated, or under any thing that is to be raised; it is better than a crow of iron, because its length allows a better poise. Hand-spikes are used in ships, to traverse the ordnance, to heave with in a windlass, to weigh up the anchor, &c. The gunners handspike is shorter and flatter than the other, and armed with two elaws, for the purpose of managing the artillery in battle, &c. HANDVICE, s. (hand and vice.) A vice to hold small work in (Moxon). HANDWRITING. 8. A cast or form of writing peculiar to each hand (Cockburn). HANDY. a. (from hand), 1. Executed or performed by the hand. 2. Ready; dexterous; skilful (Dryden). 3. Convenient; ready to the hand (Moxon). HANDYDANDY. s. A play in which children change hands and places (Shak.). To HANG. v. a. preter. and part. pass. hanged, or hung, anciently hong. (hangan, Saxon.} 1. To suspend; to fasten in such a manner as to be sustained, not below, but above (South). 2. To place without any solid support (Sandys). 3. To choke and kill by suspending by the neck (Shakspeare). 4. To display; to show aloft (Addison). 5. To let fall below the proper situation (Dryden). 6. To fix in such a manner as in some directions to be moveable (Maccabees). 7. To cover or charge by any thing suspended (Dden). 8. To furnish with ornaments or draperies fastened to the wall (Bacon). To HANG. U. R. 1. To be suspended; to be supported above, not below (Spenser). 2. To depend; to fall loosely on the lower part; to dangle (Dryden). 3. To bend forward Addison). 4. To float; to play (Prior). 5. To be supported by something raised above the ground (Addison). 6. To rest upon by embracing (Peacham). 7. To hover; to impend (Atterbury). 8. To be loosely joined (Shakspeare). 9. To drag; to be incommodiously joined. 10. To be compact or united (Addison). 11. To adhere, unwelcomely or incommodiously (Addison). 12. To rest; to reside (Shakspeare). 13. To be in suspense; to be in a state of uncertainty (Deuteronomy). 14. To be delayed; to linger (Milton). 15. To be dependant on (Shakspeare). 16. To be fixed or suspended with attention. 17. To have a steep declivity (Mortimer). 18. To be executed by the halter (Pope). 19. To deeline; to tend down (Pope). HANG-TCHEOU-FOU, the metropolis of the province of Tche-kiang in China. It is, according to the Chinese, the paradise of the earth; and may be considered as one of the richest, best situated, and largest cities of the empire. It is four leagues in circumference, exclusive of its suburbs; and the number of its inhabitants amounts to more than a million. It is computed, that there are a thousand workmen within its walls employed in manufacturing silk. What renders this city delightful is a small lake, called Si-hou, which washes the bottom of its walls on the western side; its water is pure and limpid, and its banks are almost every where covered with flowers. This city has under its jurisdiction seven cities of the second and third class. Lat. 30. 21 N. Lon. 120. 20 E. HAʼNGER. s. (from hang.) That by which any thing hangs as, the pot hangers. HANGER. S. (from hang.) A short broad sword. HANGER-ON. S. (from hang.) A dependant (Brown. Swift). HANGING. s. (from hang.) Drapery hung or fastened against the walls of rooms (Dryden). HANGING. participial a. (from hang.) 1. Foreboding death by the halter (Shakspeare); 2. Requiring to be punished by the halter. HANGING LEAF. In botany, a leaf point ing directly to the ground. HANGINGS, denote any kind of drapery hung up against the walls, or wainscot of a room: there are also window-hangings, bed-. hangings, &c. HANGMAN. s. (hang and man.) The public executioner (Sidney). HANK, s. (hank, Islandick.) 1. A skein of thread. 2. A tie; a check; an influence (Decay of Piety). To HANKER. v. n. (hankeren, Dutch.) To long importunately (Addison). He HANNIBAL, or ANNIBAL, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was educated in his father's camp, and inured from his early years to the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old, and at the request of his father took a solemn oath he never would be at peace with the Romans. After his father's death he was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet in the twenty-fifth year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Sa guntum after a siege of eight months. This was the cause of the second Punic war. levied three large armies, one of which he sent to Africa, he left another in Spain, and marched at the head of the third towards Italy. He came to the Alps, deemed almost inaccessible, and gained the top in nine days, having softened the rocks with fire and vinegar. After he had defeated P. Corn. Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines, and invaded Etruria. He defeated the consul Flaminius near the lake Trasimenus, and soon after met the two consuls C. Terentius and L. Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000 foot, and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated battle of Canuæ. No less than 40,000 Romans were killed, and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. He did not make a proper ue of his victory, by not marching immediately to Rome, which gave the enemy some respite, and contributed to renovate their spirits, but retired to Capua, which, on account of its pleasures and luxury, became a Canna to him. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became more cautious, and after many important debates in the senate, it was decreed, that war should be carried into Africa, to remove Hannibal from the gates of Rome, and Scipio, who proposed the plan, was empowered to put it into execution. This recalled Hannibal from Italy. The seat of war being thus transferred, he and Scipio met near Carthage, and determined to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama: Scipio made a great slaughter of the two first that formed it; whose trade received such advantage by their fitting out two men of war in each to convoy their ships, that more cities continually entered into the league: even kings and princes made treaties with them, and were often glad of their assistance and protection; by which means they grew so power fl both by sea and land, that they raised armies as well as navies, enjoyed countries in sovereignty, and made peace or war, though always in defence of their trade, as if they had been an united state or commonwealth. the enemy; 20,000 were killed, and the samne society or company of merchants; particularly number made prisoners. Hannibal, after he that of certain cities in Germany, &c. hence had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum, after called Hanse-towns. The word hanse is obsowards to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he lete High Dutch or Teutonic; and signifies advised to make war against Rome. Antiochus" alliance, confederacy, association," &c. being conquered by the Romans, and distrust- HANSE-TOWNS. The hauseatic society ing Hannibal, agreed to deliver him up to them; was a league between several maritime cities being apprized of this, Hannibal left the court in Germany, for the mutual protection of their of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias, king of Bi- commerce. Bremen and Amsterdam were thynia, whom he encouraged to declare war against Rome. The senate having received intelligence that Hannibal was in Bithynia, immediately sent ambassadors to demand him of Prusias. The king was unwilling to betray Hannibal, though he dreaded the power of Rome; but Hannibal extricated him from his embarrassment, by taking a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on his finger. As he breathed his last, he exclaimed, Solvamus diuturna cura populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum censet. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182 years B. C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest generals of the age, Haunibal, Scipio, and Philopomen. Livy has painted the character of Hannibal like an enemy, and it is much to be lamented that a great historian has withheld the tribute due to the merit and virtues of the .greatest general. (Livy). HANOVER, a town of Germany, capital of the king of Great Britain's German dominions, before they were wrested from him by the French. The electors resided here before George I. ascended the British throne. The regency was administered in the same manner as if the sovereign were present. It is a large well-built town, and well fortified. The established religion is the Lutheran; but the Roman Catholics are tolerated, and have a handsome church. Hanover is seated on the river Leina. Lat. 52. 25 N. Lon. 10. 5 E. HANOVER, an electorate of Germany, which comprehended, at first, nothing but the county of Lawenroad; but now it contains the duchy of Zell, Saxe-Lawenburg, Bremen, Lunenburg, the principality of Verden, Crubenhagen, and Oberwald. George I. king of Great Britain was the first that gained possession of all these states, which lie mostly between the rivers Weser and Elbe, and extend 200 miles in length from S. W.; but the breadth is different, being in some places 150 miles, and in others but 50. Their produce is timber, cattle, hogs, mum, beer, and bacon; a little silver, copper, lead, iron, vitriol, brimstone, quicksilver, and copperas. HANOVER (New), an island in the Pacific Ocean, seen by captain Carteret, in the year 1767, about ten leagues in length. The south. west part situated in lon. 148. 27 E. Greenwich; lat. 2. 49 S. HANOVER, a town in the state of Virginia, situated on the York River. Lat. 37. 47 N. Lon. 77. 25 W. There are three other towns in America bearing the same name, but of smaller note. HANSE, or HANS, an ancient name for a At this time also abundance of cities, though they had no great interest in trade, or intercourse with the ocean, came into their alliance for the preservation of their liberties: so that in the year 1200 we find no less than 72 cities in the list of the towns of the Hanse; particularly Bremen, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Rotter dam, Dort, Bruges, Ostend, Dunkirk, Middleburgh, Calais, Rouen, Rochelle, Bourdeaux, St. Malo, Bayoune, Bilboa, Lisbon, Seville, Cadiz, Carthagena, Barcelona, Marseilles, Leghorn, Naples, Messina, London, Lubec, Rostock, Stralsund, Stetin, Wismar, Konigsberg, Dantzig, Elbing, Marienburg. But this hanse or union has for some time been dissolved; and now every one of the cities carries on a trade separately for itself, according to the stipulation in such treaties of peace, &c. as are made for the empire betwixt the empe ror and other potentates. HAN'T, for has not or have not (Addison). HAN-TCHONG-TOU, a large and po pulous city of China, in the province of Chensi. It has 16 cities of the 2d and 3d class under its jurisdiction, and is seated on the river Han. Lat. 32. 45 N. Lon. 106. 55 E. HANUYE, a town of Austrian Brabant. Lat. 50. 41 N. Lon. 5. 16 E. HANWAY (Jonas), an English philan thropist, was born at Portsmouth in 1712, and being bred a merchant, formed a connexion with a commercial house at Petersburgh, by which means he took a journey to Persia, of which he afterwards published an account. On settling in London, Mr. Hanway devoted a considerable portion of his time to benevolent purposes, and perhaps was concerned in projecting more charitable institutions than any man that ever lived. Of this number, were the marine society, and the Magdalen hospital For these exertions he was made a commissioner of the navy; and when he resigned his seat at the board his salary was continued. He died in 1786. His works are very numerous, but those which we have mentioned are the best. One curious publication of his the nature of the subject induces us to mention a little more particularly it was entitled "Eight Letters to -- Duke of ―, on the Custom of Vails-giving in England," 8vo. This prac. tice of giving vails had arrived at a very extravagant pitch, especially among the servants of the great. It was Mr. Hanway who answered the kind reproach of a friend in a high station for not coining oftener to dine with him, by saying, "Indeed I cannot afford it." The nobleman to whom the above letters were addressed was the duke of Newcastle. The letters are written in that humorous style which is most attractive of general notice, and was best adapted to the subject. Sir Timothy Waldo first put Mr. Hauway on this plan. Sir Timothy had dined with the duke of N▬▬, and, on his leaving the house, was contributing to the support and insolence of a train of servants who lined the hall; and at last put a crown into the hand of the cook, who returned it, saying, Sir, I do not take silver."-"Don't you indeed?" said the worthy baronet, putting it in his pocket; "then I do not give gold." Among the ludicrous circumstances in Mr. Hanway's letters is one which happened to himself. He was paying the servants of a respectable friend for a dinner which their master had invited him to, one by one as they appeared; "Sir, your greatcoat;" a shilling—“ Your hat;" a shilling -"Stick ;" a shilling-" Umbrella;" a shilling-" Sir, your gloves;" Why, friend, you may keep the gloves; they are not worth a shilling." 66 HAP. s. (anhap. in Welsh, is misfortune.) 1. Chance; fortune (Spenser). 2. That which happens by chance (Sidney). 3. Accident; casual event (Fairfax). HAP-HAZARD. (Locke). S. Chance ; accident To HAP. v. n. (from the noun.) To come by accident; to fall out; to happen (Bacon). HAPAEE, the name of four of the Friendly Islands in the S. Pacific Ocean. They are of a similiar height and appearance, and connected by a reef of coral rocks, dry at low water. The plantations are very numerous and exbensive. HA'PLESS. a. (from hap.) Unhappy; unfortunate; luckless (Smith). HA'PLY. ad. (from hap.) 1. Perhaps; peradventure; it may be (Rowe). 2. By chance; by accident (Milton). To HAPPEN. v. n. (from hap.) 1. To fall out; to chance; to come to pass (Tillots.). 2. To light; to fall by chance (Graunt). HAPPILY. ad. (from happy.) 1. For tunately; luckily; successfully (Dryden). 2. Addressfully; gracefully; without labour (Pope). 3. In a state of felicity: as, he lives bappily HAPPINESS. s. (from happy.) 1. Felieity; state in which the desires are satisfied (Hooker). 2. Good luck; good fortune. 3. Fortuitous elegance (Denham). The words happy, content, satisfied, pleased, happiness, contentment, satisfaction, pleasure, all denote the state of a man who has what hẹ wishes. The difference of their several meanings. arises from the duration of this state, and from the degree of enjoyment afforded by the object of a man's wishes. Satisfaction and contentment denote only that situation in which we have no more. wishes that we should like to see gratified. This situation is the opposite of that inquietude. which unaccomplished wishes occasion. No wishes disquiet us any longer; what we have fills or suffices us. But satisfaction and satisfied, denote merely a situation of short duration; that situation, namely, which follows immediately after the fullment of a wish or of a desire. Content and contentment mark an habitual situation uninterrupted by any fresh wishes. Hence contentment refers to the whole desiring fa¬ culty; satisfaction simply to one particular desire. We say of a wish, a desire, a passion, that they are satisfied; of the heart, that it is content. The miser who sees his wish, his desire, his anxiety, his passion, to increase his heap of gold satisfied, is nevertheless not content; his heart and soul feel no contentment; he still forms fresh wishes, and his passion has never enough. The satisfying of our wishes frequently excites fresh ones, and tends rather to impede than to promote contentment. We ought not to satisfy every desire of our children, that they may be early accustomed to be content. No person can have all that he wishes, says Seneca, but every one may do without that which he has not, by quietly enjoying what falls to his share. Our desires are never satisfied; but nature is content with little. The difference of satisfied and content, from pleased and kappy is this: satisfaction and contentment denote merely the being freed from unaccomplished wishes, either by the possession of the wished-for object, or of some equivalent. Pleasure and happiness denote the enjoyment of the object, or the joy which the consciousness of possessing it causes, whether we have wished and procured it ourselves, or whether we have got it without either wishing for it, or doing any thing to obtain it. Happiness differs from pleasure by its duration. A single pleasure, or even several plea sures, may be scattered over the whole dark picture of life, as rare luminous points, and vet the whole life, or the person to whose share these pleasures fall, cannot be called happy. Hence, it is justly asserted, that the man who spends his life in sensual pleasures is not to be reckoned happy. Sensual pleasures, if we addict ourselves to them alone, are attended with disagreeable and painful consequences; and should they even not be immediately followed by such disagreeable and painful circumstances, he who hunts after sensual pleasures only, is, however, debarred from the enjoyment |