Rents and penalties to be levied by distress, and, in default thereof, imprisonment till paid; and if any rent is fourteen days unpaid, the licence may be withdrawn.

A coach should be taken possession of before the coachman is told where to drive; if he then refuses to proceed he, is liable to be punished; and if at any time you apprehend that more than the proper fare is demanded, you may offer whatever is asked, but charge the coachman to take no more than is due; and if he then persists in the overcharge and takes it, you may take his number and apply for redress at the Hackney-Coach Office, in Somersetplace; though the penalties are equally recoverable before the alderman of every ward of the city, or any justice of peace.

HACQUETON. s. (haquet, old French.) Some piece of armour (Spenser).

HAD. The preterit and part. pass. of have. HADBOTE, in our old writers, a recompence or amends for violence offered to persons in holy orders.

HADDINGTON, a borough of Scotland, in a county of the same name. Part of a monastery here is occupied as a parish church; and at a small distance are the ruins of a nunnery. Lat. 55. 50 N. Lon. 2. 35 W. HADDINGTONSHIRE, or EAST LoTHIAN, a county of Scotland, bounded on the W. by Edinburghshire, on the N. by the frith of Forth, on the E. by the German Ocean, and on the S. by the county of Berwick. It is about twenty-five miles long from E to W. and fifteen miles where broadest. A great tract of this county, extending to the S. and E. is for the most part chainpaign, and very fertile and beautiful. The soil is, in many places, doubly productive. Rich crops are raised on the surface; and the mines of coal are inexhaustible. The southern part of this county is very mountainous. In 1801 this county contained 29986 inhabitants.

HADDOCK, in ichthyology. See GA

DUS.

HADDON (Dr. Walter), a learned Englishman, born in Buckinghamshire in 1516, and educated at Eton school, from whence he was sent to King's college, Cambridge, where he took his doctor's degree in civil law. He was one of the most zealous promoters of the reformation, which brought him into some danger in the reign of queen Mary. On the accession of Elizabeth, he was made master of the court of requests. He was also employed on state affairs. He died in 1571. His miscellaneous works were printed in 1567, in 4to. under the title of Lucubrations.

HADES, the Greek term used in Scripture for the unseen state. See ADES.

HADLEY, or HADLEIGH, a borough in Suffolk, with a market on Mondays. It is go verned by a mayor, and has a very handsome church. Large quantities of yarn are spun here for the Norwich manufacture. Lat. 52. 10 N. Lon. 1. 6 E.

HADRIAN. See ADRIAN.

HADRIANEA, iu antiquity, games ob served at Puzzuoli, in honour of the emperor Adrian.

HADSJAR, or LACHSA, a province of Arabia, bounded on the north by Arabia Deserta, on the east by the Persian Gulf, on the south by Oman, and on the west by Nedsjed The asses and camels of this country are much valued, and some thousands of the latter annually sold into Syria. In the interior parts of the country dates form a principal branch of the food of the inhabitants. Pearl-fishing on the coasts produces considerable advantage, and there is some foreign trade. Lachsa is the capital.

HE'MA. (asper, from aw, to burn, because of its heat.) Blood. This word forms the commencement of a great variety of compound terms in medicine.

HÆMAGOGOS, !(of aia, blood, aud aye, I draw away.) The name of a medicinal composition described in Myrepsus, and intended to bring away the lochia, or forward the menstrual discharges. It consists of black hellebore and the foetid gums, with honey.

HEMANTHUS. Blood-flower. In botany, a genus of the class hexandria, order monogynia. Involucre many-leaved, many-flow. ered; corol superior, six-parted; berry threecelled. Fourteen species: all Cape plants, excepting one, which is indigenous to Sierra Leone. The following are the chief.

1. H. coccineus. Leaves tongue-shaped, flat, smooth, pressed close to the ground: umbel contracted, fastigiate, shorter than the involucre; border of the corol spreading. The leaves are produced in the autumn, continue through the winter, and decay in the spring; the plant through the summer being leafless. The flowers precede the leaves in the autumnal

season.

2. H. multiflorus. Leaves elliptic, lanceolate, acute, concave, erect; umbel many-flowered, longer than the involucre; peduncles jointed; border spreading; stamens ascending. This is the only species of the genus which has hitherto been found wild in any other part than the Cape. It is described by Seba as a native of Sierra Leone.

3. H. carinatus. Leaves linear, and hollowed like the keel of a boat: stalk taller and flowers paler than those of H. coccineus, or the cochineal blood-flower.

HÆMATE'MASIS. (hæmatemasis, from ape, blood, and w, to vomit.) Vomitus cruentius. A vomiting of blood. This disease is mostly symptomatic of some other, and generally arises from plethora, obstructed catamenia, or scurvy.

and the blood that returns hence is carried to the meseraic veins. The intestinum rectum is particularly subject to the hæmorrhoids, from its situation, structure, and use; for whilst the course of the blood is assisted in almost all the other veins of the body by the distension of the adjacent muscles, and the pressure of the neighbouring parts, the blood in the hæmorrhoidal veins which is to ascend against the natural tendency of its own weight, is not only destitute of these assistances, but is impeded in its passage: for, first, the large excrements which lodge in this intestine dilate its sides, and the different resistances which they form there are so many impediments to the return of the blood; not in the large veins, for they are placed along the external surface of the intestine, but in all the capillaries which enter into its composition. Secondly, as often as these large excrements, protruded by others, approach near the anus, their successive pressure upon the internal coats of the intestine, which they dilate, drives back the blood into the veins, and so far tend to suspend its course; the necessary consequence of which is, a distension of the veins in proportion to the quantity of blood that fills them. Thirdly, in every effort we make, either in going to stool, or upon any other occasion, the contraction of the abdominal muscles, and the diaphragm pressing the contents of the abdomen downwards, and these pressing upon the parts contained in the pelvis, another obstruction is thereby opposed to the return of the blood, not only in the large veins, but also in the capillaries, which being of too weak a texture to resist the impulse of the blood, that always tends to dilate them, may thereby become varicose.

The dilatation of all these vessels is the primary cause of the hæmorrhoids; for the internal coat of the intestine, and the cellular membrane which connects that to the muscular coat, are enlarged in proportion to the distension of the vessels of which they are composed. This distension, not being equal in every part, produces separate tumours in the gut, or at the verge of the anus, which increases according as the venal blood is obstructed in them, or circulates there more slowly.

Whatever, then, is capable of retarding the course of the blood in the hæmorrhoidal veins may occasion this disease. Thus, persons that are generally costive, who are accustomed to sit long at stool, and strain hard; pregnant women, or such as have had difficult labours; and likewise persons who have an obstruction in their liver, are for the most part afflicted with the piles; yet every one has not the hæmorrhoids, the different causes which are mentioned above not being common to all, or at least not having in all the same effects. When the hæmorrhoids are once formed, they seldom disappear entirely, and we may judge of those within the rectum by those which, being at the verge of the anus, are plainly to be seen. A small pile, that has been painful

for some days, may cease to be so, and dry up; but the skin does not afterwards retain its former firmness, being more lax and wrinkled, like the empty skin of a grape. If this external pile swell and sink again several times, we may perceive, after each return, the reinains of each pile, though shrivelled and decayed, yet still left larger than before. The case is the same with those that are situated within the rectum, they may happen indeed never to return again, if the cause that produced then be removed; but it is probable that the excrements in passing out occasion a return of the swelling, to which the external ones are less liable for the internal piles make a sort of knots or tumours in the intestine, which straightening the passage, the excrements in passing out occasion irritations there that are more or less painful in proportion to the efforts which the person makes in going to stool; and it is thus these tumours become gradually larger. The hæmorrhoids are subject to many variations; they may become inflamed from the above irritations to which they are exposed, and this inflammation cannot always be removed by art. In some, the inflammation terminates in an abscess, which arises in the middle of the tumour, and degenerates into a fistula. These piles are very painful till the abscess is formed. In others, the inflammation terminates by induration of the hæ morrhoid, which remains in a manner schirrus. These never lessen, but must necessarily grow larger. This schirrus sometimes ulcerates, and continually discharges a sanies, which the patient perceives by stains on his shirt, and by its occasioning a very troublesome itching about the verge of the anus. These kinds of hæmorrhoids sometimes turn cancerous. There are some hæmorrhoids, and those of different sizes, which are covered with so fine a skin as frequently to admit blood to pass through. This fine skin is only the internal coat of the rectum, greatly attenuated by the varicose distension of its vessels. The hemorrhage may proceed froin two causes, namely, either from an excoriation produced by the hardness of the excrements, or from the rupture of the tumefied vessels, which break by their too great distension. In some of these, the patient voids blood almost every time he goes to stool; in others not so constantly. We sometimes meet with men who have a periodical bleeding by the piles, not unlike the menses in women; and as this evacuation, if moderate, does not weaken the constitution, we may infer that it supplies some other evacuation which nature either ceases to carry on, or does not furnish in due quantity; and hence also we may explain why the suppression of this discharge, to which nature had been accustomed, is frequently attended with dangerous diseases. The hæmorrhoids are sometimes distended to such a degree as to fill the rectum, so that if the excrements are at all hard they cannot pass. In this case the excrements force the hæmorrhoids out of the anus to procure a free passage,

consequently the internal coat of the rectum, to which they are connected, yields to extension, and upon examining these patients immediately after having been at stool, a part of the internal coat of that gut is perceived forming a sort of ligature or stricture round the hæmorrhoids. A difficulty will occur in the return of these, in proportion to their size, and as the verge of the anus is more or less contracted. If the bleeding piles come out in the same manner upon going to stool, it is then they void most blood, because the verge of the anus forms a kind of ligature above them.

HÆRETICO COMBURENDO, a writ which anciently lay against an heretic, who, having once been convicted of heresy by his bishop, and having abjured it, afterwards falling into it again, or into some other, is thereupon committed to the secular power. See HERESY.

HAERLEM, or HARLEM, a populous city of the United Provinces, in Holland. In the year 1732, it contained 7963 houses, and about 40,000 inhabitants. The church, which is the largest in Holland, is adorned with a very fine organ. It consists of 8000 pipes, the largest 38 feet long, and 16 inches in diameter: it has 68 stops, of which the most curious is the vox humana. Haerlem is situated near a lake of the same name; and to the S. of the town is a wood, cut into delightful walks and vistas. At this city there are considerable manufactories of linen, tapes, and ribbands. Here is also a noted Philosophical Society. Lat. 52. 24 N. lon. 4.

38 E.

HÆRUCO. In zoology, a genus of the class vermes, order intestina. Body round, the fore part two-necked, and surrounded with a single row of prickles; without proboscis one species only, with a greyish white and wrinkled body. Inhabits the intestines of the mouse; and is distinguished from the genus echinorhynchus by its wanting the retractile proboscis.

HAFT. s. (hærz, Saxon.) A handle; that part of any instrument that is taken into the hand (Dryden).

To HAFT.U .v. a. (from the noun.) To set in a haft.

HAG. s. (hæxerre, a goblin, Saxon.) 1. A fury; a she monster (Crashaw). 2. A witch; an enchantress (Shakspeare). 3. An ugly old woman (Dryden).

To HAG. v. a. (from the noun.) To torment; to harass with vain terrour (Hudibrus). HAG. HAG-FISH. In ichthyology. See GASTROBRANCHUS.

HAGARENS, the descendants of Ishmael. They are called also Ishmaelites and Saracens; and lastly, by the general name of Arabians. As to the Hagarens, they dwelt in Arabia the Happy, according to Pliny. In the Chronicles it is said (1 Chron. v. 10.) that the sons of Reuben, in the time of Saul, made war against the Hagarens, and became masters of their country eastward of the mountains of Gilead;

which was the true and ancient country of the Hagarens.

HAGGAI (pleasant), the tenth of the minor prophets, and of those three prophets who were sent to the Jews after their return from the Babylonian captivity, was born at Babylon about A. M. 3457, and prophesied about 520 years before the Christian era. The occasion of his prophecy was the stop which was put to the building of the Temple, during many years after the foundation of it had been laid. The people had applied themselves to the building of their own houses, and neglected the house of God; till moved at length by the earnest exhortations of the prophets they resumed the work, and completed it in a few years. The style of this prophet is for the most part plain and prosaic; interspersed, however, with several passages of much sublimity and pathos.

HAGGARD. a. (hagard, French.) 1. Wild; untamed; irreclaimable (Spenser). 2. (hager, Ger.) Lean; rugged; ugly (L'Est.). 3. Deformed with passion (Smith).

HAGGARD. s. 1. Any thing wild or irreclaimable (Shakspeare). 2. A species of hawk (Sandys).

HAGGARDLY. ad. (from haggard.) Deforinedly; uglily (Dryden).

HA'GGESS. s. (from hog or hack.) A mass of meat enclosed in a membrane.

HA'GGISH. a. (from hag.) of the nature of a hag; deformed; horrid (Shakspeare).

To HAGGLE. v. a. (corrupted from hackle or hack.) To cut; to chop; to mangle (Shakspeare).

To HAGGLE. v. n. To be tedious in a bargain; to be long in coming to the price.

HA'GGLER. s. (from haggle.) 1. One that cuts. 2. One that is tardy in bargaining.

HAGIOGRAPHA, a name given to part of the books in scripture, called by the Jews Cetuvim. The word is compounded of αγια

66

holy;" and ya pw, "I write." The name is very ancient: St. Jerom makes frequent mention of it before him, St. Epiphanius called these books simply Taque. The Jews divide the sacred writings into three classes: The Law, which comprehends the five books of Moses: the Prophets, which they call Neviim: and the Cetuvim, called by the Greeks, &c. Hagiographa: compre hending the book of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, including also the book of Nehemiah, Chronicles, Canticles, Ruth, the Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther. The Jews sometimes call these books the Writings, by way of eminence, as being written by immediate inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Thus says Kimchi, in his preface to the Psalms, Maimonides, in More Nevoch, and Elias Levita in his Thisbi, under the word ana. They distinguish the hagiographers, however, from the Prophets; in that the authors of the former did not receive the matters contained in them by the way called Prophecy, which consists in dreams, visions, whispers, ecstasies,