of thy Christ, changing them by thy Holy Spi

rit."

In the present Greek church transubstantiation is as much an article of faith as in the church of Rome; for now every bishop at his consecration declares, in the most solemn manner, that he believes and "understands that the transubstantiation of the body and blood of Christ, in the holy supper, is effected by the influence and operation of the Holy Ghost, when the bishop or priest invokes God the Father in these words, " and make this bread the precious body of thy Christ, &c.” This is indeed a different account from that of the Latin church of the time at which this portentous change is wrought; but such difference is a matter of very little importance. If the change itself be admitted, the consequences must be the same, whether it be supposed to take place when the priest pronounces the words of institution, or after he has invoked the descent of the Holy Ghost; in either case it leads to idolatry. It may be proper to mention, that in the Greek church it is deemed essential to the validity of this holy sacrament, that a little warm water be mixed with the wine; that the napkin, which is spread over the holy table, and answers to the corporale of the church of Rome, be consecrated by a bishop, and that it have small particles of the reliques of a martyr mixed in the web, otherwise the eucharist cannot be administered. In this church children may receive the communion immediately after baptism; and this, indeed, however absurd, appears to us the only way of making the principles of Pedo-baptism consistent with themselves. The lay communicants, of whatever age, receive both the elements together, the bread being sopped in the cup: the clergy receive them separately.

We have observed, that one of the seven mysteries or sacraments of the Greek Church is confession; but among the Greeks it is a much more rational and edifying service than in the church of Rome. In the Greek church the end of confession is the amendment of the penitent; in the church of Rome it is to magnify the glory of the priest. In the former church, the confessors pretend only to abate or remit the penance, declaring the pardon from God alone; in the latter, they take upon them to forgive the sin itself. The Greek church prescribes confession four times a year to all her members; but the laity, for the most part, confess only once a year previous to receiving the holy communion; and to this they are in Russia obliged by the laws of the empire.

The ceremonies with which matrimony is performed in the Greek church consist of three distinct offices, formerly celebrated at different times, after certain intervals, which now make but one service. First, there was a solemn service, when the parties betrothed themselves to each other, by giving and receiving rings or other presents, as pledges of their mutual fidelity and attachment.. The ancient usage was for the man to receive a gold ring and the woman a silver one, which is still alluded to in the rubric, though in the present practice, the rings are generally both of gold. At this time the dowry was paid, and certain obligations were entered into to forfeit sums in pro portion to it, if either party should refuse to ratify the engagement. At this ceremony, called the palgov, or recording of the pledzes before witnesses, the priest gives lighted tapers to the parties to be contracted, making the sign of the cross on the. forehead of each with the end of the taper before be delivers it. The second ceremony, when is pro

perly the marriage, is called the office of matri monial coronation, from a singular circumstance in it, that of crowning the parties. This is done in token of the triumph of continence; and therefore it has, in some places, been omitted at second marriages. Formerly these crowns were garlands made of flowers or shrubs; but now there are kept, in most churches, crowns of silver or some other metal for the celebration of matrimony. At the putting of them on, the priest says, "N, the servant of God, is crowned for the handmaid of God;" and "N, handmaid of God, is crowned for the servant of God, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost;" adding thrice, "O Lord our God, crown them with glory and honour."

The third ceremony is that of dissolving the crowns on the eighth day; after which the bride is conducted to the bridegroom's house, immediately to enter on the cares of his family.

With respect to discipline and government, the Greek church bears a striking resemblance to that of Rome. In both there is the same division of the clergy into regular and secular; the same spiritual jurisdiction of bishops and their officials, and the same distinction of ranks and offices. In some points the discipline of the Greeks differs from that of the Romans. All orders of secular clergy in the Greek church inferior to bishops are permitted to marry; but celibacy, and the assumption of the monastic habits, are indispensably requisite in those who are candidates for the mitre. The regular clergy, says Mr. Dallaway, are generally men of a certain education; whereas the seculars are of the meaner sort, and illiterate in the extreme.

In the Greek church there are five orders of clergy promoted by the imposition of hands; but it does not appear that the ordination of the reader, or of the subdeacon, is considered as a sacrament. The forms used in the ordination of deacons, presbyters, and bishops, are seriousand significant, bearing in themselves evidence of great antiquity. The candidate for the deaconate or priesthood kneels before the holy table, and the bishop, laying his right hand on his head, saith, "The divine grace, which healeth our infirmities, and supplieth our defects, promoteth N, the most pious sub-deacon, to the order of deacon;” or, in the case of the priesthood, The most pious deacon to the order of a presbyter; let us pray for him, that the grace of the Holy Spirit may come upon him." It does not appear, from Dr. King's account of these offices, that in the Greek church the attending presbyters lay on their hands toge ther with the bishop, at the ordination of a pres. byter, as is practised in the church of England; but several bishops lay on their hands together with the archbishop, at the consecration of a bishop. Indeed the whole of the consecration of a bishop is a soleinn and impressive ceremony. It concludes with a prayer, that Christ will make the new bishop an imitation of himself, the true shepherd; that he will make him a leader of the blind, a light to those who walk in darkness, and a teacher of infants; that he may shine in the world, and receive at last the great reward prepared for those who contend boldly for the preaching of the gospel. After this the pastoral-staff is delivered to the new bishop, with a very proper and solemu exhortation from the archbishop, to feed the flock of Christ committed to his care.

The last sacrament of the Greek church is that of the holy oil or euchelaion, which is not con

fined to persons "periculose ægrotantibus, et mortis periculo imminente," like the extreme unction of the Romish church; but is administered, if required, to devout persons upon the slight est malady. Though this ordinance is derived from St. James, chap. v. ver. 14, 15. it is by no means deemed necessary to salvation, or obligatory upon a Christians; and it is well that it is not, for seven priests are required to administer it regularly, and it cannot be administered at all by less than three. The oil is consecrated with much solemnity; after which cach priest, in his turn, takes a twig, and dipping it in the oil now made holy, anoints the sick person cross-wise, on the forehead, on the nostrils, on the paps, the mouth, the breast, and both sides of the hands, praying that he may be delivered from the bodily infirmity under which he labours, and raised up by the grace of Jesus Christ.

In the Greek, as well as in the Latin church, there is a service, called the divine lavipedium, observed on the Thursday of Passion-week, in imitation of our Saviour's humility. At Constantinople Jesus Christ is, on this occasion, personified by the patriarch, and every where else by the bishop of the diocese, and the twelve apostles by twelve regular priests, when a ludicrous contest arises who shall represent Judas; for the name attaches for life. This office is performed at the west end of the church, where an arm-chair is set at the bottom, facing the east, for the bishop; and on each side are placed twelve chairs for the twelve priests, who are to represent the twelve apostles. The prayers and hymns used on this occasion are exceedingly beautiful and appropriate; and when the first gospel, relating our Saviour's washing of his disciples feet, begins to be read, the bishop or patriarch rises up, and takes off his pontifical vestments by himself without assistance. He then girds himself with a towel, and taking a bason of water in his hand, kneels down and washes one foot of each priest, beginning with the youngest; and after having washed it he kisses it. All this is done as the several circumstances are read; and when he comes to the last priest, who is supposed to represent Peter, that priest rises up and saith," Lord, dost thou wash my feet?" &c. The bishop answers in the words of our Saviour; and having finished the whole, puts on his garments again, and sits down; and as the second gospel is read, repeats the words of our Saviour, "Know ye what I have done unto you?" &c. The of fice is certainly ancient, and if decently performed may be affecting.

Among the Russian festivals, the King's day, or the benediction of the waters, is very singular. It is celebrated at the beginning of the year, and is thus described by Chantreau. "On the Neva, then frozen, there is raised for this ceremony a kind of temple, of an octagonal figure, on the top of which is a St. John the Baptist, and the inside is decorated with pictures, representing the baptism of Jesus, his transfiguration, and some other parts of his life. There your attention is drawn to an enormous Holy Ghost, appearing to descend from heaven, a decoration common to all the Greek churches, which introduces the Holy Ghost every where. In the middle of the sanctuary is a square space, where the broken ice leaves a communication with the waters running below, and the rest is ornamented with rich tapestry. Around this temple there is erected a kind of gallery, which

communicates with one of the windows of the imperial palace, at which the empress and her family come out to attend the ceremony, which begins as soon as the regiments of guards have taken post on the river. Then the archbishop, at the sound of the bells, and of the artillery of the fortress, comes out of the palace, and walks in procession, with all his clergy, to the little temple we have just mentioned. When arrived at the place where the ice is broken, he descends, by means of a ladder, to the side of the water. There he dips his cross three or four times, aferwards says some prayers, an orison to the great St. Nicholas, and the waters are then thought blessed. The prelate sprinkles the water on the company around him, and on the colours of all the regiments that happen to be at St Petersburg. After this benediction, the archbishop retires. Then the people crowd towards the hole, by which this prelate has blessed the waters. They drink of them with a holy avidity. Notwithstanding the cold, the mothers plunge their infants, and the old men their heads, into them. Every body makes it a duty to carry away some for the purification of their houses, and curing certain distempers, against which the good Russians pretend this holy water is a powerful specific. While every one proceeds to this useful provision, four popes, who are at the four corners of the sanctuary, sing a kind of litany in which they rehearse all the titles of the empress, and to which the people answer by these words, Pamelo-Bog-" May God take pity on her." Since the death of the empress, this part of the service has, we doubt not, received a correspondent alteration.

Among the Greek clergy, the next person to a bishopis an archimandrite, who is the director of one or more convents, which are called mandren; then come the abbot, the arch-priest, the priest, the deacon, the under-d acon, the chanter, and the lecturer. The secular clergy are subjected to no rules, and never rise higher than high-priest. They are allowed to marry once; but it must be with a virgin, and before they are ordained, They have neither glebe nor tythes, but depend on the perquisites that arise from their office; and they seldom preach but in Lent. The head of the Greek church is the patriarch of Constantinople; who is chosen by the neighbouring archbishops and metropolitans, and confirmed by the emperor or grand visir. He is a person of great dignity, being the head and director of the eastern church. The other patriarchs are those of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. Mr. Tournefort tells us, that the patriarchates are now generally set to sale, and bestowed upon those who are the highest biders. It may be proper to add here, that after the taking of Constantinople by Mahommed II. he continued to the patriarch of that city the same present which the Greek emperors had been accustomed to make—a pastoral staff, a white horse, and four hunded ducats in gold. To the Greek church and the maintenance of its clergy he left indeed ampie revennes, which they have gradually sacridced to their inconstancy, their ambition, and their private jealousy. Stiil, however, the patriarch of Constantinople fills a very lucrative and high office. "Besides the power of nominating the other three patriarchs, and all episcopal dignitaries (says Mr. Dallaway), he enjoys a most extensive jurisdiction, compris ing the churches of Anatolia, Greece, Wallachia, Moldavia, and the islands of the Archipelago,

from the front, it will be adviseable to make a Alue of about ten inches in width, and two feet deep, to be extended the whole length of the house, which may be returned along the back part, and the smoke be carried up into funnels adjoining the tool-house. The fire place may be contrived at one end of the house; and the door at which the fuel is introduced, as also the ash-grate, should enter into the toolhouse; where the fuel being likewise laid, the whole will be out of sight. Fires, however, must be very sparingly used in this place: not one winter in three or four will require them to be lighted, since this ought never to be done but when the frost cannot well be kept out any other way. Indeed the coldest weather cannot make it necessary for the green-house to be shut up close for a long time together, which would be attended with very ill couse quences; for as it frequently happens, that in continued frosts we have an hour or two of sun-shine in the middle of the day, it will be of great service to the plants if they be allowed to enjoy its rays through the glasses; but the window-shutters should be closed again as soon as it is clouded. The inside of the house should either be whitewashed or painted white; for this colour reflects the rays of light in a greater quantity than any other. In this green-house there should be trussels, upon which rows of planks should be fixed, in order to hold the pots or tubs of plants, the foremost of which should be placed four feet from the window, and the rows behind rise gradually from the first, in such a manner, that the heads of the second row be entirely advanced above the first, the stems only being hid by it: and at the back part there should be allowed at least a space of five feet, for the conveniency of watering the plants, and admitting a current of air around them: care should also be taken not to place the plants too close to each other, nor ever to place euphorbiums, sedums, torch thistles, and other tender succulent plants, amongst oranges, myrtles, and other evergreens. To avoid the inconvenience of placing plants of very different natures in the same house, it will be proper to have two wings added to the main green-house, which may largely add to the beauty of the building, and also collect a greater share of heat. Upon this plan the green-house is supposed exactly to front the south, one of the wings to face the south-east, and the other the south-west: so that from the time of the sun's first appearance upon any part of the building, till his departure at night, be will be constantly reflected from one part to the other, and the cold winds will be also kept off from the front of the main green-house. In the area may be placed many of the tender exotic plants, that will bear to be exposed in the summer season: and in the spring, before the weather will permit the plants to be set out, the beds and borders of this area may be filled with anemonies, ranunculuses, tulips, &c.

In the center of this area may be introduced a small bason for water, which will be very Convenient for watering the plants; and the

two wings of the building should be so con“ trived as to maintain plants of different degrees of hardiness, which should be effected by the situation and extent of the fire-place, and the manner of conducting the flues. If the wings be sixty feet in length they may be conveniently divided in the middle by partitions of glass, with glass doors, and to each of them should be a fire-place, with flues carried up agains the back wall. The sloping glasses of these houses should be made to slide and take off as pleasure, so as to admit air to the plants, according to the temperature of the external atmosphere.

GREENE (Dr. Maurice), an eminent musician, and professor of music at Cambridge, was a native of London. He began the work of correcting and reforming the church music, greatly corrupted by transcribers; which undertaking was completed by his friend Dr. Boyce. He died in 1755.

GREENEYED. a. (green and eye.) Haring eyes coloured with green. GREENISH. a. (from green.) Somewhat green; tending to green. GREENSHANK, in ornithology. SCOPOLAX.

See

GREENLAND, a general name by which are denoted the most easterly parts of America, stretching towards the north pole, and likewise some islands to the north of the continent of Europe, lying in very high latitudes. This country is divided into West and East Greenland. West Greenland was discovered in the ninth century, by the Norwegians, who planted colonies there. The communication with that country, after a long interruption, was renewed in the last century. From the Lu theran and Moravian missionaries, who settled in this frozen and uncultivated region, we learn that the N. W. coast of Greenland is separated from America by a very narrow strait; that, at the bottom of the bay into which this strait conducts, it is highly probable they are united; that the inhabitants of the two countries have some intercourse; and that the Eskimaux of America much resemble the Greenlanders in their aspect, dress, mode of living, and language. East Greenland was, for a long time, considered as a part of the continent of West Greenland, but is now ascertained to be an assemblage of islands lying between 9. and 20 E. Lon. and 76. 40 and 80. 30 N. lat. It was discovered, in 1533, by Sir Hugh Willoughby, who called it Greenland, supposing it to be a part of the Western Continent. In 1595, it was visited by Barentz, and Cornelius, who pretended to be the original discoverers, and called it Spitzbergen, or sharp mountains, from the many sharp-pointed and rocky mountains with which it abounds. The only qua drupeds of either West or East Greenland are deer, white bears, and foxes. To its frozen seas the English, and other nations, repair annually in the proper season, to fish for whales. See SPITZBERGEN.

Early in the last century, Haus Egede, minister of Vogen, in Norway, prompted by a

laudable zeal to promote the knowledge of Christ among the savage Greenlanders, made some proposals for renewing the intercourse between Denmark and Norway, and Greenland, which had been discontinued for some centuries. Most of the friends and acquaintance of this worthy divine, when they heard of his project, looked upon it as a chimerical undertaking. However, in the year 1718, he resigned his benefice in the south part of Norway, and removed with his wife and children to Bergen. His proposals did not meet with a favourable reception either from the merchants or clergy of that city. He therefore went to Copenhagen, in 1719, and laid his plan before the king; who sent an order to the magistracy of Bergen, to propose to the citizens the erecting of a Greenland company. This, after many difficulties, was at last effected in the year 1721, and a capital of 10,000 rix dollars was raised for that purpose. The new established company fitted out three ships for Greenland; and the indefatigable Egede was sent thither as missionary, and furnished with 300 guilders by the society for propagating the gospel at Copenhagen. It was not without great dan ger and difficulty that the single ship which had the missionary on board at length arrived off a place called Baal's-River, on the west side of Greenland, in latitude sixty-four degrees, and wintered on an island there. M. Egede, and forty men who remained with him, immediately set about building a house, in which the natives readily lent them a helping hand. This new colony was, from year to year, carefully supplied with necessaries by the company; but the trade carried on with Greenland brought in no great profit. In the mean while, the missionary employed his time in learning the Greenland language; and by his liberality and sweetness of manners so endeared himself to the inhabitants, that the respect they showed him in some particulars far exceeded his wishes; for they entertained such an exalted idea of his piety and virtue, that all the sick flocked about him, imploring him to heal them, being persuaded that his breathing on them would restore them to health. In 1731, a royal edict was published, enjoining all the king's subjects in Greenland to return home, and the colonies were thereby dissolved. But M. Egede, being zealous for the salvation of the inhabitants, staid behind, together with his family, and some others who chose to follow his fortunes. In 1733, the Greenland trade was re-assumed with great vigour; and the king granted a pension of 2000 rix-dollars a year to the missionaries. In the year 1736, M. Egede returned to Denmark, after a residence of fifteen years, which he had spent in a zealous endeavour to do good, and left behind him a great number of converts.

GREENLAW, the county town of Berwickshire, seated on a river that joins the Tweed, before it reaches Berwick. Lat. 55. 43 N. Lon. 2. 18 W.

GREENLY. ad. (from green.) 1. With a greenish colour. 2. Newly; freshly. 3.

Immaturely. 4. Wanly; timidly: not in use (Shakspeare).

GREENNESS. s. (fom green.) 1. The quality of being green; viridity. 2. Immaturity; unripeness (Sidney.) 3. Freshness; vigour (South.) 4. Newness.

GREENOCK, a seaport in Renfrewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde. It is a place of great resort for shipping, and has a great share in the herring fishery. Here is a sugar house, also a rope and sail manufactory. Its inhabitants amount to 17458. Lat. 55. 54 N. Lon. 4.29 W.

GREENSBURG, the county town of Westmoreland, in Pennsylvania. Lat. 40. 8 N. Lon. 78. 36 W.

GRE/ENSICKNESS. See CHLOROSIS. GREENSWARD. GREENSWORD. S. (green and sward.) The turf on which grass grows (Shakspeare. Swift).

GREENWEED. s. (green and weed.) Died weed.

GREENWICH, a town of England, in the county of Kent, situated on the banks of the Thames, anciently called East Greenwich. It formerly belonged to the abbot of Ghent, from whom it was seized by Henry V. and given to Shene; at the dissolution it came to the crown. Here was formerly a palace, in which queen Mary and queen Elizabeth were born, and Edward VI. died. This palace was first erected by Humphry, duke of Gloucester, enlarged by Henry VII. and completed by Henry VIII.; but being afterwards suffered to run to ruin, was pulled down by king Charles II. who began another, a most magnificent edifice, and lived to see the first wing finished. King Charles II. also enlarged the park, walled it round, planted it, and caused a royal observatory to be erected on the top of the steep of the hill. This edifice was erected for the use of the celebrated Mr. Flamsteed, and it still retains the name of that great astronomer: it was likewise furnished with mathematical instruments for astronomical observatious, and a deep dry well for observing the stars in the day-time. Here is likewise an excellent camera obscura, so contrived as to present successively the pictures of surrounding objects, upon a table of plaister of Paris, about 3 feet in diameter. British navigators look upon the meridian of Greenwich as the first meridian from whence the longitudes are estimated; and the tables in the Nautical Almanac, and Requisite Tables,are adopted to the meridian of Greenwich: but in gazetteers, &c. the longitudes are now generally reckoned from London, as the first meridian, which is 5. 37 W. of that of Greenwich. In this work we always estimate the longitudes from London, unless the contrary is expressed.

The parish church of Greenwich, which was rebuilt last century by the commissioners for erecting the fifty new churches, is a very handsome structure, dedicated to St. Alphage, archbishop of Canterbury, who is said to have been slain by the Danes, in the year 1012, on the spot where the church now stands. The