Hearly the same as those of the trout; and in fishing for either of them you may catch both. They spawn the beginning of April, when they lie mostly in sharp streanis; in December the grayling is in his prime, at which time his head and gills are blackish, and his belly dark grey, studded with black spots. He bites very freely, but is often lost when struck, his mouth being very tender. Angle for him about midwater, he being much more apt to rise than descend; and when you angle for him alone and not for the trout also, use a quill-float, with the bait about six or seven inches from the ground. He takes brandlings, gilt-tails, meadow-worms, gentles, &c. but the most excellent bait for him in March or April is the tag-tail.

The grayling is found in great plenty in many rivers in the north, particularly the Humber, and in the Wye, which runs through Herefordshire and Monmouthshire into the Severn.

GRA'YNESS. s. (from gray.) The quality of being gray.

To GRAZE. v. n. (from grass.) 1. To eat grass; to feed on grass (Shakspeare). 2. To supply with grass (Bacon). 3. To move on devouring (Bacon). 4. (from raser, Fr.) To touch lightly (Bacon).

To GRAZE. v. a. 1. To tend grazing cattle (Daniel). 2. To feed upon (Milton). 3. To supply with grass (Swift).

GRAʼZER. s. (from graze.) One that feeds on grass (Philips).

GRAʼZIER. s. (from graze.) One who feeds cattle (Howel).

GREASE. s. (graisse, French.) The soft part of the fat (Shakspeare).

GREASE, an inflammation and swelling of the heels of horses, sometimes confined to the neighbourhood of the fetlocks, at other times spreading considerably farther up the legs, and secreting an oily matter, to which the disease is properly indebted for its name. The discharge has a particular odour, owing, we imagine, to the secretion of the heels being of a nature peculiar to them, as in the instance of the axilla of the human subject. Horses of the heavy class, with round fleshy legs, are the most liable to grease, and the white legged more than the rest. The disease is almost exclusively found in the posterior extremities.

Grease is brought on by sudden changes from a cold to a hot temperature: such as removing horses from grass into hot stables; from hastily substituting a generous for an impoverishing diet; from the negligence of grooms, in leaving the heels wet and full of sand; and from constitutional debility. The reason which has been assigned for the hindleg of the horse being particularly the seat of this complaint is, the distance being greatest between that and the heart, in consequence of which the blood's circulation is weakest in these parts, and the pressure of its column overcome with the greatest difficulty by the vessels.

On the approach of this disease, and for several days previously to any striking appear

ances of swelling and inflammation, considerable pain seems to be experienced by the animal in the affected heel, as he is continually raising it from the ground, and cannot rest upon it without much uneasiness.

The inflammation and enlargement increase, and a great multitude of little exulcerations follow, throwing forth a perpetual discharge of fetid sanies. To these follow, from the irritating nature of the discharge, a great number of warty excrescences, vesicles filled with an acrimonious fluid and cadaverous ulcerations, the caustic sanies from which hangs in the hair as it flows, producing a chain of fresh ulcers, or corrodes and destroys the hair altoge ther, still adhering to the superincumbent cuticle.

A horse, in such a state, should be separated from others, lest a miasm so excessively noxious should lay the foundation of this or some other disease among horses perfectly sound.

In the incipient state of the disease, the inflammation may be often removed with case by linseed poultices and purgatives. If ulceration ensue, to remove the inflammation the poultices should still be applied, and the ulcers washed clean and dressed with digestive ointment: when the inflammation has subsided, solutions of alum or borax should be applied liberally, and the horse ridden frequently into the sea, or turned into salt marshes, If the disease, by neglect, become altogether consti tutional, it is not easy to exterminate it; and the death of the animal will be generally found the cheapest remedy.

To GREASE. v. u. (from the noun.) 1. To smear or anoint with grease. 2. To bribe; to corrupt with presents (Dryden).

GRE'ASINESS. s. (from grease.) Oiliness; fatness (Boyle).

GREASY. a. (from greuse.) 1. Oily; fat; unctuous (Shakspeare). 2. Smeared with grease (Mortimer). 3. Fat of body; bulky (Shakspeare).

GREAT. a. (zɲeaz, Saxon.) 1. Large in bulk or number (Locke). 2. Having any quality in a high degree (Tillotson). 3. Consider able in extent or duration (Sam.). 4. Important; weighty (Shakspeare). 5. Chief; principal (Shakspeare). 6. Of high rank; of large power (Pope). 7. Illustrious; eminent; noble (Jeremiah). 8. Grand of aspect; of elevated mien (Dryden). 9. Magnanimous ; generous (Sidney). 10. Swelling; proud (Knolles). 11. Familiar; much acquainted (Bacon). 12. Pregnant; teeming (May). 13. It is added in every step of ascending or descending consanguinity: as, great grandson is the son of my grandson (Addison). 14. Hard; difficult; grievous (Taylor).

GREAT. s. (from the adjective.) The whole; the gross; the whole in a lump (Raleigh).

GREATBELLIED. a. (great and belly.) Pregnant; teeming (Wilkins).

To GREATEN. v. a. (from great.) To ag❤ grandize; to enlarge (Raleigh).

GREATHEARTED. a. (great and heart.) High-spirited; undejected (Clarendon).

GREATLY. ad. (from great.) 1. In a great degree (Milton). 2. Nobly; illustriously (Dryden). 3. Magnanimously; generously; bravely (Addison).

GREATNESS. s. (from great.) 1. Largeness of quantity or number. 2. Comparative quantity (Locke). 3. High degree of any quality (Rogers). 4. High place; dignity; power; influence; empire (Swift). 5. Swelling pride; affected state (Bacon). 6. Merit; magnanimity; nobleness of mind (Milton). 7. Grandeur: state; magnificence (Pope).

GREAVE. s. (gnæf, Saxon.) A grove (Spenser).

GREAVES. s. (from gréves, French.) Armour for the legs; a sort of boots (Samuel).

GREAVES (John), a celebrated mathematician and antiquary, was born at Colmore in Hampshire, in 1602; and educated at Oxford. After visiting several parts of the continent he went first to Constantinople and afterwards to Egypt, and returned home through Italy, stored with manuscripts, gems, coins, and other antiquities. After his return he was made professor of astronomer at Oxford; but he was obliged to resign the professorship by the persecution of the parliamentary visitors. He died in 1652. He was the author of several learned works.

GREBE, in ornithology. See COLYM

BUS.

GRECISM. s. (græcismus, Latin.) An idiom of the Greek language.

GREE. s. Good-will; favour (Spenser). GREECE. s. (corrupted from degrees.) flight of steps: obsolete (Shakspeare).

A

GREECE, the present Rumelia, and in many respects one of the most deservedly celebrated countries in the world, was anciently bounded on the north by Macedonia and the river Strymon; on the west by the Ionian sea; on the south by the Mediterranean, on the east by the Ægean Sea, and Archipelago. It extended from the Strymon, by which it was parted from Thrace, to the promontory of Tenarus, the southmost point of the Peloponnesus, now the Morea, nearly 440 English miles, and in breadth from cast to west about 359 miles.

The general names by which the inhabitants of this country were known to the ancients were those of Graioi, or Graicoi, from whence the name of Greece is plainly derived. These names are thought to come from Græcus, the father, or (according to some) the son, of Thessalus, who gave name to Thessaly; but some modern critics choose to derive it from Ragau, the same with Reu, the son of Peleg, by the transposition of a letter to soften the sound. These names were afterwards changed for Achæi and Hellenes; the first, as is supposed, from Achæus, the son of Xuthus, the son of Hellen, and father of Ion; or, according to the fable, the son of Jupiter: the other from Heller above-mentioned, the son of Deucalion, and father of Dorus, from whom came the Dores, afterwards a famous nation among the Greeks. Another name by which the Greeks were known in some parts of the coun

try was that of Pelasgi, which the Arcadians, the most ancient people in Greece, deduced from their pretended founder Pelasgus; who is said to have got such footing in Peloponnesus, that the whole peninsula from him was called Pelasgia. But the most ancient name of all is universally allowed to have been that of Iones, which the Greeks themselves derived from Ion above; or, as the fable hath it, the son of Apollo, by Creusa, the daughter of Erichtheus. Josephus, however, affirms that their original is of much older date, and that Javan, the son of Japhat, and grandson of Noah, was the first who peopled these countries. It is true, indeed, that among the Greeks themselves, only the Athenians, and such colonies as sprung from them, were called Iones: but it is also plain, beyond exception, that other nations gave this name to all the inhabitants.

We cannot attempt within the bounds of this article to give even a sketch of the Grecian history and manners; we must therefore refer to the standard authors upon these subjects, Gillies, Goldsmith, Mitford, Potter, De Pauw, &c. We merely remark that after their conquest by the Romans they made no united effort to recover their liberty. They continued in quiet subjection till the beginning of the 15th century. About that time they began to suffer under the tyranny of the Turks, and their sufferings were completed by the taking of Constantinople in 1453. Since that time, they have groaned under the yoke of a most despotic government; so that all traces of their former valour, ingenuity, and learning, are now in a manner totally extinct.

Modern Greece comprehends Macedonia; Albania, now called Arnaut; Epirus; Thessaly, now Jana; Achaia, now Livadia; the Peloponnesus, now Morea; together with the islands on its coast, and in the Archipelago. The continent of Grecce is seated betwixt the 36th and 43d degrees of north latitude; and between the 19th and 27th degrees of longitude, east of London. To the north it is bounded by Bulgaria and Servia, from which it is divided by a ridge of mountains; to the south by the Mediterranean sea; to the east by Romania and the Archipelago, and to the west by the Adriatic, or gulf of Venice. Its length is said to be about 400 miles, and its utmost breadth about 350 miles. The air is extremely temperate and healthy; and the soil fruitful, though badly cultivated, yielding corn, wine, delicious fruits, and abounding with cattle, fowls, and venison. As to religion, Christianity was planted in Greece soon after the death of our Saviour, and flourished there for many ages in great purity; but since the Greeks became subject to the Turkish yoke, they have sunk into the most deplorable ignorance, in consequence of the slavery and thraldom under which they groan, and their religion is now greatly corrupted. See GREEK CHURCH.

As to the character of the modern Greeks, they are said to be very covetous, hypocritical, treacherous, great pederasts, and at the same time revengeful to the highest degree, but very

superstitious. The Turks are remarkable for their taciturnity; they never use any unnecessary words: but the Greeks, on the contrary, are very talkative and lively. The Turks generally practise what their religion enjoins, but the Greeks do not; and their misery puts them upon a thousand mean shifts and scandalous practices, authorized by bad example, and perpetuated from father to son. The Greek women have fine features and beautiful complexions: their countenances still very much resemble those of the ancient Greek statues.

GRE'EDILY. ad. (from greedy.) Eagerly; ravenously; voraciously (Denham). GRE'EDINESS. s. (from greedy.) Ravenousness; voracity; hunger; eagerness of appetite or desire (Denham).

GREEDY. a. (grædiz, Saxon.) 1. Ravenous; voracious; hungry (King Charles). 2. Eager; vehemently desirous (Fairfax).

GREEK, or GRECIAN, any thing belonging to ancient Greece. The Greek language, as preserved in the writings of the celebrated authors of antiquity, as Homer, Hesiod, Demosthenes, Aristotle, Plato, Xenophon, &c. has a great variety of terms and expressions, suitable to the genius and occasions of a polite and learned people, who had a taste for arts and sciences. In it, proper names are significative; which is the reason that the modern languages borrow so many terms from it. When any new invention, instrument, machine, or the like, is discovered, recourse is generally had to the Greek for a name to it; the facility wherewith words are there compounded, affording such as will be expressive of its use: such are, barometer, hygrometer, microscope, telescope, thermometer, &c. But of all sciences, medicine most abounds with such terms; as diaphoretic, diagnosis, diarrhea, hæmorrhage, hydrophobia, phthisis, atrophy, &c. Besides the copiousness and significancy of the Greek, wherein it excels most, if not all, the other languages, it has also three numbers, viz. a singular, dual, and plural: also abundance of tenses in its verbs, which makes a variety in discourse, prevents a certain dryness that always accompanies too great an uniformity, and renders that language peculiarly proper for all kinds of verse. The use of the participles, of the aorist and preterite, together with the compound words already mentioned, give it a peculiar force and brevity, without taking any thing from its perspicuity.

It is no easy matter to assign the precise difference between the modern and ancient Greek; which consists in the terminations of the nouns, pronouns, verbs, &c. not unlike what obtains between some of the dialects of the Italian or Spanish. There are also in the modern Greek many new words, not to be met with in the ancient. We may distinguish three ages of the Greek tongue: the first of these ends at the time when Constantinople became the capital of the Roman empire; the second lasted from that period to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks; and the third from that time to the present. For a curious

dissertation on this language, with a fac-simile of a letter written by a modern Grecian, see vol. vii. of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy.

GREEK CHURCH, that part of the Christian church which was first established in Greece, and is now spread over a larger extent of country than any other established church. It comprehends in its bosom a considerable part of Greece, the Grecian isles, Wallachia, Moldavia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Nubia, Lybia, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Cilicia, and Palestine, which are all under the jurisandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. If to these we diction of the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexadd the whole of the Russian empire in Europe, and Georgia-it will be evident that the Greek great part of Siberia in Asia, Astracan, Casan, church has a wider extent of territory than the Latin, with all the branches which have sprung from it; and that it is with great impropriety that the church of Rome is called by her members the catholic or universal church. That in these widely distant countries the professors of Christianity are agreed in every minute article of belief, it would be rash to assert; but there is certainly such an agreement among them with respect both to faith and to discipline, that they mutually hold communion with each other, and

are in fact but one church.

As the Greek church has no public or established articles, like those of the churches of England and Scotland, we can collect what is its doctrine only from its creeds, from the councils whose decrees it receives, from the different offices in its liturgies, and from the catechisms which it authorises to be taught. "The doctrine of the Trinity, and the articles of the Nicene and Athanasian creeds, are received by the Greeks in common with other Christians. In one particular, indeed, they differ from the other churches of Europe, whether Romish or reformed. They believe, that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only, and not from the Father and the Son; and in defence of this opinion they appeal to ecclesiastical history, the acts of councils, the writings of the fathers, ancient manuscripts, and especially to a copy of the creed of Constantinople, engraven on two tables of silver, and hung up in the church of St. Peter at Rome, by order of Leo III. Of the Nicene or Constantinopolitan creed, therefore, as it is received by them, the eighth article runs in these words; I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, and with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified: and the corresponding article of the Athanasian creed is of course, The Holy Ghost is of the Father, neither made, nor created, nor begotten, but proceeding.""

Though the bishops and clergy of the Greek church abhor the use of images, which they pretend to be one cause of their separation from the see of Rome, they admit into their churches the pictures of saints, to instruct, they say, the ignorant, and to animate the devotion of others. This practice they consider as by no means contrary to the second commandment of the decalogue, which, according to them, prohibits only the worshipping of such idols as the Gentiles believed to be gods; whereas their pictures, being used merely as remembrancers of Christ and the saints, have written on each of them the name of the person whom it is meant to represent. Dr. King

that in cases of extremity, when a priest or deacon cannot be had, it may be administered by a inidwife or any other person, and is not to be repeated on any occasion whatever. In this opinion, as well as in the practice founded on it, they are in perfect harmony with the church of Rome, which, as every person knows, has for many ages allowed the validity of lay baptism in cases of necessity.

The daily service of the Greek church is so long and complicated, that it is impossible to give au adequate account of it without swelling this article far beyond its due proportion. Of this the reader will be convinced, when he is informed that the several books containing the church service for all the days in the year amount to more than twenty volumes in folio, besides one large volume called the Regulation, which contains the directions how the rest are to be used.

The four gospels make one volume by themselves; and whenever the gospel is read in any service, the deacon exclains; "Wisdom, stand up. Let us hear the holy gospel." The priest then saith, "The lesson from the gospel according to St. Matthew, St. Mark, &c." The deacon says again, "Let us stand." The choir, at the beginning and end of the gospel, always says, "Glory be to thee, O Lord, glory be to thee." From the old testament and the epistles extracts only are used in the service; and when they are to be read, the deacon calls out, "Attend."

The service of this church as it now stands, and was at first drawn up in writing, is calculated for the use of monasteries; and when it was afterwards applied to parochial churches, many of the offices or forms, which were composed for different hours of the day and night, were used as one service, without the slightest alteration being made to avoid repetitions. Something of this kind has taken place in the church of England, where the matins, the litany, and the communion, which were formerly three distinct services, read at different times of the day, are now run into one service; which by those not accustomed to it is therefore deemed long, as well as deformed by needless repetitions.

The service of every day, whether it has a vigil or not, begins in the evening of what we would call the preceding day, as among the Jews; and for the same reason, because it is said in the Mosaic account of the creation, that "the evening and the morning were the first day." The several services, according to the original or moukish institution, are, 1. The vespers, which used to be celebrated a little before sun-set; 2. The after-vespers, answering to the completorium of the Latin church, which used to be celebrated after the monks had supped, and before they went to bed; 3. The mesonyecticon, or midnight service; 4. The matius at break of day, answering to the laudes of the Romish church; 5. The first hour of prayer, or prima, at sun-rise; 6. The third hour, or tertia, at the third hour of the day; 7. The sixth hour, or sexta, at noon; 8. The ninth hour, or nona, in the afternoon at the ninth hour of the day. These are called the canonical hours; but it is to be observed, that the after-vespers were not added till a late period, before which the reason assigned for the number of services being seven, was, that David saith, "Seven times a day will I praise thee." When all the psalms and hymns were sung, these daily services could not possibly have been performed in less than twelve or fourteen hours. In the church of Russia, and probably in other

manner.

For the celebration of the Lord's Supper they have three liturgics that are occasionally used, viz. that of St. Chrysostom, which is in ordinary daily use; that of St. Basil, used on particular days; and that of the presanctified, as is called, which is used on the Wednesdays and Fridays during the great fast before Easter. Between the liturgies of St. Chrysostom and St. Basil there is no essential difference; and the office of the presanctified is merely a form of dispensing the communion with elements which had been consecrated on the preceding Sunday. In the offertory there is a strange ceremony, called the slaying of the Holy Lamb, when the priest, taking into his left hand one of the five loaves which are to be consecrated, thrusts a spear into the right side of it; saying, "He was led as a lamb to the slaughter;" then into the left side, adding, “ And as a blameless lamb before his shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth:" then into the upper part of the loaf; saying, “In his humiliation his judgment was taken away:" and into the lower part; adding, "And who shall declare his generation?" He then thrust the spear obliquely into the loaf, lifting it up, and saying, "For his life was taken away from the earth". After this he lays down the loof, and cutting it crosswise, says, "The Lamb of God, which taketh away the sins of the world, is slain for the life and salvation of the world." All this, and more to the same purpose, is unquestionably modern; but we have no doubt but that the priest uses the words of Chrysostom himself, when, in the consecration of the elements, he says, “We offer unto thee this reasonable, this unbloody sacritice; and we implore, we pray thee, we humbly beseech thee, to send down thy Holy Spirit upou us, and those oblations presented unto thee; and make this bread the precious body of thy Christ; and that which is in this cup the precious bleas