The architecture of columns, palaces, and churches. 3. G. syenites. Syenite. Consisting of feldspar, quartz, and horn-blend. Found in Egypt, Greece, Norway, and Saxony, &c. sometimes in large masses, sometimes in smaller granulations: the component parts vary much; but the horn-blend and feldspar generally predominate, and the quartz is in very small proportion: the colour of the feldspar and quartz is generally white, and the horn-blend black, or black-green. GRANIVOROUS. a. (granum and voro, Latin.) Eating grain; living upon grain (Arbuthnot). GRANNAM. s. (from grandam.) Grandmother (Gay). GRANSÖN, a town of Swisserland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, with a castle. Lat. 46. 50 N. Lon. 6. 30 E. To GRANT. v. a. (from gratia, or gratificor, Latin.) 1. To admit that which is not yet proved; to allow; to yield; to concede (Addison). 2. To bestow something which cannot be claimed of right (Pope). GRANT. S. (from the verb.) 1. The act of granting or bestowing. 2. The thing granted; a gift; a boon (Dryden). 3. (In law.) A gift in writing of such a thing as cannot aptly be passed or conveyed by word only (Cowell). 4. Admission of something in dispute (Dryd.). GRAʼNTABLE. a. (from grant.) That may be granted (Ayliffe). GRANTEE. s. (from grant.) He to whom any grant is made (Swift). GRANTHAM, a borough in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturdays. It sends two members to parliament, and has a church famous for its high spire. It contains 1457 houses, and 7014 inhabitants. Lat. 52. 59 N. Lon. 0.56 W. GRANTOR. s. (from grant.) He by whom a grant is made. GRANVILLE, a seaport of France, in the department of the Channel, and late province of Normandy. Lat. 48. 50 N. Lon. 1. 32 W. GRANVILLE (George), lord Lansdowne, was descended from a very ancient family, derived from Rollo the first duke of Normandy. At eleven years of age he was sent to Trinity College in Cambridge, where he remained five years: but at the age of thirteen was admitted to the degree of master of arts; having, before he was twelve, spoken a copy of verses of his own composition to the duchess of York at his college, when she paid a visit to the university of Cambridge. In 1696 his comedy called The She-gallants was acted at the theatre-royal in Lincoln's-inn-fields, as his tragedy called Heroic Love was in the year 1698. In 1702 he translated into English the second Olynthian of Demosthenes. He was member for the county of Cornwall in the parliament which met in 1710; was afterwards secretary at war, comptroller of the household, then treasurer, and sworn one of the privy-council. The year following, he was created baron Lansdowne. On the accession of king George I. in 1714, he was removed from his treasurer's place; and the next year entered his protest against the bills for attainting lord Bolingbroke and the duke of Ormond. He entered deeply into the scheme for raising an insurrection in the west of England; and being seized as a suspected person, was committed to the Tower, where he continued two years. In 1719 he made a speech in the house of lords, against the bill to prevent occasional conformity. In 1722 he withdrew to France, and continued abroad almost ten years. At his return in 1732, he published a fine edition of his works in 2 vols. quarto. He died in 1735, leaving no male issue. GRANULARIA. In botany, a genus of the class cryptogamia, order fungi. Fungus roundish, filled with granulations immersed in a mucilage. GRANULARY. a. a. (from granule.) Small and compact; resembling a small grain or seed (Broome). To GRANULATE. v. a. (granuler, Fr.). To be formed into small grains (Sprat). To GRANULATE. v. a. 1. To break into small masses or granules. 2. To raise into small asperities (Ray). GRANULATE ROOT, in botany, beaded, With.-Particulis carnosis adspersa. Consisting of several little tubers or fleshy knobs, resembling grains of corn: as in Saxifraga gra nulata. GRANULATION, in chemistry, the process by which a metal is reduced into grains, which is effected by melting the metal, and then pouring it in a very slender stream into cold water. As soon as the metal comes in contact with water it divides into drops, which have a tendency to a spherical shape, and are more or less perfect, according to the thinness of the stream; the height from which it falls, and the temperature of the metal. Some of the more fusible metals may be reduced to much finer grains, by pouring it in its melted state into a wooden box, rubbed over with chalk, and shaking it violently before it has time to become solid. GRANULATION, in surgery, incarnation, the production of new granules of flesh in a wound. GRANULATION, denotes also the mechanical process by which some hard bodies are broken into small masses or grains. GRANULE. s. (from granum, Lat.) Full of little grains. GRANULOUS. a. (from grauule.) Full of little grains. See ABELMOS GRANUM MOSCHI mon grauwacke, and is composed of grains of quartz, siliceous schistus, and pure slate, ardesia or argillate, agglutinated by an argillaceous cement. The grains vary from the size of a pin's head to that of a hazle nut. The simpler or slaty grauwacke is mere schistese rock with so small an intermixture of other materials, that, at first sight, it may easi⚫ ly be confounded with pure argillate or ardesia: but which, on nearer inspection, will be found to differ in the following particulars: its colour is of a dirty grey; it is entirely destitute of lustre; it contains spangles of mica, which true slate never does in its geological situation, and it is never divided by beds of chlorite slate or wetstone slate. Both varieties are traversed by veins of quartz in various directions, and contain occasionally shells of vegetable remains; but neither of them ever contain beds of other kinds of rock. They are never distinctly stratified, though their inclination is never parallel with that of the rock on which they rest. Both varieties exhibit, at times, beds of glance-coal, and are rich in metallic ores: the mines of lead and silver in the Hartz, and some of the gold mines in Transylvania, lie in this rock. See BASALTES WACCA. GRAPE. See VITIS. GRAPE (Hyacinth). See HYACINTHUS. GRAPE-SHOT, in artillery, is a combination of small shot, put into a thick canvass bag, and corded strongly together, so as to form a kind of cylinder, whose diameter is equal to that of the ball adapted to the cannon. The number of shot in a grape varies according to the service, or size of the guns: in sea-service nine is always the number; but by land it is increased to any number or size, from an ounce and a quarter in weight to three or four pounds. In the sea-service the bottoms and pins are made of iron, whereas those used by land are of wood. GRAPESTONE. s. The stone or seed contained in the grape. GRAPHIC (Gold). See TELLURIUM. GRAPHICAL. d. (ypapw.) Well delineated (Bacon). GRAPHICALLY. ad. In a picturesque manner; with good description or delineation (Brown). GRAPHITES. In mineralogy, à genus of the class inflammables: consisting principally of carbon with a little iron, and generally a little silex or alumine; when pure in burns with a reddish flame, emitting beautiful sparks, and a smell of sulphur, leaving but a little residuum; black, opake, very soft, feels somewhat greasy, and stains the fingers; is brittle, and breaks into indeterminate fragments. Three species. 1. G. plumbago. Plumbago. Black-lead. Of a metallustic and slaty structure. Found in different parts of Great Britain, particularly near Dumfries in Scotland, at Borrowdale and Keswick in Cumberland: in Greenland and various other pars of the continent. Colour blackish or iron grey, blueish-grey when cut with a slight metallic lustre, yields to the im-, pression of the nail, and makes a black mark on paper; texture compact, with a fine grain, and a little flexible. It is chiefly used for making black-lead pencils; for blackening stoves; and, when mixed with a proper propoi tion of silex, for crucibles. E. G. cartes. Of a conchoidal structure, breaking into indeterminate fragments, Found near Schomniz in Hungary, imbedded in thin strata or veins of black indurated alumine; near Zokarweniza running through a matrix of opal like a vein; in France and Norway, 3. G. fuligo. Deep black internally, making a deep black mark. Found near Duttweiler in Nassovia, alternating in thin strata with coals. It is probable that these three species are only varieties of one common species. GRAPHOMETER, a mathematical instrument, otherwise called a semi-circle, the use of which is to observe any angle, whose vertex is at the centre of the instrument in any plane (though it is most commonly horizontal or nearly so) and to find how many degrees it contains. Graphometers of various kinds have been lately contrived by Mr. Bancks and others, to measure the angles of crystals.. GRAPNELS, a sort of anchors with four flooks, serving for boats to ride by. There is also a kind called fire and chaingrapnels, made with four-barbed claws instead of looks, and used to catch hold of the enemies' rigging, or any other part, in order for boarding them. See Pl. 76, fig. 7. To GRAPPLE. v. n. (krappeln, German.) 1. To contend by seizing each other (Milton). 2. To contest in close fight (Dryden). To GRAPPLE. v. a. 1. To fasten; to fix; obsolete (Shakspeare). 2. To seize; to lay fast hold of (Heylin). GRAPPLE. s. (from the verb.) 1. Contest, in which the combatants seize each other (Milton). 2. Close fight (Shakspeare). 3, Iron instrument by which one ship fastens on another (Dryden). GRAPPLEMENT. s. (from grapple.) Close fight: not in use (Spenser). GRA'SHOPPER. s. (grass and hop.) A small insect that hops in the summer grass (Addison). See CICADA. GRASIER. See GRAZIER. To GRASP. v. a. (graspare, Italian) 1. To hold in the hand; to gripe (Sidney). 2. To seize; to catch at (Clarendon). To GRASP. v. n. 1. To catch; to endea Your to seize (Swift). 2. To struggle; to strive: not in use (Shakspeare). 3. To gripe; to encroach (Dryden). GRASP. s. (from the verb.) 1. The gripe or seizure of the hand (Milton). 2. Possession, hold (Shakspeare). 3. Power of seizing (Clarendon). GRASPER.s.(from grasp.) One that grasps. GRASMERE WATER, a small lake of Westmoreland, to the W, of Ambleside. Its margin is hollowed into small bays, with bold eminences, some of rock, some of turf, that half conceal and vary the figure of the lake. From the shore, a low promontory projects far inte it. the water; and on it stands a white village, with the parish church rising in the midst of GRASON, an island in the gulf of Bothnia, near the coast of Sweden. Lat. 60. 12 N. Lon. 18. 12 E. GRASS, a well-known vegetable food for cattle of all sorts. The grasses are a very numerous family, though all are not equally beneficial in their culture, some animals prefering one sort, and some another. See GRAMINA and HUSBANDRY. The two best species of grass for pastures are, in Miller's opinion, C. Bauhin's gramen pratense, paniculatum majus, angustiore folio, meadow-grass, with large panicles, and a narrower leaf, which is the poa paniculâ diffusa spiculis, quadrifloribus pubescentibus culmo erecto teretri, Flor. Suec. 77. Poa with a diffused panicle, the smaller spikes having four hairy flowers, and a taper erect straw; and C. Bauhin's gramen pratense, paniculatum majus, latiore folio, meadow-grass, with a larger panicle, and, broader leaf, which is the poa aniculâ diffusa, spiculis trifloribus glabris, culino erecto teretri, Flor. Succ. 76. Poa with a diffused panicle, small spikes with three flowers, and an upright straw. These seem to be the great meadow-grasses, and Stillingflect observes, that they are common in our best meadow-grounds. He has also met with them frequently on banks by the road-side, and near ditches, even where they were not to be found in the adjoining meadows and pastures. If the seeds of these two sorts were carefully collected and sown separately, without any mixture of the seed of other grass, they would not only afford a greater quantity of fodder on the same space of land, but the grass would also be better, the hay sweeter, and the verdure more lasting, than that of any other species. The annual meadow-grass makes the finest of turfs. It grows every where by way-sides, and on rich sound commons. It is called in some parts the Suffolk grass. Stillingflect says, he has seen whole fields of it in High Suffolk, without any mixture of other grasses; and, as some of the best salt butter we have in London comes from that country, it is most likely to be the best grass for the dairy. As the next best to meadow-grass, Miller recommends Ray's gramen avenaceum pratense elatius, paniculâ flavescente, locustis parvis, taller meadow oat-grass, with a yellowish panicle and small husks, which is the avena panicula laxa, calycibus trifloris brevibus flosculis omnibus aristatis, Prod. Leyd. 66. Oatgrass with a loose panicle, three flowers in each impalement, which is short, and all the flowers having awns, Mr. Ray likewise recommends the smooth mountain oat-grass, which he calls gramen avenaceum montanum spicâ simplici, aristis recurvis, found by Mr. Dale upon Bartlow-hills in Essex, on the edge of Cambridgeshire, in the borders of the corn-fields between Newmarket and Exning, and on the chalkhills between Northfleet and Gravesend; and the rough or hairy oat-grass, which he distinguishes by the appellation of gramen avenaceum hirsutum, paniculâ purpureo argenteâ splendente, and which abounds in the pastures about the earl of Cardigan's house at Twickenham, in Middlesex. He also includes under this genus all the festuca kinds, of which Mr. Stillingfleet gives an account in his Observation on Grasses, subjoined to his translations of several ingenious tracts, selected from the Transactions of the Academy of Upsal. Our business, however, is not with the culture of grass, but with its properties as an article of food. Grasses and the other green herbage, of which our fields afford sufficient store of various kinds, are in general the most natural food of horses, as well as of many other brute creatures; yet grass alone is not sufficiently nourishing for a horse destined to hard labour, without an addition of dry provender. Most spare horses in the country, however, are kept at grass, both to save charge and trouble, and for the most part do well, especially those that are habituated to that kind of living. Many gentlemen keep their hunters abroad all the year, where there is a stable in some convenient dry field, with hay at all times for them to come to when they please, and where they can shelter themselves from the inclemency of the weather. These horses are seldom sick or diseased; and as they move and rest themselves at pleasure, so their limbs are always clean and dry; and, with a feed or two of corn, they will do their morning's work, and go through a chace as well, and frequently better, than those that are kept constantly in the house, and have a great deal of airing and dressing bestowed on them. Farmers keep most of their horses abroad in the winter, where they take their chance till the frost and snow come on, or very rainy weather, when the grounds grow potchy, and then they fodder them in their yards, or near their houses, so as they can come into the stables or under shades, which some build for the convenience of their cattle. But those who have not such conveniences of their own ought to be at some pains in precuring grass for their horses, and proper places for them to run in during the winter, when they have no use for them, especially such as live in London or other great towns. But it is necessary that the grass be sweet; for rank sour grass is rather worse than the hay that comes off the same ground, provided it happens to be well got and in a good season, the noxious qualities in the herb being in some measure evaporated in drying. That grass is always reckon. ed the best which is short, thick, and on dry but on fertile ground that needs little manure, especially such as has always been made use of only as pasture. Therefore most horses thrive better on commons, or on the grass that grows near commons, than on meadows that have been often mowed, and have had great crops of hay taken off them from time to time, and therefore must either be manured or sowed afresh with clover. For though horses will grow fast upon such grounds when they have good water, yet they are not apt to hold their flesh, nor to stand so well afterwards, unless in very dry seasons, when they feed altogether on the root, on which bare pasture horses will grow extremely fat. Gibson thinks the fields which lie near great towns, and that are much dunged, cannot be so proper either for hay or pasture, as those that lie more in the country, and are not so much forced or exhausted with heavy crops; and he says he has often observed, where the grounds were naturally poor, that though they are made to yield plentiful crops to the owner, yet it often proves injurious to the horses that feed upon them, especially if they run the whole summer. We cannot, however, see any good reason for this supposition. In another place this judicious writer notices more particularly the advantages which horses usually receive from feeding on grass, and points out which of these stand most in need of, and are most benefited by it. Such, he observes, as have stood long in the stable, glutted with food, suffocated with heat and want of air, and enervated for want of exercise, though clean fed, are nevertheless apt to grow full of humours; and these require a considerable run at grass before they are fit for business. Indeed, grass, as it is their most natural food, is a great benefit to them; and, when horses do not thrive at grass, it is often owing to some mismanage ment, which requires to be looked into and rectified. We have, however, already noticed this part of the subject under the article FooD. This writer's observations concerning the use of grass, as a remedy in morbid cases, are very judicious. He says, that grass gives great relief to broken-winded horses while they continue abroad, "not only because they are always in the open free air, and ranging at pleasure about the fields, but because their diet is also both soft and cooling, and passes more easily through them than hard meat, besides that grass does not so much excite them to drink," so that those persons who can conve niently keep such horses always abroad, and only take them up when they have occasion to use them, and after that turn them out again directly, may thus preserve them in tolerable health, and they will continue, under prudent management, to do good service for many years. Such, however, as send their horses to grass with a view to cure them of broken wind will find themselves greatly disappointed, especially if they are left to remain abroad after the spring grass; for, in that case, as soon as a horse is brought back to stand in the stable, being deprived of the pure air and his natural diet, he will become much more oppressed and short-breathed than before. "Instances of this kind," says Gibson," are frequent, as also of horses that have been sent to grass to cure an obstinate cough, and have returned from thence completely broken-winded, expecially where they have been turned into a succulent rich pasture, and have grown fat, and had their bellies always full; and the oftener such horses are turned out, the worse they always become: and therefore those who have not the convenience of grass near their houses will find it more for their interest to keep such horses always at home, under some proper and exact management, especially if they are young, and otherwise worth the care and expence that may be necessary to preserve them; and if a cool open diet should be judged wanting, they may be fed a month or six weeks in the spring with green barley, tares, or any other kind of herbage fit for soiling, especially while it is young and full of juice." To GRASS. v. n. To breed grass (Tusser). GRASS-HOPPER, in entomology. Sec CICADA and GRYLLUS. GRASS-PLOT. (grass and plot.) A small level covered with short grass (Mortimer). GRASSE, a town of France, in the department of Var. It was lately a bishop's see. Lat. 43. 39 N. Lon. 5. 56 E. GRASSE, a town of France, in the department of Aude, seated on the river Othieu, 15 miles S. E. of Carcassone. GRA'SSINESS. s. (from grassy.) The state of abounding in grass. GRA'SSY. a. (from grass.) Covered with grass; abounding with grass (Dryden). GRATE. s. (crates, Latin.) 1. A partition made with bars placed near to one another, or crossing each other (Addison). 2. The range of bars within which fires are made (Spect.). To GRATE. v. a. (gratter, French.) 1. To rub or wear any thing by the attrition of a rough body (Spenser). 2. To offend by any thing harsh or vexatious (Swift). 3. To foru a sound by collision of asperities or hard bodies (Milton). To GRATE. v. n. 1. To rub so as to injure or offend (L'Estrange). 2. To make a harsh noise (Hooker). GRATEFUL. a. (gralus, Latin.) 1: Having a due sense of benefits (Millon). 2. Pleasing; acceptable; delightful; delicious (Bicon). GRATEFULLY. ad. 1. With willingness to acknowledge and repay benefits; with due sense of obligation (Dryden). 2. In a pleasing mauner (Watts), GRATEFULNESS, s. (from grateful.) 1. Gratitude; duty to benefactors (Herbert). 2. Quality of being acceptable; pleasantness. S. GRATER. s. (gratoir, French.) A kind of coarse file with which soft bodies are rubbed to powder (A. Hill). GRATIAN, father of the emperor Valentinian I. was a native of Pannonia, which now bears the name of Hungary. He was celebrated for his personal strength and his courage, and rose by degrees to the command of the Roman army in Africa. Having excited jealousy at Rome, by his enmity to the pagan superstitions, he retired to Gaul, where he fell in fighting against his rebellious subjects A.D. 383. GRATIAN, son of Valentinian by the em press Severa, succeeded to the empire in 375. He fe was an accomplished prince. He was the first Roman emperor who refused the title of Pontifex Maximus. He was assasinated by Andragathus in the 24th year of his age. GRATTAN, a famous Benedictine monk, in the 12th century, was born at Chiusi, and employed near twenty-four years in composing a work, entitled Decretum, or Concordantia Discordantium Canonum, because he there endeavoured to reconcile the canons which seemed contradictory to each other. This work he published in 1151. As he is frequently mistaken in taking one canon of one council, or one passage of one father for another, and has often cited false dccretals, several authors have endeavoured to correct his faults; and chiefly Anthony Augustine, in his excellent work, entitled De emendatione Gratiani. To the decretals of Gratian the popes principally owed the great authority they exercised in the thirteenth and following centuries. GRATIFICATION. s. (gratificatio, Lat.) 1. The act of pleasing (South). 2. Pleasure; delight (Rogers). 3. Reward; recompense. To GRATIFY. v. a. (gratificor, Latin.) 1. To indulge; to please by compliance (Dryden). 2. To delight; to please (Addison). 3. To requite with a recompense. GRATINGLY. ad. (from grate.) Harshly; offensively. GRATINGS, in a ship, are small ledges of sawed plank, framed one into another like a lattice or prison grate, lying on the upper deck, between the main-mast and fore-mast, serving for defence in a close fight, and also for the coolness, light, and conveniency of the ship's company. nia. GRATIOLA. Hedge-hyssop. In botany, a genus of the class diandria, order monogyCorol irregular, reversed; calyx mostly seven-leaved, the two outer ones expanded; stamens two, steril; capsule two-celled. Fifteen species; chiefly Indian and American plants; but a few European. The only species worthy of notice is G. officinalis, a native of the south of Europe, with lanceolate, serrate, opposite, sessile leaves; flowers peduncled, solitary, axillary. This plant was formerly a favourite article in many pharmacopoeias; and is still employed in Germany as a violent cathartic and emetic, especially in hydropic cases, in which it is said to be peculiarly successful. It has also been recommended as an antisiphilitic. GRATIS. ad. (Latin.) For nothing; without a recompence (Arbuthnot). GRATITUDE. s. (gratitudo, low Latin.) A pleasant affection excited by a lively sense of benefits received or intended, or even by the desire of being beneficial. In its strength it is the powerful re-action of a well disposed mind, upon whom benevolence has conferred some important good. It is always connected with an impressive sense of the amiable disposition of the person by whom the benefit is conferred, and it immediately produces a personal affection toward him. When the affection operates according to the natural course of inAluence, it will be correspondent to the im portance of the good obtained, the distance in station between the recipient and his benefactor, the smallness of his claims, perhaps the consciousness of deserving very opposite treatment. These circumstances unite to warm the heart into raptures. The grateful mind is impatient of a silent and passive reception of the blessing. It cannot be restrained from acknowledging its obligations, either by expres sions or deeds. It considers every return in its power as an act of the strictest justice; nor is it deterred by difficulties or dangers from making the attempt. The term most familiarly employed was originally suggested by this idea. The obligation is perceived and felt; and the person benefited considers himself as bound in honour and justice, either to repay or acknowledge the debt, by a bond that cannot be cancelled. We shall not wonder at the peculiar strength and energy of this affection, when we consider that it is compounded of love placed upon the good communicated, affection for the donor, and joy at the reception. Thus it has goodness for its object, and the most pleasing, perhaps unexpected, exertions of goodness for its immediate cause. (Cogan on the Passions). There is a species of grateful remorse, which sometimes has been known to operate forcibly on the minds of the most hardened in impudence. Of this Mr. Andrews, who makes the remark, gives an instance in the following anecdote, said to have been a favourite one with the late Dr. Campbell: " Towards the beginning of this century, an actor, celebrated for mimicry, was to have been employed by a comic author, to take off the person, the manner, and the singularly awkward delivery of the celebrated Dr. Woodward, who was intended to be introduced on the stage in a laughable character (viz. in that of Dr. Fossile, in Three Hours after Marriage.) The mimic dressed himself as a countryman, and waited on the doctor with a long catalogue of ailments, which he said attended on his wife. The physician heard with amazement diseases and pains of the most opposite nature, repeated and redoubled on the wretched patient. For, since the actor's greatest wish was to keep Dr. Woodward in his company as long as possible, that he might make the inore observations on his gestures, he loaded his poor imaginary spouse with every infirmity which had any probable chance of prolonging the interview. At length, having become completely master of his errand, he drew from his purse a guinea, and, with a scrape, made an uncouth offer of it. Put up thy money, poor fellow,' (cried the doctor); thou hast need of all thy cash and all thy patience too, with such a bundle of diseases tied to thy back. The actor returned to his employer, and recounted the whole conversation, with such true feeling of the physician's character, that the author screamed with approbation. His raptures were soon checked; for the mimic told him, with the emphasis of sensibility, that he would sooner die than prostitute his talents to the rendering such genuine |