Canterbury, in the appointment of the warden of Manchester college; and opposed the violent proceedings against bishop Atterbury in the house of lords, though he disliked the bishop as a man of arbitrary principles. He died in

1725.

GASTRIC. a. (rom yuccng.) Belonging to the belly or stomach.

GASTRIC ARTERY. Arteria gastrica. The right, or greater gastric artery, is a branch of the hepatic; the left, or lesser, a branch of the splenic.

GASTRIC JUICE. Succus gastricus. In medicine, a fluid separated by the capillary exhaling arteries of the stomach, which open upon its internal tunic. The œsophagus also affords a small quantity, especially in the inferior part. Modern philosophers have paid great attention to this fluid, and from their sveral experiments it is known to possess the following properties. It is the principal agent of digestion, and changes the aliments into a kind of uniform soft paste: it acts on the stomach after the death of the animal. Its effects show that it is a solvent, but of that peculiar nature that it dissolves animal and vegetable substances uniformly, and without exhibiting a stronger affinity for the one than for the other. It is far from being of the nature of a ferment, as many suppose, for it is one of the most powerful antiseptics with which we are acquainted; and, from the experiments of Spallanzani, Scopoli, Carminati, and others, its nature appears to be essentially different in the several classes of animals, as they have proved by analysis. It has hence been differently classified by different chemists: Moreau regarding it as an acid, some other French physiologists as an alkali, and Spalanzani as a neutral. Upon the whole we may take it for granted, that in the carnivorous, granivorous, and graminivorous tribes (or at least those which possess but one stomach) it is acid; in man, and all other omnivorous animals, it is neutral, the neutrality probably proceeding from the mixture of animal and vegetable foods in the stomach. The gastric juice of the human subject, when healthy, is inodorous, of a saltish taste, and limpid, like water, unless it be a little tinged with the yellow colour of some bile that has regurgitated into the stomach. In quantity it is very considerable, as must be evident from the extent of the surface of the stomach, and its continual secre tion; but it is the most copious when solicited by the stimulus of food. Besides the proper ties of this fluid before mentioned, it has others which have induced physicians and surgeons to exhibit it medicinally. It cures dyspepsia and intermittent fever. Applied externally, in form of fomentation or poultice, it cures putrid and scrofulous ulcers in a wonderful manner; and it is to be regretted that its utility is not more generally known.

Its antiseptic powers are strongly shown in those animals (the vulture and the weasel, for example) that devour their food in the most disgusting state of putrefaction; the food being found to have lost most of its putresency after

having remained a short time in their stomach.

This liquid is also remarkable on account of its power of coagulating all coagulable fluids: a power, however, which it seems to derive immediately from the stomach itself, since we find this viscus, when taken out of the calf, or almost any other animal, capable of producing the very same result when digested in salted water. It is the stomach of the calf thus digested that forms the well-known substance denominated rennet, and which is so familiarly employed in separating the curd from milk in cheese-making.

GASTRITIS. (gastritis, yarilis; from yes, the stomach.) Inflammation of the stomach. A genus of disease in the class pyrexia and order phlegmasia of Cullen. It is known by pyrexy, anxiety, heat, and pain in the epigastrium, increased when any thing is taken into the stomach, vomiting, hiccup, pulse small and hard, and prostration of strength. There are two species: 1. Gastritis phlegmonoidea, with an inflammatory tumour. 2. Gastritis erysipelatosa, when the inflammation is of a creeping or erysipelatous nature. GASTROBRANCHUS. Hag-fish. Glutinous hag. In zoology, a genus of the class pisces, order chondropterigia. Mouth terminal, furnished with cirri; teeth in a double pectinate row on each side; upper tooth single, sharp in the roof of the mouth; body eelshaped, carinate, beneath by a soft fin; spirals two ventral. One species; G. cæcus, so denominated from its being totally destitute of eyes. It inhabits the ocean; is about eight inches long, and is said to enter the mouth of fishes when taken by the hook, and to devour the whole except the skin and bone. When placed in a vessel of sea-water it soon renders the whole gelatinous, being of an uncommonly glutinous nature. This animal has been ju diciously removed by later naturalists from the class of worms, where, from the circumstance we have just mentioned, it was placed by Linnéus in the order intestine, under the name of myxine glutinosa. Some naturalists have made two, or two species of this genus, but incorrectly.

GASTROCELE. (gastrocele, yacтpounîn ; from yap, the stomach, and x, a tumour.) A hernia of the stomach, occasioned by a protrusion of that viscus through the abdominal parietes.

GASTROCNEMIUS. (gastrocnemius, ya sos; from yace, the stomach, and xjen, the leg.) The muscles of the foot which from the calf or belly of the leg.

GASTROCNEMIUS EXTERNUS. Gemellus. This muscle, which is situated immediately under the integuments at the back part of the leg, is sometimes called gemellus: this latter name is adopted by Albinus. Winslow describes it as two muscles, which he calls gastrocnemii; and Douglas considers this and the following as a quadriceps, or muscle with four heads, to which he gives the name of extensor tarsi suralis. The gastrocnemiusexternus arises by two distinct heads. The first, which is the

thickest and longest of the two, springs by a strong thick tendon from the upper and back part of the inner condyle of the os femoris, adhering strongly to the capsular ligament of the joint, between which and the tendon is a considerable bursa mucosa. The second head arises by a thinner and shorter tendon from the back part of the outer condyle of the os femoris. A little below the joint their fleshy bellies unite in a middle tendon, and below the middle of the tibia they cease to be fleshy, and terminate in a broad tendon, which, a little above the lower extremity of the tibia, unites with that of the gastrocnemius internus, to form one great round tendon, sometimes called chorda magna, but more commonly tendo Achillis.

GASTROCNEMIUS INTERNUS. This, which is situated immediately under the last described muscle, is sometimes named soleus, on account of its shape, which resembles that of the sole-fish. It arises by two heads. The first springs by tendinous and fleshy fibres from the posterior part of the head of the fibula, and for some way below it. The second arises from an oblique ridge at the upper and posterior part of the tibia, which affords origin to the inferior edge of the popliteus, continuing to receive fleshy fibres from the inner edge of the tibia for some way down. This muscle, which is narrow at its origin, spreads wider as it descends, as far as its middle; after which it becomes narrower again, and begins to grow tendinous, but its fleshy fibres do not entirely disappear till it has almost reached the extremity of the tibia, a little above which it unites with the last described muscle, to form the tendo Achillis, This thick round chord is inserted into the lower and posterior part of the os calcis, after sliding over a cartilaginous surface on that bone, to which it is connected by a tendinous sheath that is furnished with a large bursa mucosa.

Both the gastrocnemii have the same use, viz. that of extending the foot, by drawing it backwards and downwards.

GASTRODYNIA. (gastrodynia, yao;oduya, from yap, the stomach, and odun, pain.) Pain in the stomach.

GASTRO-EPIPLOIC ARTERY. Arteria gastrico-epiploica. The branch of the greater gastric artery that runs in the epiploon.

| GASTRORAPHY. (gastroraphia, yarp rapia; from yaong, the stomach, and fuq”, a suture.) The sewing of wounds of the abdo

men.

GASTRO TOMY. 8. (yas, and TTO.) The act of cutting open the belly.

GAT. The preterit of get.

GATAKER (Thomas), a learned critic and divine, was born at London in 1574, and studied at St. John's college, Cambridge. He was afterwards chosen preacher at Lincoln's Inn; which he quitted in 1611 for the rectory of Rotherhithe, in Surry. In 1620 he made a tour through the Low Countries, and in 1624 published at London a book, entitled, Transubstantiation declared by the Confession of

the Popish Writers to have no necessary Foundation in God's Word. He wrote likewise a defence of this discourse. In 1642 he was appointed one of the assembly of divines, and was engaged with them in writing annotations upon the Bible. He died in July, 1654, in the 80th year of his age. Besides the above works, he published, 1. A Dissertation upon the Style of the New Teatament. 2. De nomine tetragrammata. 3. De diphthongis, sive bivocalibus. 4. An Edition and Translation of the Emperor Marcus Antoninus's Meditations. 5. A Collection of Sermons, in folio; and many other works.

GATE, in architecture, a large door, leading or giving entrance into a city, town, castle, palace, or other considerable building. Thebes in Egypt was anciently known by the appellation with a hundred gates. In ancient Rome there was a triumphal gate, porta triumphalis. In modern Rome there is the jubilee gate, which is only opened in the year of a grand jubilee. The gates which were once very numerous in London, after having been converted into gaols or prisons, as Ludgate, Newgate, &c. were at length removed. The lesser or by-gates for foot passengers are called posterns. Gates through which coaches, &c. are to pass should not be less than seven feet broad, nor more than twelve; the height to be 1 the breadth.

GATE, (3eat, Sax.), signifies also, a frame of timber upon hinges to give a passage into enclosed fields.

GATE, denotes farther, an avenue or open

ing.

GATE-NET, a net employed by poachers for ensnaring hares in the night. It is at this time applied where hares are suspected to be at feed, to the third bar of the gate through which they are supposed to have entered into the green-wheat, or young clover field in which they are banqueting, or from observation in the day are believed to be so. Being fastened to the ground under the lower bar by means of wooden forked pegs, a lurcher is turned over the gate, who having been trained to the business, and running mute, scours the field in a cir cuitous direction; when the victims, thus suddenly and unexpectedly alarmed, inake immediately for the gate, and the dog being close at their heels, or at least not far behind them, they have no alternative but, to rush into the net and become entangled. In this way three or four brace are taken in a plentiful country at one adventure.

GATES OF HELL, a phrase used in Scripture to denote figuratively, either the grave or the powers of darkness. The Mahometans use the expression literally, and suppose that hell has seven gates.

GATESHEAD, in the county of Durham, is as it were the suburbs of Newcastle, though it lies in another county, being divided by the river Tyne; over which there is a fine stone bridge, with an iron gate in the middle, haring the arms of Durham on one side, and those of Newcastle on the other, which is the boundary between the bishopric and Northumber

of forfeiture to the buyer of double the value, to be recovered with costs as before. No brewer shall put to sale any beer or ale in vessels brought from beyond the sea, within the city of London, or suburbs of the same, or within two miles compass without the suburbs, before the same is gauged, and the true content of every such vessel set upon the same, by the gallon appointed for beer and ale, according to the standard, by the master and wardens of the coopers of London.

GAUGING, the art or act of measuring the capacities or contents of all kinds of vessels, and determining the quantities of fluids or other matters contained therein.

As to the solid contents of all prismatical vessels, such as cubes, parallelopipedons, cylinders, &c. they are found by multiplying the area of the base by their altitude. And the contents of all pyramidal bodies, and cones, are equal to 1-3d of the same.

In gauging, it has been usual to divide casks into four varieties or forms, denominated as follows, from the supposed resemblance they bear to the frustums of solids of the same names: viz.

1. The middle frustum of a spheroid. 2. The middle frustum of a parabolic spindle.

3. The two equal frustums of a paraboloid. 4. The two equal frustums of a cone. And particular rules adapted to each of these forms may be found in most books of Gauging, and in Dr. Hutton's Mensuration, p. 575, &c. But, as the form is imaginary and merely guessed at, it scarcely ever happens that a true solution is obtained in this way; besides which it is very troublesome and inconvenient to have so many rules to put in practice. We shall therefore give here one rule only, from p. 592 of that book, which is not only general for all casks that are commonly met with, but quite easy, and very accurate, as having been often verified and proved by filling the casks with a true gallon measure.

General Rule. Add into one sum, 39 times the square of the bung diameter, 25 times the square of the head diameter, and 26 times the product of those diameters; multiply the sum by the length of the cask, and the product by the number 000334; then this last product divided by 9 will give the wine gallons, and divided by 11 will give the ale gallons.

and divid. by 114)2972160

gives

26071 cub.inc. this divided by 231 gives 112 wine gallons, or divided by 282 gives 92 ale gallons.

But the common practice of gauging is performied mechanically, by means of the gauging or diagonal rod, or the gauging sliding rule, the description and use of which here follow.

Gauging, or Diagonal, Rod, is a rod or rule adapted for determining the contents of casks, by measuring the diagonal only, viz. the diagonal from the bung to the extremity of the opposite stave next the head. It is a square rule, having four sides or faces, being usually four feet long, and folding together by means of joints.

Upon one face of the rule is a scale of inches, for taking the measure of the diagonal; to these are adapted the areas, in ale gallons, of circles to the corresponding diameters, like the lines on the under sides of the three slides in the sliding rule, described below. And upon the opposite face are two scales, of ale and wine gallons, expressing the contents of casks having the corresponding diagonals; and these are the lines which chiefly constitute the difference between this instrument and the sliding rule; for all the other lines upon it are the same with those in that instrument, and are to be used in the same manner.

To use the Diagonal Rod. Unfold the rod straight out, and put it in at the bung-hole of the cask to be gauged, till its end arrive at the intersection of the head and opposite stave, or to the farthest possible distance from the bunghole, and note the inches and parts cut by the middle of the bung; then draw out the rod, and look for the same inches and parts on the opposite face of it, and annexed to them are found the contents of the cask, both in ale and wine gallons.

For Ex. Let it be required to find, by this rod, the content of a cask whose diagonal measures 34-4 inches; which answers to the cask in the foregoing example, whose head and bung diameters are 32 and 24, and length 40 inches: for if to the square of 20, half the length, be added the square of 28, half the sura of the diameters, the square root of the sum will be 34.4 nearly.

Now, to this diagonal 34-4 corresponds, upon the rule, the content 91 ale gallons, or 111 wine gallons; which are but one less than the content brought out by the former general rule above given.

To

gauge

malt.-1. If the malt lies on the floor in a rectangular form, multiply the length by the breadth, and the product by the depth, all taken in inches; the product is the number of cubic inches in the quantity; which being divided by 2150.42, the quotient is the number of bushels.

The same rule serves for finding the quantity of malt contained in any vessel in form of a parallelopipedon.

Examp. Suppose a quantity of malt on the floor, 288 inches long, 144 inches broad, and pinches deep; required the number of bushels?

Ans. 183.21.

2. When malt is in a cistern, or any vessel, the content of the vessel is to be found in cubic inches, by some of the former rules, and then divided by 2150.42, the quotient is the number of bushels.

3. To find the solidity of any irregular solid. Put the irregular body into any vessel, and fill it with water; take out the body, and the water will fall lower, and leave a part of the vessel empty, equal to the solidity of the body to be measured; then measure so much water by a vessel of a known capacity as shall fill up the empty space, and the number of cubic inches in that space, and consequently in the irregular body, will be known.

Gauging Rule, or Sliding Rule, is a sliding rule particularly adapted to the purposes of gauging. It is a square rule, of four faces or sides, three of which are furnished with sliding pieces running in grooves. The lines upon them are mostly logarithmic ones, or distances which are proportional to the logarithms of the numbers placed at the ends of them; which kind of lines was placed upon rulers, by Mr. Edmund Gunter, for expeditiously performing arithmetical operations, using a pair of compasses for taking off and applying the several logarithmic distances: but instead of the compasses, sliding pieces were added, by Mr. Thomas Everard, as more certain and convenient in practice, from whom this sliding rule is often called Everard's Rule. For the more particular description and uses of this rule, see Hutton's Mensuration, p. 564, 2d edition.

The writers on gauging are, Beyer, Kepler, Dechales, Hunt, Everard, Dougherty, Shettleworth, Shirtcliffe, Leadbetter, Moss, Symons, &c.

GAUL, the name given by the Romans to the country that now forms the kingdom of France. The original inhabitants were descended from the Celtes or Gomerians, by whom the greatest part of Europe was peopled; the name of Galli or Gauls being probably given them long after their settlement in that country. See GALLIA.

The Gauls were anciently divided into a great number of different nations, which were continually at war with one another, and at variance among themselves. Cæsar tells us, that not only all their cities, cantons, and districts, but even almost all families were divided and torn by factions, and thus undoubtedly facilitated the conquest of the whole. The general character of all these people was an excessive ferocity and love of liberty. They carried this to such an extreme, that either on the appearance of servitude, or incapacity of action through old age, wounds, or chronic diseases, they put an end to their own lives, or prevailed upon their friends to kill them. In cities, when they found themselves so straitly besieged that they could hold out no longer,

instead of thinking how to obtain honourable terms of capitulation, their chief care very often was to put their wives and children to death, and then to kill one another, to avoid being led into slavery. Their excessive love of liberty and contempt of death, according to Strabo, very much facilitated their conquest by Julius Cæsar; for, pouring their numerous forces upon such an experienced enemy as Cæsar their want of conduct very soon proved the ruin of the whole.

The chief diversion of the Gauls was hunting; and indeed, considering the vast forests with which their country abounded, and the multitude of wild beasts which lodged in them, they were under an absolute necessity to hunt and destroy them, to prevent the country from being rendered totally uninhabitable. Besides this, however, they had also their hippodromes, horse and chariot races, tilts and tournaments; at all of which the bards assisted with their poems, songs, and musical instru

ments.

The Gauls were excessively fond of feasting, in which they were very profuse; as, like all other northern nations, they were great lovers of good eating and drinking. Their chief liquors were heer and wine. Their tables were very low. They ate but little bread, which was baked flat and hard, and easily broken in pieces; but devoured a great deal of flesh, boiled, roasted, or broiled; and this they did in a very slovenly manner, holding the piece in their hands, and tearing it with their teeth. What they could not part by this way, they cut with a little knife which hung at their girdle. When the company was numerous, the Coryphee, or chief of the feast, who was either one of the richest, or noblest, or bravest, sat in the middle, with the master of the house by his side; the rest took their places next according to their rank, having their servants holding their shields behind them These feasts seldom ended without bloodshed; but, if by chance the feast proved a peaceable one, it was generally accompanied not only with music and songs, but likewise with dances, in which the dancers were armed capa-pee, and beat time with their swords upon their shields. On certain festivals they were wont to dress themselves in the skins of beasts, and in that attire accompany the processions in honour of their deities or heroes. Others dressed themselves in masquerade habits, some of them very indecent, and played several antic and immodest tricks. This last custom continued long after their supposed conversion to Christianity.

The ancient history of the Gauls is entirely wrapped in obscurity and darkness; all we know concerning them for a long time is, that they multiplied so fast, that, their country being unable to contain them, they poured forth in vast multitudes into other countries, which they generally subdued, and settled themselves in. It often happened, however, that these colonies were so molested by their neighbours, that they were obliged to send for