ie, to make him carry or draw up hill: for if the hill be steep, three men will do more than a horse, each man climbing up faster with a burden of 100lb. weight, than a horse that is loaded with 300lb.: a difference which is owing to the position of the parts of the human body being better adapted to climb, than those of a horse.

On the other hand, the best way of applying the force of a horse, is the horizontal direction, in which a man can exert the least force: thus, a man that weighs 140lb. when drawing a boat along by means of a rope coming over his shoulders, cannot draw above 271b., or exert above 4th part of the force of a horse employed to the same purpose; so that, in this way, the force of a horse is equal to that of seven men.

The best and most effectual posture in a man, is that of rowing; when he not only acts with more muscles at once, for overcoming the resist ance, than in any other position, but also as he pulls backwards, the weight of his body assists by way of lever. See Desaguliers's Exp. Philos. v. 1. p. 241, where several other observations are made relative to force acquired by certain positions of the body; from which, that author accounts for most feats of strength and activity. See also a Memoir on this subject by M. De la Hire, in the Mem. Roy. Acad. 1729; or in Desaguliers's Exp. &c. p. 267, &c. who has published a translation of part of it with remarks.

Force is distinguished into motive and accelerative or retardive.

Motive force, otherwise called momentum, or force of percussion, is the absolute force of a body in motion, &c.; and is expressed by the product of the weight or mass of matter in the body multiplied by the velocity with which it moves. But, Accelerative force, or retardive force, is that which respects the velocity of the motion only, accelerating or retarding it; and it is denoted by the quotient of the motive force, divided by the mass or weight of the body. So,

if m denote the motive force,
and b the body, or its weight,
and ƒ the accelerating or retarding force,

then is fas

In centripetal forces, the absolute quantity is defined from the magnitude, or at least from the strength and efficacy of the central body. The accelerating is that force as perpetually decreasing in the increase of the distance, et contra. The moving force is the weight itself, which arises from the body or mass drawn into the accelerating force. From whence, the absolute force being given, the moving force in a given body will be as the accelerating; and, the accelerating being given, it will be as the body. These three forces, therefore, are referred to three things, to bodies, to the places of bodies, and to the centre of force. The motive force respects the body, and the endeavour and propension thereof to the centre, as compounded of the endeavours and propensions of all the parts. The accelerating refers to the place of the body in the medium, as the efficacy of the same absolute force, according to divers distances from the centre: and, the absolute force respects the centre or central body itself, as endowed with some power, without which the moving forces are not propagated round about; whether that power or cause be the central body (as the magnet in the centre of the magnetic force, or the earth in

the centre of the gravitating force), or be some other thing which does not appear.

Again, forces are either constant or variable. Constant forces are such as remain and act continually the same for some determinate time. Such, for example, is the force of gravity, which acts constantly the same upon a body while it continues at the same distance from the centre of the earth, or from the centre of force, wherever that may be.

Here the following nine propositions will often be of utility:

1. If different forces are successively applied to accelerate equal quantities of matter from quiescence, the spaces described in any given time will be in the same proportion with the forces.

2. If the same force impels different quantities of matter, for any given time, the spaces described from quiescence will be inversely as the quantities of matter moved.

3. If the force be increased or diminished, in the same proportion with the mass moved, the spaces described from rest, in the same time, will be equal.

4. If a body is moved from quiescence, during any given time, it will, at the end of that time, have acquired such a velocity as will, if continued uniform,carry it, in the same time, through double the space which the body has already described to acquire that velocity.

5. If the same force acts on the same mass, for different times, the velocities generated will be respectively in the same proportion with the times in which the given force acts.

6. If any given quantity of matter is moved from quiescence by different forces, during a given time, the velocities acquired will be in the same proportion with the forces.

7. If a given force impels different quantities of matter for the same time, the velocities generated will be inversely as the quantities of matter.

8. Ifa body be moved from quiescence, through the same space by different forces, the velocities generated will be in a subduplicate ratio of the forces.

9. If a given quantity of matter is impelled from quiescence, through different spaces, by the action of the same force, the velocities generated will be in a subduplicate ratio of the spaces described.

In the case of a constant force F, acting upon a body b, for any time t, we have these following theorems; putting

fthe constant accelerating force = F÷b, the velocity at the end of the time t, s=the space passed over in that time, by the constant action of that force on the body: and g=16 feet, the space generated by gravity in 1 second, and calling the accelerating force of gravity 1; then is

as the square of the distance increases. In variable forces, theorems, similar to those above, may be exhibited by using the fluxions of quantities, and afterwards taking the fluents of the given fluxional equations. And herein consists one of

the great excellencies of the Newtonian or modern

analysis, by which we are enabled to manage, and compute the effects of all kinds of variable forces,

whether accelerating or retarding. Thus, using the same notation as above, for constant forces, viz. f the accelerating force at any instant, t the time a body has been in motion by the action of the variable force, v the velocity generated in that Lime, s the space run over in that time, and g=324 feet; then is

In these four theorems, the force f, though va

riable, is supposed to be constant for the indefinitely small time; and they are to be used in all stant forces; viz. from the circumstances of the problem under consideration, deduce a general expression for the value of the force f, at any indefinite time t; then substitute it in one of these theorems, which shall be proper to the case in hand; and the equation, thence resulting, will determine the corresponding values of the other quantities in the problem.

cases of variable forces, as the former ones in con

It is also to be observed, that the foregoing theorems equally hold good for the destruction of

motion and velocity, by means of retarding or resisting forces, as for the generation of the same by means of accelerating forces.

FORCES, CENTRAL, CENTRIFUGAL, &c. See the respective words.

FORCE COERCITIVE, the name given by Coulomb to the resistance opposed by the molecule of certain bodies to the motion of the electric fluid, when it endeavours to escape from them. This force augments with the defect of the conducting

power.

FORCE OF COMBINATION, is that in virtue of which the particles of two or more heterogeneous bodies become so intimately united, that the resalt of their union is a body which has none of the properties of the constituents.

FORCE EXPANSIVE. See EXPANSION. FORCE OF TORSION, the effort made by a thread or wire, which has been twisted, to return to its

former state.

FORCE PROJECTILE. See PROJECTILES. FORCEDLY. ad. (from force.) Violently; constrainedly; unnaturally (Burnet). FORCEFUL. a. (force and full.) Violent; strong; impetuous (Pope).

FORCEFULLY. ad. (from forceful.) Violently; impetuously.

FO'RCELESS. a. (from force.) Having little force; weak; feeble; impotent.

FORCEPS. (forceps, -cipis, quasi ferrieeps, as being the iron with which we seize any thing hot, from ferrum, iron, and ca

pio, to take.) A surgical instrument with which extraneous bodies or other substances are extracted: also an instrument used occasionally by men midwives to bring the head of the fetus through the pelvis.

forces, drives, or constrains. 2. The embolus FO'RCER. s. (from force.) 1. That which of a pump working by pulsion (Wilkins).

For an account of Trevithick's temporary forcer to produce a constant stream, consult Nicholson's Journal, No. 9. N. S., or Gregory's Mechanics, vol. ii. p. 197.

FORCHEIM, a strong town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Bamberg. It is seated at the confluence of the Wisent and Rednitz. Lat. 49. 44 N. Long. 11. 2 E.

FORCIBLE. a. (from force.) 1. Strong; mighty (Milton). 2. Violent; impetuous (Prior). 3. Efficacious: active; powerful (Bacon). 4. Prevalent; of great influence (Raleigh). 5. Done by force; suffered by force (Swift). 6. Valid; binding; obliga

tory.

FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINER. Forcible entry, is a violent actual entry into a house or land, &c. or taking a distress of any fear of hurt to any there, or furiously drive any person, armed, whether he offer violence or out of the possession; if one enter another's house, without his consent, although the doors be open, this is a forcible entry punishable by the law.

And an indictment will lie at common law for a forcible entry, though generally brought on the several statutes against forcibly entry. The punishment for this offence is by fine and imprisonment.

FORCIBLE MARRIAGE. If any person shall take away any woman having lands or goods, or that is heir apparent to her ancestors, by force and against her will, and afterwards she be married to him, or to another by his procurement; or defiled; he, and also the procurers, and receivers of such a woman, shall be adjudged principal felons. And by 39 Eliz. c. 9, the benefit of clergy is taken away from the principals, procurers, and accessaries before. And by 4 and 5 Phil. and Mary, c. 8, if any person shall take or convey away any unmarried woman, under the age of sixteen (though not attended with force), he shall be imprisoned two years, or fined, at the discretion of the court; and if he deflower her, or contract matrimony with her without the con sent of her parent or guardian, he shall be imprisoned five years, or fined in like manner. And the marriage of any person under the age of twenty-one, by licence, without such consent, is void.

FORCIBLENESS. s. Force; violence.

FORCIBLY. ad. (from forcible.) 1. Strongly; powerfully (Tillotson). 2. Impetuously; with great strength. 3. By violence; by force (Hammond).

FORCING, in gardening, the art of raising and producing plants, flowers, and fruits, by means of artificial heat. It is accomplished, either by the gentle moist heat that is evolved

during the fermentation and decomposition of stable dung, tanner's bark, and other similar materials, or by the use of actual fire in stoves, Alues, and other contrivances for the purpose. The former of these methods is principally employed in raising cucumbers, melons, and some other fruits, and the latter in producing pine apples, various kinds of wall fruits, and several other sorts of vegetable productions. The great difficulty in the management of this process, is that of adapting and regulating the heat, of whatever sort it may be, in such a manner as to promote and bring forward the plants in the most perfect and healthy growth, without their sustaining injury either by a deficiency or excess. The various methods of effecting this in the most perfect manner are fully described under the culture of the differ ent trees, plants, and vegetables that require such treatment in their cultivation. It is by this process that different sorts of vegetable productions, fruits, and flowers are afforded at much earlier periods than could otherwise be the case, and it of course constitutes an important branch of practical gardening.

FORCING FRAME, that kind of large framework or erection which is made use of in procuring different sorts of vegetables, fruits, and flowers at an early period, by the application of artificial heat in some of the above modes. It is a construction covered with sloping glass sliding frames on the top, and sometimes in the front. It may be either fixed or moveable; but in the former case the walls are most ly made of brick-work.

These sorts of forcing frames are usually placed full to the south sun, and the length may be from ten to fifty, or one hundred feet; the width from five to fifteen, and from five to ten high; having an upright back wall of wood, where small, but where large, of brick; and a front of glass-work, made sometimes in one continued range of slope to the top of the back wall; and sometimes with upright glasswork, head high, ranging immediately along the front, and from the top of which a glass roof is carried to the top of the back or main wall: when wrought by dung heat, it is chiefly applied against the outside of the back wall, and by being formed into a bed internally; when by bark heat, by forming it into a bed in a pit within side; and when by fire heat, by having several returns of flues against the inside of the back wall, and that of the front and both ends, for the heat to pass along, constructed according to the sorts of plants chiefly intended to be forced, and the nature of the materials to be employed in producing the heat.

Where the first kind of materials is employed in affording heat, the frame is usually formed with an upright back and ends of deal planking, and a sloping front of moveable glass lights; the length may be ten, twenty, or thirty feet, or more; the width from three to five (or more), and five or six high; the frame-work should be of inch and half deal planking, tongued, and closely joined, that no steam from

the dung may penetrate into the frame; raised five, six, or seven feet high behind, and only ten or twelve inches high in front, raising both ends answerable to the front and back; the glass work to range, from the upright in front, sloping upward towards the back wall, to about a foot width at top, there resting the ends upon proper frame work of wood; and bars or bearers, three inches in width, ranged sloping from the back to front, for the support of the lights, as in common hot-bed frames, and the top of all boarded wind and water tight; having sometimes withinside two or three ranges of narrow shelves, along the back and ends, for pots of small plants, and the bottom levelled, on which to place pots of larger kinds; or shelves may be made, rising one above another, quite from the front, half way up the back wall, in order to place the lowest plants in front, the others in order behind them, rising gradually to the tallest in the back rows.

In working these frames, after having placed the pots of plants in regular order, the lights are put on, and a sufficient quantity of fresh, hot, stable dung, prepared as for common dung hot beds, is to be piled up close against the outside of the back and ends, a yard wide at bottom, drawing it gradually into a foot width at top, finishing it somewhat sloping, to throw off wet; and as the dung settles or sinks down, a fresh supply must be added at top, to maintain the lining to the full height of the frame, additions being occasionally made of fresh dung, as the heat declines; by this means a fine growing heat will be thrown in. See HoT BED.

Where bark is made use of in producing heat, the frame may be constructed either of wood or brick work, and fronted, &c. with sashes of glass as the former; the length may be ten, twenty, or thirty feet, or more; eight or ten wide, and six or eight high; and, like the dung heat frame, be six or eight feet high behind, and one in front, the ends conformable and sloping, having glass work frames raised from the front, sloping either quite to the top of the back wall, or inclined only about one half towards that part, meeting a tiled roof at top half way, which should be raised high enough in front to throw the water off behind, as well as to admit as much sun as possible to every part of the frame; it may likewise be constructed with an upright front of glass, head high, and a sloping roof of glass work, ranging from the upright front to the top of the back wall, which is the most eligible form, both for convenience and benefit of the plants; either of which constructions may be erected detached, or against a south wall already built, which will serve for the back, and save some expense; the ends may either be of wood or brick, and should be glazed like the front, &c. and the glass work in every part be made to move on and off, as well as to slide backward and forward, to give air, and perform other necessary work. At one end, near the back wall, a door should be made to enter occasionally at, and withinside,

a påt formed for the bark bed, three feet deep, part sunk, the greater part raised, continued the whole length and width, except about a foot and half alley to pass in to perform the necessary culture, as well as view and gather the produce of the different plants.

The pit within is to be filled with new tan, in order to afford a proper heat for the growth and support of the plants that are to be cultivated. See HOT BED.

Where fire heat is to be employed, the frame must be formed of brick work, at least the back or main wall, for the convenience of having fire flues, and the whole front, &c. be glass like the other sorts; the length may be from twenty to forty or fifty feet, or more, though one fire will not warm more than that length; the width from five or six to twelve or fifteen feet, and eight or ten high. In this case the fire is burned in a furnace behind, at one end or middle, thence communicating the heat by internal flues or funnels running the whole length of the back wall, in three or four returns one above another, and continued in one or two flues in the front. And frames thus constructed may be contrived either of moderate width, for one row of trees only, to range against the back wall, or may be capacious enough to have a range of trained wall trees be hind, and some small half or full standards, ranging also from the back to the front, or entirely for standards, especially those of cher

ries.

Where it is intended to have a narrow frame for only a row of trained trees behind, the width of from four to five or six feet is sufficient, having the back or main wall formed of brick or stone, as just observed, eight or ten feet high, with several flues withinside, returned over each other, running the whole length of the wall; in the front must be a low wall a foot high, on which to lay a plate of timber, and from which are ranged glass frames or lights in one continued slope to the top of the back wall, there received into proper frame work; but, for the greater convenience, the lights may be in two tiers or ranges, an under and upper tier, the upper range made to slide up and down over the others, but so that all the glass work can be moved away occasionally, to admit the full air to the trees after the work of forcing is over: the whole bottom space within the frame should be of good loamy earth, or any good garden mould, two spades deep, which should be dug or trenched in the common way; then a range of trees planted behind, towards the wall, two or three yards asunder, erecting a trellis behind them, upon which to train the branches, as against a wall or espalier. Other inferior plants may likewise be set in the border, or in pots, in front of the

trees.

In forcing frames of this construction, from forty or fifty feet long may be sufficient; but if longer, two furnaces for fires are necessary. See HOT HOUSE.

Different sorts of frames of this nature may

be seen in the plates on forcing frames, hot houses, &c.

In the first description of forcing frame, various kinds of fruits may be produced both of the dwarf fruit tree, and other sorts, as well as different sorts of vegetables and plants of the flowery and other kinds.

Frames of this sort may have such dimensions as to have substantial hot beds prepared within them, for the purpose of receiving many different sorts of potted plants.

And in the second sort of frame, from the heat being more regular and lasting, a still greater variety of the finer sorts of fruits, and the more tender flowers and other vegetable productions, may be produced, not only long before they could be raised in any other way, but with much greater ease and convenience, as well as with greater certainty.

The last kind of forcing frame is employed in furnishing many of the finer sorts of fruits, that require high degrees of heat to produce them in the utmost perfection, such as pineapples, grapes, apricots, peaches, nectarines, and various others, as well as many tender sorts of vegetables, and numerous plants of the cu rious flower and other kinds.

FORCING GROUND, the portion of ground in a garden that is destined to the purpose of forcing or raising vegetable productions by means of artificial heat. Grounds of this sort should always be detached from the garden, and situated as near to the stable as the nature of the land will admit, in order that dung may be conveyed to them with as much ease and couvenience as possible, litter prevented, and the disagreeable appearance of the beds conccaled.

It is necessary in most situations, and particularly in such as are exposed, to have them inclosed with a fence, either of brick work or paling, six or eight feet in height. They should have sufficient space for containing a suitable number of frames and pits, and such linings as may be necessary in the working of them. And it is of great advantage in raising many sorts of tender crops, both of the vegetable and fruit kind, to have four or six feet borders made round them in a raised manner, Where melons are raised, it is usual to have brick pits coped with stone or wood. Those which are most convenient, according to Mr. Forsyth, are such as are about twelve feet in width, and two and a half in depth; the length in proportion to the number of frames employed. They are, however, often made of much smaller dimensions, especially where the extent of forcing ground is but small.

In regard to the size of the lights for early melons, the above author advises, that they should be five feet in length, and three in breadth; and for others six feet in length, and four in breadth, the former being four, and the latter three light boxes. See FRAME.

In constructing the pits, nine inch walls will be sufficient, square spaces of wood being

built in the upper parts of them, where wood Copings are made use of, to nail them to. As wood decays rapidly, stone should be preferred. Sometimes the walls are not built solid, but square openings left, so as to admit the heat from the outsides.

Mr. Forsyth directs, that there" should be a walk between the ridges, about six or seven feet broad, sufficient to admit a cart to carry dung," as being more expeditious than wheeling it in.

"The wak should be made up as high as the coping, and sloping gently towards each end," being laid in the bottom with brick rubbish, and covered over with sea coal ashes or sand. By this means, after the linings are made up, it may be kept perfectly neat and clean. A loose drain will likewise be necessary in the middle of the bottom of the pit, for conveying off wet and the oozing from the dung, to a tank or cistern constructed for its reception. The fluid thus collected may be made use of in watering cabbage and other plants of the same

kind.

FORCING PIT, a sort of pit constructed of brick work, with fire flues, in various ways, for the purpose of making tan or other hot beds in, being covered with glass frames.

It is useful for receiving different sorts of tender potted plants which require considerable degrees of heat in their cultivation.

FORCING WALL, a wall constructed with flues for the purpose of conveying and communicating fire heat, in order to ripen various kinds of tree fruits that are planted and trained against them, and which are protected in the front by glazed frames.

Walls of this sort should always be erected in warm sheltered situations, and have southern aspects, in order that they may derive the greatest possible advantage from the influence of the sun.

FORCIPATED. a. (from forceps.) Formed like a pair of pincers to open and enclose (Derham).

FORD. s. (Fone, Saxon.) 1. A shallow part of a river where it may be passed without swimming (Fairfax). 2. The stream; the current (Milton).

To pass

Passable

To FORD. v. a. (from the noun.) without swimming (Raleigh). FORDABLE. a. (from ford.) without swimming (Raleigh). FORDINGBRIDGE, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Saturdays. Lat. 50. 56 N. Lon. 1.49 W.

FORDOUN (John of ), the father of Scottish history, flourished in the reign of Alexander III. towards the end of the 13th century. But of his life there is nothing known with certainty, though there was not a monastery that possessed not copies of his work. The first five books of the history which bears his name were written by him: the rest were fabricated from materials left by him, and from new collections by different persons. A ma

nuscript in vellum of this historian is in the library of the university of Edinburgh.

FORDWICH, a member of the town and port of Sandwich in Kent, seated on the river Stour, and governed by a mayor, jurats, and commonalty. It is noted for its excellent trouts, and lies three miles N. E. of Canterbury.

FORDYCE (David), an ingenious writer, born at Aberdeen in 1720. He was educated at that university, and became professor of moral philosophy in the Mareschal college. On his return to England from a tour through several parts of Europe, he was shipwrecked and drowned in 1751. He wrote; 1. Dialogues concerning Education, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. A Treatise of moral Philosophy in Dodsley's Preceptor. 3. Theodorus, a Dialogue, concerning the Art of Preaching.

FORDYCE (Dr. James), a noted divine, was brother of the preceding, and born also at Aberdeen in the same year he was educated at that university. Early in life he was settled minister of the parish of Brechin, and became very celebrated as a preacher. After a few years he received a presentation to the church of Alloa, near Stirling. About the year 1760 he preached before the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, a fine sermon on the folly, infamy, and misery, of unlawful plea-` sure, which raised his fame as a pulpit orator so high, that the university of Glasgow soon after sent him a diploma, creating him D. D.; and, which was more extraordinary, he received an invitation from a very respectable congregation of protestant dissenters, meeting in Monkwellstreet, London; this invitation he accepted. About 13 years previous to his death, the doctor's ill health obliged him to resign this charge; and he retired to a village in Hampshire. He died at Bath, Oct. 1.1796. His most noted works are, Sermons to Young Women, 2. vols. Addresses to Young Men, 2 vols. and Addresses to the Deity, 1 vol. His Sermons to young women have attracted most general notice; but, for our own part, we do not perceive in them many excellencies. Had we been so fortunate as to hear them from the pulpit, we conclude we must have admired them, for Dr. Fordyce was qualified to excel as a preacher. The effect of his pulpit addresses was much heightened, not only by an action and an elocution, which he studied with care and practised with success; but by the figure of his person, which was peculiarly dignified, and by the expression of his countenance, which was animated at all times, but animated most of all when lighted up by the ardor of his soul in the service of God. By some of his hearers, it was observed that, on many occasions, he seemed not merely to speak, but to look conviction to the heart. His eye, indeed, was particularly bright and penetrating, and he had carefully attended to the effect which an orator may often produce upon an audience by the judicious use of that little, but invaluable organ.

FORE, a. (Foɲe, Saxon.) 1. Anteriour;