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The following method may be taken for preserv. ing the blossoms of fruit trees in spring. Procure some sheep hurdles, made of hazel or willow branches, about two or three feet higher than the walls. At spring, just before the blossom of the fruit-trees begin to open, place these before the trees, and fasten them in windy weather with stakes, and by their being taller than the walls are high, they may be set sloping about two feet from the bottom of the walls, which will keep them steady.

When the fruit is set, and entirely out of danger, take them quite away, and by keeping them in a dry place they will last many years, and will be always worth one third of the first cost, for lighting of fires, when unfit for any other use. In an experiment that was made, the hurdles were placed before the trees in December; they also defended a crop of peas. It is possible that vine might also be thus defended in the spring, and come forwarder; at least it is worth trying where the walls are not too high.

§ 14. Hardy greenhouse plants,

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canon and civil laws, and in divinity. He signed the divorce of Henry VIII. from Katharine of Spain, abjured the pope's supremacy, and wrote De vera et falsa obedientia, in behalf of the king: yet in Edward's reign he opposed the reformation, and was punished with imprisonment; but queen Mary coming to the throne, she enlarged him. He drew up the articles of marriage between the queen and Philip of Spain, which were very advantageous to England. He was violent against the reformers; but on his death-bed was dissatisfied with his life, and often repeated these words: Erravi cum Petro, sed non flevi cum Petro. He died in 1555.

GARE. Coarse wool on the legs of sheep. GARGA'REY, in ornithology. See ANAS. GA'RGARISM. s. (yagyaptopos.) A liquid medicine to wash the mouth with (Bacon). To GA'RGARIZE. v. a. (yapyapi?w.) To wash the mouth with medicated liquors (Hol.).

GARGET. In the manage, a tumour and inflammation in the head of horses and other quadrupeds, cómmencing in the eyes and lips, and extending to the gums and tongue. It is sometimes contagious: but generally yields without difficulty to topical bleedings, espe cially of the sublingual vein, and cathartics in conjunction.

To GARGLE. v. a. (gargouiller, French.) 1. To wash the throat with some liquor not suffered immediately to descend (Harvey). 2. To warble; to play in the throat (Waller).

GARGLE, in medicine. (gargarismum, gargarisma.) A fluid preparation to wash the throat with.

GARGLE, among horned cattle, a disease proceeding from an indurated tumour of the dew-lap, progressively extending to the breast and throat. It appears to be of a scrophulous, indolent nature, and yields to rowels and other local stimulants.

GA'RLAND. s. (garlande, French.) 1. A wreath of branches or flowers (Sidney). 2. The top; the principal (Shakspeare), 3. A collar of ropes wound about the head of the mainmast of a ship, to keep the shrouds from galling (Chambers).

GARLICK, in botany. See ALLIUM. GARLICK PEAR. See CRATŒEVA. GARLICKEATER. S. (garlic and eat.) A mean fellow (Shakspeare).

GARMENT. s. (guarniment, old French.) Any thing by which the body is covered.

GA'RNER. s. (grenier, French.) A place in which thrashed grain is stored up (Dr.). To GA'RNER. ". a. (from the noun.) To store as in garners (Shakspeare).

gem

of

GARNET. s. (garnato, Italian.) A a middle degree of hardness, between the sapphire and the common crystal, whose colour is ever of a strong red. See GEMMA.

GARNETT (Thomas, M D.). an ingenious physician and philosopher, was born in a village in Westmorland, and like most men who have become eminent by their talents, he sprang from the middle class of society, His

father is the proprietor and cultivator of a small estate near Kirkby-Lonsdale. Prompted by his son's evident superiority over his little playmates, he resolved to spare no expence in his education, and accordingly, when he had passed the usual time at a country grammarschool, he was placed under the care of Mr. Dawson, of Sedberg, in Yorkshire, a gentleman of well-known mathematical abilities. Four years were here spent in the closest study, at the expiration of which period, determining on the pursuit of medicine, he proceeded to Edinburgh, and became a pupil of Dr. Brown, whose system he ever after defended and acted upon. A residence of several years procured him a degree. He then visited London, and studied surgery with considerable attention, Conceiving himself qualified to enter into the practice of his profession, and an opportunity offering by the death of Dr. Wilson, he began his public career at Harrogate, in Yorkshire. To those who have observed the means which the medical men of this place find themselves under the necessity of using, to obtain employment, it will not appear surprising, that the delicate inind of Dr. Garnett received severe and frequent shocks, until, the irksomeness of his situation becoming insupportable, although lucrative, he was compelled to abandon it. He now formed a design of emigrating to America, but the persuasion of his friends prevailed upon him to relinquish, this scheme. It being suggested in Liverpool, that a course of lectures on chemistry and experimental philosophy would, in all probability, be well received, he embraced the idea, and was gratified by a success exceeding his most sanguine expectations. The neighbouring town of Manchester was the next theatre for the display of his knowledge, and he there repeated, with the highest approbation, the course he had given at Liverpool. Encouraged by the flattering reception he met with, he becaine a candidate, and a successful one, for the lectureship of Anderson's Institution, in Glasgow. The reputation which he acquired, while in this situation, induced the managers of the Royal Institution to offer him the place of lecturer in physics and philosophy, a selection which was the more honourable to Dr. Garnett, as it was entirely unsolicited, and unexpected by him. The temptation was too strong to be resisted. He acceded to the proposed terms, and, coming immediately to London, delivered his lectures during two seasons, to a crowded and brilliant audience. The publicity he had thus gained, added to other circumstances, influenced him to resign his scat in the Institution; and the lease of a house in Great Marlborough-street being on sale, he bought it, built a large and convenient lecture-room, purchased a quantity of philosophical apparatus, and had the pleasure to see his forms filled with pupils. In the spring of 1802, he began a new course, and was advancing towards its close, when ill-health, for a time, suspended his labours. Resolutely struggling with disease, in a few days he resumed

his chair, and gave several lectures, when suffering under the severest indisposition; but, at length, his feeble limbs refused to obey the dictates of his vigorous mind, and he was obliged to remain in his own apartinent. His disorder every instant assumed a more serious aspect. The medical gentlemen, who attended him, declared it to be a typhus fever, caught in the gratuitous exercise of his profession, and increased by anxiety and over-exertion; and, in spite of every effort of skill, and every care of affection, on the 28th of June 1802, this amiable man expired, in his 35th year.,

As an author, Dr. Garnett is known to the world by his Tour through Scotland; by his Analysis of the Mineral Waters at Harrogate, Moffat, Horley Green, &c. by his Lecture on Health; his Annals of Philosophy; and by a number of papers inserted in the Memoirs of the Medical Society of London, the Royal Irish Academy, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, of which bodies he was a member. The Monthly Magazine also is indebted to him for several valuable communications.

As a lecturer, he was entitled to every praise for complete knowledge of his subject, although, in explaining it, he did not use the rhetorical action and declamation, which so frequently impose upon the world, and which, in matters of science, are perhaps worse than useless. What he said was easily apprehended, and he never allowed an opportunity to escape of illustrating and confirming by experiment what he had advanced in theory.

As a man, he was generally admired and beloved. Active and energetic, yet mild and unassuming, the superiority of his mind was disguised by the simplicity and suavity of his manners. His countenance was open and intelligent, sometimes highly animated, but too often overcast with an expression of melancholy, which those who were so happy as to be his friends must ever lament should have a cause for existence,

Before he quitted Harrogate, he married a Miss Cleveland, a charming woman, who was so fondly attached to him, as to participate in his studies. From the day of their union, it was her endeavour to assimilate her mind to his. She attended all his lectures, paid particular attention to those subjects on which she found he was most interested, and even qualified herself to assist him in the correction of his manuscripts. He returned her affection with equal ardour, and they seemned made for each other, when in giving him a second daughter, she expired in his arms. After this a wish to provide for his children roused him to great exertion, and this, together with much anxiety of mind, soon produced the fatal disor◄ der which terminated his useful labours, and left his infant daughters orphans to be provided for by the known generosity of the British public.

GARNIER (Robert), a French tragic poet, was born at Ferté Bernard, in the province of

Maine, in 1534; and died in 1590. His dramatic works were printed at Lyons in 1 vol.

12mo. 1597.

GARNISH. v. a. (garnir, French.) 1. To decorate with ornamental appendages (Sidney). 2. To embellish a dish with something laid round it (Dryden). 3. To fit with fetters. A cant term.

GA'RNISH. S. (from the verb.) 1. Ornament; decoration; embellishment (Shaksp.). 2. Things strewed round a dish. 3. (In gaols.) Fetters.

GARNISHMENT. s. (from garnish.) Ornament, embellishinent (Wotton).

GA'RNITURE, s. (from garnish.) Furniture; ornament (Granville).

GARONNE, a river of France, which rises in the Pyrenees, on the borders of Arragon, in Spain, and joining with the Dordogne about 12 miles below Bourdeaux, changes its name to Gironde.

GARONNE (Upper), a department of France, which takes its name from the river that runs through it. It contains part of the late province of Languedoc. Toulouse is the capital.

GAROU BARK. See THYMALEA. GA'ROUS. a. (from garum, Latin.) Resembling pickle made of tish (Brown). GARRAN. s. (Erse.) A small horse; a hobby; a galloway (Temple).

GA'RRET. s. (garite, the tower of a citadel, French.) A room on the highest floor of the house.

GARRETTE'ER. s. (from garret.) An inhabitant of a garret.

GARRICK (David), a celebrated English actor, was descended from a French family, who, being protestants, fled to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. His father, Peter Garrick, was a captain in the army, and generally resided at Litchfield; but being on a reconnoitring party at Hereford, David was born there in 1716. He received his education, partly at the grammar-school at Litchfield, and partly under the celebrated Dr. Johnson, with whom he came to London in 1735. He was for some time under Mr. Colson, an eminent mathematician, and afterwards went into partnership with his brother in the wine trade. This business he soon quitted for the stage. His first attempt was made at Ipswich, in the summer of 1741, under the assumed name of Lyddal; and having been received there with great applause, he ventured soon after to make his appearance at the theatre in Goodman's fields, in the character of Richard. The theatres of Covent-garden and Drury-lane were quickly deserted, and Goodman's fields became the resort of people of fashion, till that theatre was shut up. Garrick then made an engagement with Fleetwood, the patentee of Drurylane. In the summer of 1742 he performed at Dublin to such full houses, that the heat of the weather and the crowds occasioned a fever, which was fatal to many, and was called GarFick's fever. In 1747 he became joint-patentee

of Drury-lane with Mr. Lacey. In 1749 he married mademoiselle Viletti. In 1763 he and Mrs. Garrick made a visit to Italy, both of them being in an indifferent state of health. Visiting Paris on his road, he saw the celebrated mademoiselle Clairon. At this time mademoiselle Dumesnil was the favourite actress in that city; but Mr. Garrick ventured to foretel that Clairon would excel all her competitors, and the result_verified the prediction. He returned to England in 1765, and in 1766 quitted the stage. He died at his house in the Adelphi in 1979. He wrote several dramatic pieces, and a great number of prologues and epilogues, besides reviving seve ral old plays. A monument was lately erected to his memory in Westminster-abbey.

Mr. Garrick continued in the unmolested enjoyment of his fame and unrivalled excellence to the moment of his retirement. His universality of excellence was never once attacked by competition. Tragedy, comedy, and farce; the lover and the hero, the jealous husband who suspects his wife without cause, and the thoughtless lively rake who attacks without design, were all alike his own. Rage and ridicule, doubt and despair, transport and tenderness, compassion and contempt; love, jealousy, fear, fury, and simplicity; all took in turn possession of his features, while each of them in turn appeared to be the whole possessor of his heart. In short, Nature, the mistress from whom alone this great performer borrowed all his lessons, being in herself inexhaustible, this her darling son, marked out for her truest representative, found an unlimited scope for change and diversity in his manner of copying from her various productions. There is one part of theatrical conduct which ought unquestionably to be recorded to Mr. Garrick's honour, since the cause of virtue and morality, and the formation of public manners, are considerably dependent upon it; and that is, the zeal with which he aimed to banish from the stage all those plays which carry with them an immoral tendency, and to prune from those which do not absolutely, on the whole, promote the interests of vice, such scenes of licentiousness and liberty, as a-redundancy of wit and too great liveliness of imagination have induced some of our comic writers to indulge themselves in, and which the sympathetic disposition of our age of gallantry and intrigue has given sanction to. In this respect we should be happy to see the conduct of Mr. Garrick universally imitated.

GA'RRISON. s. (garrison, French.) 1. Soldiers placed in a fortified town or castle to defend it (Sidney). 2. Fortified place stored with soldiers (Waller). 3. The state of being placed in a fortification for its defence (Spen.).

To GA'RRISON. v. a. (from the noun.) To secure by fortresses (Dryden).

GARRU'LITY. s. (garrulitas, Latin.) 1. Loquacity; incontinence of tongue (Milton). 2. The quality of talking too much; talkativeness (Ray).

GARRULOUS. a. (garrulus, Latin.) Prattling; talkative (Thomson).

GARSTANG, a town in Lancashire, seated on the river Wyre, with a market on Thursdays. Lat. 53 56 N. Lon. 2. 53 W. GARTER, Is, a ligature to keep up the stockings; it is also particularly used for the badge or coguizance of a noble order of knights, hence denominated the

Order of the Garter, a military order, next in diguity after the nobility, instituted by king Edward III. in 1344, under the title of the sovereign and knights-companions of the most noble order of the garter.

This order consists of twenty-six knights, or companions, generally peers or princes; whereof the king of England is the sovereign, or chief. They wear a garter, set with pearls and precious stones, on the left leg, between the knee and calf, with this motto, honi soit qui mal y pense, q. d. shame to him that thinks evil hereof: and they bear this motto surrounding their arms. The meaning of which motto is said to be, that king Edward having laid claim to the kingdom of France, retorted shame and defiance upon him that should dare to think amiss of the just enterprize he had undertaken for recovering his lawful right to that crown; and that the bravery of those knights whom he had elected into this order was such as would enable him to maintain the quarrel against those who thought ill of it.

They are a college or corporation, having a great and little seal: their officers are, a prelate, chancellor, register, king at arms, and usher.

Besides which, they have a dean, and twelve canons, with petty canons, vergers, and twenty-six pensioners, or poor knights.

The prelate is the head; and the office is vested in the bishop of Winchester: next to him is the chancellor, which office is vested in the bishop of Salisbury, who keeps the seals. All these officers, except the prelate, have fees and pensions.

The order is under the patronage or protection of St. George of Cappadocia, the tutelar saint of this kingdom. Their college is held at the castle of Windsor, within the chapel of St. George, and the chapter-house, erected by the founder for that purpose. Their robes, &c. are the garter, decked with gold and gems, and a buckle of gold, to be worn daily; and, at feasts and solemnities, a sur-coat, mantle, high velvet cap, collar of SS's composed of roses enamelled, &c.

The mantle is the chief of those vestments made use of on solemn occasions. Its colour is by the statutes appointed to be blue. The length of the train of the mantle only distinguishes the sovereign from the knights-companions to the collar of the mantle is fixed a pair of long strings, anciently wove with blue silk only, but now twisted round, and made of Venice gold and silk, of the colour of the robe, with knobs or buttons, and tassels at the end. The left shoulder of the mantle has from the

institution been adorned with a large garter, with the device hon soit, &c. within this is the cross of the order, which was ordained to be worn at all times by king Charles I. At length the star was introduced, which is a sort of cross irradiated with beams of silver. The collar is appointed to be composed of pieces of gold in fashioned garters, with the ground enainelled bluc, and the motto gold.

When they wear not their robes, they are to have a silver star on the left side; and they commonly bear the picture of St. George, enamelled on gold, and beset with diamonds, at the end of a blue ribbon, crossing the body from the left shoulder. They are not to appear abroad without the garter, on the penalty of 6s. 8d. paid to the register.

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The manner of electing a knight companion into this most noble order, and the ceremonies of investiture, are as follow:-When the sovereign designs to elect a companion of the gar ter, the chancellor of the order draws up the letters, which, passing both under the sovereign's sign manual and signet of the order, are sent to the person by Garter principal king at arms, and are to this effect: We, with the companions of our most noble order of the garter, assembled in chapter, holden this present day at our castle at Windsor, considering the virtuous fidelity you have shewn, and the honourable exploits you have done in our service, by vindicating and maintaining our rights, &c. have elected and chosen you one of the companions of our order. Therefore, we require you to make your speedy repair unto us, to receive the ensigns thereof, and be ready for your installation upon the present month," &c. The garter, which is of blue velvet bordered with fine gold wire, having commonly the letters of the motto of the same, is, at the time of election, buckled on the left leg by two of the senior companions, who receive it from the sovereign, to whom it was presented on a velvet cushion by Garter king at arms, with the usual reverence, whilst the chancellor reads the following admonition enjoined by the statutes: "To the honour of God omnipotent, and in memorial of the blessed martyr St. George, tie about thy leg, for thy renown, this noble garter; wear it as the symbol of the most illustrious order, never to be forgotten or laid aside; that thereby thou mayest be admonished to be courageous, and having undertaken a just war in which thou shalt be engag ed, thou mayest stand firm, valiantly fight, and successively conquer." The princely gar ter being thus buckled on, and the words of its signification pronounced, the knight elect is brought before the sovereign, who puts about his neck, kneeling, a sky-coloured ribband, to which is appendant, wrought in gold within the garter, the image of St. George on horseback, with his sword drawn, encountering with the dragon. In the mean time, the chancellor reads the following admonition: "Wear this ribband about thy neck, adorned

with the image of the blessed martyr and soldier of Christ St. George, by whose imitation provoked, thou mayest so overpass both prosperous and adverse adventures, that having stoutly vanquished thine enemies both of body and soul, thou mayest not only receive the praise of this transient combat, but be crowned with the palm of eternal glory." Then the knight elected kisses his sovereign's hand, thanks his majesty for the great honour done him, rises up, and salutes all the companions severally, who return their congratulations.

Since the institution of this order, there have been eight emperors, and twenty-eight kings, besides numerous sovereign princes, enrolled as companions. Its origin is somewhat differently related: the common account is, that it was erected in honour of a garter of the countess of Salisbury, which she dropped dancing with king Edward, and which that prince picked up: but our best antiquaries think it was instituted on account of the victory over the French at Cressy, where the king ordered his garter to be displayed as a signal of the battle. GARTER, principal King at Arms. This office was instituted by Henry V. Garter and principal king at arms are two distinct offices united in one person: Garter's employment is to attend the service of the order of the garter; for which he is allowed a mantle and badge, a house in Windsor-castle, and pensions both from the sovereign and knights, and, lastly, fees. He also carries the rod and sceptre at every feast of St. George, when the sovereign is present, and notifies the election of such as are newly chosen; attends the solemnity of their installations, &e.

GARTERS, in ornithology, coloured rings in some birds, round the naked part of the thighs just above the knees.

To GARTER. v. a. (from the noun.) To bind with a garter.

GARTH. s. The bulk of the body measured by the girdle. In some parts of England this name is given to a little back yard, or close.

GARTH-MEN, is used in our statutes for those who catch fish by means of fish-garths,

or wears.

GARTH (Sir Samuel), an English poet and physician, was born in Yorkshire, and educated at Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1691. He greatly contributed to the carrying into execution the project of establishing dispensaries, in which the college was engaged, and which was opposed by the apothecaries. He lashed the apothecaries for their venal spirit, in his poem of the Dispensary, which had uncommon success. In 1697 he spoke the annual speech in Latin before the college on St. Luke's-day, which gained him the reputation of a distinguished orator. His practice in his profession was now great, and he was universally beloved for his humanity and amiable manners. On the accession of George I. he was knighted, and appointed the king's physician in ordinary, and physiciangeneral to the army. He died in 1718-19.

GARUM, a word in very common use among the old writers on medicine, who expressed by it a pickle, in which fishes had been preserved. The principal kind of fishes they preserved in this manner was the mackarel. The way in which this garum was prepared is unknown to us. The moderns mean no more by this word, than the pickle in which herrings, or anchovies, are preserved. GARUMNA, a celebrated river, now known by the name of Garonne.

GARŽI (Lewis), a painter, the disciple of Andrea Sacchi, and the rival of Carlo Maratti, was born at Pistois in Tuscany. His paintings are greatly admired in Italy. At the age of 80 he painted the dome of the church Stigmatie, in Rome, by order of Clement XI. which is deemed his finest work. He died in 1721, at the age of 83.

GAS, in chemistry. See GASS. GASCOIGNE (Sir William), lord chief justice of the king's bench, was born at Gawthorp, in Yorkshire, in 1350, and being bred to the law, was in 1398, on the accession of Henry IV. raised to the rank of chief justice of the king's bench. He distinguished himself by his integrity, loyalty, and inflexible justice, and particularly by a memorable transaction in the latter end of that reign. A servant of the prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V. being arraigned for felony, at the king's bench bar, the prince, his master, hasted to the court, and not only ordered sir William to release him, but attempted his rescue. When being opposed by the lord chief justice, who ordered him to leave the prisoner and depart, he rushed with fury up to the bench, and struck that judge, while he was sitting in the execution of his office. Upon which sir Wil liam, after some grave expostulations on this outrage and unwarrantable interruption of the course of justice, committed that young prince to the king's bench prison, there to wait his father's pleasure; and the royal youth was so struck with the reproof, that he submitted to that disgraceful punishment with a calmness as sudden and surprising as the offence which occasioned it. The king, on hearing the affair, said, he thanked God for having given him both a judge who knew how to administer, and a son who could obey justice. This action had a happy effect on the prince, who had for some time led a dissolute life; but he now became reformed, and being soon after raised to the throne, by the title of Henry V. was far from shewing the least resentment against sir William, who died on the 17th of December, 1413.

GASCOIN, or GASKIN, of a horse, is that part of the hind quarter extending from the stifle (or inferior point of the thigh approaching the belly) to the bend of the hock behind; upon the shape, strength, and uniformity of which, the property, action, and excellence of the horse very much depends. If the gaskins be wide, and divide below the tail in an extensive arch on the inside, with a bold swell of the muscle on the outside, these not only indi

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