s. 16. Eng. or owner of any vessel, until he shall attain the age of 21 years. But by the 4 Ann. c. 19. s. 16. Eng. no master 4 Ann. c. 19. shall be obliged to take any such apprentice under 13 years of age, and who shall not be fitly qualified both as to health and strength of body for that service. And if any master who hath been obliged to take such parish boy an apprentice, shall die during the term, his widow, or his executor or administrator may assign over such apprentice to any other master who hath not his complement of apprentices. The 2 & 3 Ann. c. 6. Eng.; 4 Ann. c. 19. Eng.; 13 Geo. 2. c. 17. Eng.; and 2 Geo. 3. c. 15. 13 Geo 2. c.17. Eng. contain provisions relative to the protection of ap- 2 Geo. 3. c. 15. prentices from being impressed in the sea service. By the Eng. Eng. Eng. 28 Geo. 3. c. 48. Eng. a power is given to the church- 2s Geo.3. c.48. wardens and overseers of the poor, with the consent of 2 justices, to bind any boys of the age of 8 years or up- Binding to chimwards, who or whose parents are chargeable to the pa- ney-sweepers rish, or who shall beg for alms, apprentices to chimney sweepers, until the age of 16 years. This act appoints the hours at which such apprentices shall be employed at the different seasons of the year; limits the number of apprentices which each chimney-sweeper shall keep; and gives a power to 1 justice to fine any such master, in a sum not exceeding £10. nor less than £5. who shall misuse or evil treat his apprentice. tween masters Eng. By the 5 Eliz. c. 4. s. 35. Eng. if any master shall Disputes bemisuse or evil intreat his apprentice, or if the appren- and apprentices. tice shall have just cause to complain, or the apprentice 3 Eliz.c.4.s.35. do not his duty to his master, then the master or apprentice may complain to a justice of peace of the county, or to the mayor or other head officer of the city, &c, where the master dwelleth; and if such justice, &c. cannot compound the matter, he shall take bond of the master to appear at the next sessions; and the justices or 4 of them at the least (one of them to be of the quorum) or the mayor, &c. with the consent of 3 of his brethren, or men of the best reputation in such city, &c. may discharge such apprentice by writing under their hands and seals; or, if the default be found in the apprentice, may cause due correction to be administered unto him. And by the 20 Gco, 2. c. 19. Eng. (as amendel by the 32 Geo, 20Geo. 2. c.19. 32 Geo. 3. c. 57. Eng.) on complaint to 2 justices by any Eng. 32 Geo.3. c.57. parish apprentice, or other apprentice upon whose bind11.&12. Eng. ing out no larger a sum than £5. was paid, concerning any misusage or ill treatment, they may summon the master or mistress to appear; and on proof upon oath of the truth of the complaint, may discharge the apprentice and order the master to deliver up his clothes, and to pay a sum not exceeding £10. to place him with another master or to be otherwise applied for his benefit, from which order * Ante page392 such master, &c. may appeal as by s. 5. ;* and such justices, &c. may on the complaint upon oath by any master or mistress against any such apprentice, concerning any misdemeanor, discharge such apprentice, and commit such offender to the house of correction, for a time not Apprentices dis- exceeding 3 calendar months. By the 32 Geo. 3. c. 57. s. 1. pored of in case f death of mas- Eng. covenants for the maintenance of parish apprentices ter, &c. 5. 7. shall not be in force longer than 3 months after the death of the master or mistress; during which time such apprentices shall serve the executors, &c. of the master, &c. so dying, or such person as such executors, &c. shall ap1. & 2. point. And by s. 2. within 3 months after the death of such master, &c. 2 justices may on the application of the widow of the master, or husband of the mistress, or by any son, daughter, brother, or sister, of such master or mistress, order such apprentices to serve the residue of their terms with any one so making such application. And by s. 7. masters may assign over apprentices, with the consent of 2 justices, to any person who shall accept - such apprentice, and acknowledge himself to be bound by the indenture of apprenticeship. By. s. 6. a power is given to 2 justices to order and levy the sums necessary for maintenance and clothing of apprentices: and by s. 8. to discharge such apprentices whose masters, &c. cannot maintain or employ them. But by s. 9. this act shall not extend to apprentices with whom more than £5. shall be 33Geo.3.c. 55. given. The 33 Geo. 3. c. 55. Eng. also empowers 2 justices at a special sessions, to impose a fine of 40s. on any master, &c. who shall misuse any apprentice, upon whose binding not more than £10. was paid; subject to an appeal to the quarter sessions. By the 5 Eliz. c. 4. Eng. 24 Geo. 2. c.55. and 24 Geo. 2. c. 55. Eng. the justices, mayors, and other Eng. 8. 6. s. 8. s. 9. 5 Eliz. c. 4. s. 47. Eng. Eng. head s. 1. & 3. Eng. head officers are enabled to issue their warrants to ap- Apprentices absprehend any apprentices [or servants] who shall flee into conding. another shire. And by the 6 Geo. 3. c. 25. Eng. if any 6 Geo. 3. c. 25. apprentice shall absent himsef from his master's service, he shall whenever he shall be found (so it be within 7 years after the expiration of his term), be compelled to serve his master, for so long a time as he shall have absented himself; unless he shall make satisfaction to his master for the loss he shall have sustained by his absence: and if he shall refuse so to serve, or to make satisfaction, the master may complain upon oath to 1 justice where he shall reside; who shall issue his warrant for apprehending such apprentice: and such justice or hearing the complaint, may determine what satisfaction shall be made to such master by the apprentice. And if the said apprentice shall not give security to make satisfaction according to such determination, such justice may commit him to the house of correction for any time not exceeding 3 months. But by s. 2. this act shall not extend to any apprentice whose master shall have received with him the sum of £10. And by s. 5. an appeal is given (except in cases of commitment) to the justices at the next general quarter sessions. It is a provision of the annual mutiny Apprentices enact, that if any apprentice shall enlist himself, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be liable to be imprisoned in any gaol or house of correction, and kept to hard labour for 2 years; and after the expiration of his apprenticeship shall be liable to serve in any regiment of the king's regular forces, and may be taken as a deserter. The 42 Geo. 3. c. 73. U. K. contains several regulations for preserving the health and morals of apprentices in cotton and woollen mills and factories. s. 5. listing. 42 Geo, 3. c.73, U Health and mo rals of appren tices. prentices in Ire It was a part of the policy of the popery laws in Powers of jus Ireland, to restrict papists as to the number of appren- tices as to aptices to be kept by them, and to exclude them from be- land. ing apprentices to certain trades, or to alien traders. But the 19 & 20 Geo. 3. c. 19. s. 3. Ir. enacts, that every manufacturer, as well journeyman as master, may take as many apprentices as he shall think fit, whether such master or apprentice be protestant or papist. And by the 32 Geo. 3. c. 21. s. 16. Ir. and 33 Geo, 3. c. 21. s. 1. Ir. this s. 16. Ir. 8. 17. 25 Geo. 2.c.8. s. 3. & 4. Ir. 99 Geo. 2. c. a 13. Ir. 8. this distinction between protestants and catholics is in effect done away. A jurisdiction is given to the justices of peace in Ireland in respect to apprentices as well as 2 Geo. 1. c. 17. to servants, by the 2 Geo. 1. c. 17. Ir. By this statute (s. 16.) any 2 justices may hear and determine the complaints of apprentices employed in any handy-craft trade, or manufacture; and remove any such apprentice, if they shall find just cause (by reason of the failure, death, or severity of their masters or mistresses) from such service, by order under their hands and seals; and by the like order turn over such apprentices to some master, &c. of the same trade, for the remainder of the term of such apprenticeship: but by s. 17. such master, &c. may appeal from such order to the justices at the next general quarter sessions of such county, &c.; whose orders shall be final. And by the 25 Geo. 2. c. 8. s. 3. Ir. any 2 justices (or 1 justice by the 29 Geo. 2. c. 8. s. 13. Ir.) may upon the complaint of any apprentice, upon whose binding out no larger a sum than £5. was paid, touching any misusage, refusal of necessary provision, cruelty, or ill treatment, summon the master or mistress to appear, and upon proof of the matter of complaint upon oath (whether the master, &c. be present or not, if service of the summons be also proved upon oath) may discharge such apprentice, by warrant under their hands and seals; for which warrant no fee shall be paid: and by s. 4. such justices may also hear and determine the complaint of any master upon oath, against any apprentice, touching any misdemeanor or ill behaviour, and punish the offender by commitment to the house of correction, for a time not exceeding a calendar month; or discharge such apprentice as aforesaid. These clauses are taken from the 20 Geo.2.c.19.Eng. 3 Geo. 3. c. 34. The 3 Geo. 3. c. 34. Ir. which is the leading statute for the regulation of the linen manufacture of Ireland, provides (s. 22.) that no linen weaver or linen manufacturer manufacturers. shall employ his apprentice for any unreasonable time in husbandry, or other work not relating to said trade, except only during 24 days in harvest, upon pain of forfeiting 10s. for the 1st offence, 20s. for the 2d, and for the 3d offence such apprentice shall, if he desires it, be *Vide pag s 392-6. s. 22. Ir. Apprentices to discharged, s. 3. Ir. prentices running away, &c., discharged, and have his apprentice fee returned to him. And the 42 Geo. 3. c. 73. U. K. (ante page 397.) extends also to Ireland. And on the other hand the 31 31 Geo.5. c.23. Geo. 3. c. 23. s. 3. Ir. provides, that if any apprentice bound by indenture to serve in any trade or mystery, Penalty of apshall elope or run away from his master or mistress, or wilfully refuse to learn or work at such trade, &c. or shall wilfully cut, deface, spoil, or by mismanagement or neglect injure any work, or any loom, tool, or materials entrusted to him, he shall on conviction before any magistrate, upon the oath of 1 witness, be imprisoned for any time not exceeding 3 months. Ireland. s. 11. Ir. $ 12 By the 2 Geo. 1. c. 17. s. 11. Ir. the minister and Binding poor church-wardens of every parish are empowered, with the apprentices in consent of a justice of peace, &c. to bind out any poor child 2Geo. 1. c. 17. whom they shall find begging, or other poor child, with the consent of the father, if living, or of the mother, if the father be dead, to any honest and substantial protestant house-keeper, or protestant tradesman, that will entertain such child as a menial servant till the age of 21; or to any credible tradesman till such apprentice be 24 years old: and by s. 12. such age shall be ascertained in the indentures, and an exemplification thereof in the vestry book of the parish, signed and sealed by the minister and church-wardens, shall in all controversies about such age, be as authentic as a counter-part of such indentures. By s. 13. on the death of the person receiving any such poor child, his executors or administrators shall have a right to the labour of such apprentice for the remainder of the time in his indenture. And by s. 14. the usual covenants in favour of servants in other indentures, shall be inserted in these; and a justice of peace may on justices to hear complaint of ill usage or cruel treatment examine into complaints, it, and, if fully proved, discharge such apprentice, and bind him to some other master, &c. for the remainder of the time; or in case the complaint appear groundless, such justice may order reasonable correction for such apprentice. And if any such apprentice shall depart the service of his master, &c. without consent, he shall be punished in like manner as a hired servant by s. 2. (ante page 388): and s. 14. Jurisdiction of |