Now, having finished the plan, a fair map may be obtained on paper or vellum, by any of the following methods:

First, lay the plan on the paper or vellum intended for the fair map, and keep them close together by means of weights laid on them. Then, with the point of a fine pricker, prick through every corner of the plan to be copied, and connect these pricked points with the hand, or with a straight ruler if the lines are straight.

This method answers very well when the figures are small and tolerably regular, or bounded by right lines; but when this is not the case, lay the paper intended for the map on a table, on which lay what is called transferring paper, and over this the plan to be copied ; then with the blunt point of any hard instrument, trace over the lines of the whole plan, pressing the tracer sufficiently, so that the black lead under the lines may be transferred to the clean paper; then taking off the transferring paper and plan, trace over the transferred marks with Indian ink.

Having transferred all the lines to the clean paper, the next thing to be done is to write such names, remarks, or explanations as may be considered necessary, laying down the scale to which the plan had been constructed, and coloring such parts as may be considered necessary-such as shading rivers, brooks, lakes, and seas; drawing the representation of trees, bushes, hills, hedges, houses, roads, fortifications, gates, &c. in their proper places; also representing the ground plan of buildings, &c.

In order to point out the proper direction of the

map, take in the field the bearing of any one station from another, by means of any instrument furnished with the magnetic needle, and on the plan having these stations, mark off the same bearing, which will be the north, or proper direction of the map, making due allowance for the variation of the needle.

The plan might be copied to any size required, by means of a pentagraph; but the best way is by means of the intermediate colored paper, being perfectly accurate, and by far more simple and expeditious than any other.

When the paper on which the plan was drawn happens to be too strong, it must be copied on what is called tracing paper, and transferred from thence to the clean paper by means of the intermediate colored paper, in the manner before described. Great care must be taken to keep the point of the tracing instrument exactly over the line to be transferred, and also to keep the tracing and transferring papers flat and close to the clean paper.

Lines separating townlands should be distinguishable from those separating baronies; and these again from those separating counties. The writing describing one denomination should always be different from that describing a different denomination; that is, all the names of cities should be written in the same style and size of letter ; so should the names of towns and townlands, &c.

It would be well to mark all the lines essential to be surveyed, on the plan, in red ink, in order to distinguish them from fences; and the length of each might also be marked on it in red figures. Should it

be required to mark the direction of external objects, draw the lines in the proper directions out to the margin of the paper, and on it write the name of the object.

The parish boundary is denoted by a dotted line, and when it passes along the middle of a fence, the dots are drawn on both sides of the fence. When a road forms a part of the parish boundary, both fences of the road are shown. When the parish boundary passes through any enclosure, not defined by a fence, the entire of such enclosure is shown on the plan, with the parish boundary, marked by a dotted line, passing through it. When this happens, the area of the included portion only of such enclosure should appear in the schedule; but the area of the excluded part may be marked as belonging to the adjoining parish.

In all cases of fences, the boundary lines of the adjacent properties are marked on the plan; and when the fence belongs altogether to one property or the other, it is indicated by the proper mark. When a river or stream forms a parish boundary, both sides are defined, and a dotted line in the middle denotes the boundary, the same as in a road.

The name of the parish forms the title of the map, to which is added the county in which the parish is situated, the name of the surveyor, the date of the survey, the scale, and the total contents.

In furnishing a plan or map, use as little colouring as possible. Country surveyors are, in general, too much addicted to the practice of daubing their maps with gaudy colours, which should never be done except at the particular desire of the owner of the estate.

In finishing a plan or map, brick work is usually coloured light red-pine timber is generally coloured with gamboge-oak or hard timber with yellow ochrewrought iron with Prussian blue-cast iron with Prussian blue mixed with Indian ink-roads with burnt umber— water with Prussian-blue or Cobalt-and all the various tints of green, both light and dark, for grass land, trees, hedges, and fields, may be obtained by making a mixture of Prussian-blue with gamboge or yellow ochre. Sometimes the ground plans of all the buildings on the survey are coloured red. Indian ink is employed for this purpose too, which perhaps answers better.

Indian ink and Prussian-blue are sufficient for all the purposes of a map, no other being but very seldom employed by the best surveyors.

As in book-keeping, every merchant has his own peculiar method of keeping accounts, so in surveying, every surveyor has his peculiar method of keeping his field-book. Very much, however, depends on the neatness and accuracy of the field-book; therefore we recommend the field sketch, as being less liable to error than any other. The following field-notes, and plan of a part of a parish in England, surveyed under the Tithe Commissioners, were communicated to the author by a dear friend and pupil, who was engaged in that service:

Smithies.

5

A small horse-shoe, with the open side turned to. wards the road.

Lime-kiln.

Turnpike-roads. The side from the light shaded.

Cross-roads. Narrower, and both sides alike.

Rail-roads. Both sides dark, very narrow, and perfectly parallel.

Canals. Distinguished from Roads by the parallelism of the sides, the locks and bridges, and by having the side next the light shaded like rivers. Canals and navigable rivers to be coloured blue.