perfect ease of the shepherd lying on the grass. Obs. D. and E.

5. Amaryllida: the supposed mistress of Tityrus. Melibous, who represents one of the poor Mantuans, envies Tityrus, whose mind is free to sing of her. 9. Obs. D.

6. Deus. So Tityrus calls Octavian, for not making him an exile also. Read of Apotheosis, Adam's R. Ant.

12. Turbatur: impersonal. - En ipse. "See, I myself," meaning, even I who am spared, (as an instance of the confusion) scarcely (ago) drive before me (protenus, as if porrò tenus).-Duco: he was leading me.-13. Obs. D.

15. Connixa. Acri dolore enixa. Voss. Cf. G. iv. 199. 16. Lava: "infatuated;" so dexter, "acute." Cf. Hor. Ars P. 30.

17. When lightning blasted olives, it was a sign of bad crops; when oaks, of banishment; as Pomponius explains. Read of Auspices, Augurs. Adam's R. Ant.-18. Da: tell; so, accipe, to hear.-21. Nostræ : Mantua.

22. Depellere: "drive down" (for sale); because Mantua was on low ground. Some interpret de lacte pellere to wean, as in iii. 82., construing quo for quoi or cui. - - 23. Obs. C., 5. 24. Rule 24, 3.-25. He means that Rome proved different from Mantua in nature as well as in size. Obs. F.

27. Et. So we when eager say, "And what," &c., in asking a question.

28. Libertas. The land of Italy was tilled by slaves. If industrious, they might save to purchase freedom. Tityrus had long been indifferent about it.

In this place read of slavery among the Romans-how men came to be slaves-whether there was any slave-market -whether they were foreigners or citizens-whether fathers could sell their children, creditors their debtors-of the master's power over them—whether slaves by law could make a will, inherit, or appear as witnesses—whether they could purchase liberty-how they could be made free-whether they cultivated the land. All these matters can be found, by help of the Index, in Adam's R. Ant. For private reading," Blair's State of Slavery amongst the Romans," is recommended.

30. Post: adverb. Postquam must be repeated before Galatea. He means that Amaryllis, a better helpmate than Galatea, enabled him to save.

33. Peculi. Peculium properly denoted that kind of property which a man allowed his slave or his son to call hi

own,

35. Ingratæ. He blames the city for never letting him bring his money home; for Galatea spent it. Cf. Virgil. Moretum, v. 80.

Obs. C. 1.

37. Mirabar. He now understands why he had seen Amaryllis dejected. Tityrus had gone to Rome to save Andes from the soldiers. 38. Obs. D.

41. Meaning, How could I help going away, though she did complain of my absence?

43. Juvenem : Octavian.-44. Fumant: he had vowed him a sacrifice every month. -45. Responsum dedit: applicable to Deus.-Submittite: supply jugo.-46. Sua manebunt: and shall not be divided among the soldiers.

66

50. Fætas: pregnant (dams), as in En. ii. 238.; or, "having yeaned," as in G. iii. 176.-Insueta: meaning, Poor as your farm is, I envy you, because my cattle have to be moved to pastures which may not agree with them, and be infected by others.

52. Hic. Here follows an enumeration of the blessings which Tityrus retained, and he had lost.

54. Hinc tibi. The order is, Hinc tibi sepes, vicino ab limite, quæ semper (suadebat inire somnum) depasta (secundum) florem salicti Hyblais apibus, sæpe suadebit inire somnum levi susurro. — 55. Rule 4.

63. The Arar, now the Saône, is a river, not of Germany, but of Gaul, neither is the Tigris in Parthia; still the Tigris and Arar were connected with the history of the incursions of the Parthians and Germans respectively. The geography is accurate enough for a poet (especially when speaking in the character of a peasant) of those times. Obs. F.

66. Oaxem: a river of Crete, as Jahn proves; properly mentioned as a place of exile, because it was the extreme southern part of the Roman empire, before Egypt became a Roman province. Britain was regarded as part of the empire even during these wars, though the forces had been withdrawn.

Those who would understand Araxes or Oxus to be intended, and construe Creta, chalk! must consider that exiles remained always within the empire, though at its remote boundaries, whereas Oxus and Araxes (a. u. c. 712) lay without.

67. Britannos. Britain was not known to the Romans till the time of Julius Cæsar. Suetonius says, that in the reign of Claudius, Aulus Plautius could hardly persuade his troops to accompany him to Britain; they believed it beyond the

world's end. "The Romans in Britain," Family Library, is useful private reading for the Latin scholar.

68. En ! Cf. viii. 7. 70. Aristas: for messes, 66 some har-vests hence." Arista has such a meaning in Decimas emensus aristas, Claudian, viii. 372. Heyne and others construe aliquot aristas, (reduced to) a few ears of corn. But Virgil would have expressed himself very differently, if that had been his meaning. Obs. D.

71. Impius, well applied to a soldier in civil war, means lawless, heartless, sine pietate, without affection or reverence for ties human or divine. —Novalia. See note on G. i. 71.

72. Barbarus. Many foreigners were in the Roman legions at that time.-Quò: to what extremities.

77. Pendere procul. Look at a sheep, or a goat, as it hangs or seems poised on a distant crag, and you will appreciate a literal rendering of this pendere and procul. Obs. E.

79. The cytisus some believe a kind of heath, others the Medicago arborea.

83. Čulmina; culmen, quod culmis tegebatur, literally, a thatched roof, not chimneys. Of these we hear nothing till A. D. 1347. None are mentioned by Vitruvius indeed, he forbids carved work, except in summer rooms, lest it should be covered with soot. No chimneys were found in Herculaneum. To the effect of smoke escaping from a mere hole in the roof, we may trace the terms μéλa@pov from μéλas, and atrium from ater. Read of the houses of the Romans, whether they had any precautions against fire, similar to our partition walls; of gates, doors, bars, bolts, locks, keys, hinges, knockers; of windows, shutters, curtains, glass (see Cyclopædia, of its invention), floors, and ceilings. Adam's R. Ant. Obs. D. and C., 6.

1. Corydon (Virgil) is here represented as attached to Alexis (Alexander) a slave of Iolas (Asinius Pollio). Pollio is said to have been so moved by the friendship evinced in this Eclogue, as to give Alexander to Virgil, by whose instructions he became a professional grammarian. Virgil is said to have become interested in another youth named Cebes, who proved a poet.

Though the above is a common account, Heyne doubts that either Virgil or Pollio is intended. Siculi (line 21.) shows

that the scene is in Sicily, and probably enough, as Theocritus is imitated closely. Rule 24. 3.

2. Domini. Iolas. Rule 29. 8. Nunc. The sense is, "While every creature is enjoying itself, I cannot rest." Obs. F.-10. Rapido. Cf. rapidum solem. From rapio: overpowering, intense.-11. Serpyllum: wild-thyme.

12. Mecum. Cum joins me to cicadis: "in unison with the cicalas and me.

13. Cicadis. The cicala is not the same as our grasshopper; they are only found in warm climates, and sit on

trees.

18. Ligustra: privet. - Vaccinia (vaкívolov): hyacinth (probably).-20. Nivei. Cf. G. iii. 386. R. 16.

24. Amphion founder of Thebes. See Cl. Dict. -Dircaus; Dircæan. -Dirce: a fountain near Thebes. - Aracyntho a mountain of Greece; its position is disputed. Acteo is probably an epithet, from its situation on the shore, akтh. Obs. F.

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26. Placidum ventis, R. 24. 3.-28. Sordida: poor, humble. Figere. Supply telo.-30. Hibisco: the abl. case of the instrument. Hibiscus was a species of mallow.-31. Pan. See Cl. Dict. Obs. F.

35. Hæc: supply carmina.—Amyntas: some one jealous of the art of Corydon.-28. Damatas: only the name of a supposed friend.

38. Secundum: meaning, No one ever played on it but me. 40. Nec tuta. This is said to enhance the gift.-42. R. 28. 44. Sordent: "are despised." Hor. Ep. ii. 4.

46. Nymphæ. See Cl. Dict. for this word, as well as Naiades, Nereïdes, Orcades, Dryades.

50. Pingit (Nais): colours them; scil., varies the nosegay. 52. Nuces. Servius says that all fruits in shells were called nuces, as soft fruits poma.-53. Honos: of being given

to you.

54. Proxima: next in order.-55. Sic positæ: so arranged. 56. Rusticus es: simple, foolish. Corydon here blames himself for indulging such hopes.

57. Iolas. Pollio, who if gifts would conciliate, you would not be out-done by me.

58. Eheu. By naming the rich Iolas, and comparing his gifts with what he could himself afford, he finds he has as much destroyed all his hopes, as a gardener who exposed his flowers to the south wind. Obs. C. 6.

60. Quem fugis? Here he stops and says, " Of whom have

I to be afraid?" herd, as I am.

61. Paris, who won Helen, was a shepRead of Paris and Helen, in Cl. Dict., also Pallas-Minerva-Athens, why so called. Obs. F. 63. Obs. C. 6.-66. Suspensa (ex) jugo: suspended from the yoke to prevent its touching the ground. R. 24. 3. 68. Me tamen: sc. all nature rests except me. Hor. Ep. ii. 63.

70. Semiputata: half-pruned. Tityrus means to imply by a proverb that he has lost his senses. Insanity was said to be the curse of him who made wine of the fruit of unpruned vines. The leaves of the elm to which the vines were trained, if not pruned in time, overshadow the grapes. Servius cites a law of Numa, "Diis ea imputatâ vite ne libanto." -Detexere: to complete the weaving of.

ECLOGUE III.

Damotas and Menalcas, as far as v. 60., indulge in mutual invective; after that the poetical contest termed amabæan (from auoibatos) commences. This, Heyne remarks, is similar to the famed Improvisatori of modern Italy. Read of Improvisatori in Cyclopædia. The law of amoebæan poetry is, that each respondent must observe the same number of lines and same metre, either parodying or trying to surpass the wit of his rival.

Palæmon, a neighbouring shepherd, is made the umpire. 1. Cujum cujus, -a, -um. Obs. C. 2.

3. Infelix. Menalcas affects to pity the flock of Ægon, because, while courting Neæra, he trusted them to the idle Damætas. -6. R. 19.-7. Ipse: Egon. Viris: men, in a good sense; meaning your betters.-8. Qui. Supply a word, videre, perhaps, he would have said, as would appear from line 10.

8. Transversa: used adverbially. R. 2.

10. Menalcas hints that Damotas had been guilty of an act of malice. To injure a neighbour's trees was capital. 12. Aut hic understand the nymphs last, forsooth, when. -15. Mortuus esses: implying, "You would have died with envy had you not thus vented it."-Aliquâ. Supply ratione.

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16. This means, "What may I not expect from the master, Egon (my rival with Neæra), when a thievish slave Damætas is so bold?