To fudy. To learn.

Studere, to fudy, appears to be a privative of the imperfonal verb tædere, to grow weary: he ftudies who does not tire of application.

Leornan and laeran, to learn, are etymologically connected with words fignifying to borrow: he learns who borrows from his mafter intellectual ftores.

To ftudy implies uniform application in pursuit of knowledge; to learn implies fuccefsful application. We ftudy to learn; we learn by dint of study.

Lively men ftudy with difficulty, but learn with ease.

The more we learn the more we know. There are thofe who the more they ftudy the lefs they know. He has ftu.died well who has learned to doubt.

There are many things we learn with out ftudy; there are others we study without learning.

Thofe are not the wifeft who have udied moft, but who have learned

moft.

Youth is the time for ftudy, but manhood is the time for learning.

To remark. To obferve..

To remark, is to mark again for the purpose of remembering: to obferve, is to watch over, as a fhepherd does his theep. To remark, implies only attention; to obferve, implies drift, or purpofe: hence we call the statement of an individual fact, a remark; and the ftate ment of an inference, an obfervation.

A traveller remarks the most striking objects he fees.'-Blair.

Remember that as thine eye obferves others, fo art thou obferved by angels and by men.'-Jeremy Taylor.

If the remarker would but once try to outfhine the author, by writing a better book on the fame fubject, he would 'foon be convinced of his own infuffici ency.'-Watts.

He reads much ;

He is a great obferver; and he looks
Quite through the deeds of men.'-Shakspeare.
To aknowlege. To confefs. To avow.

To aknowlege, is to make known; to confels, is to make known by speaking with another; to avow, is to make known by declaration before the gods (ad and overe). Simple expofure, private participation, and public promulgation, are the ideas refpectively fuggefted.

We aknowlege our faults to one another; we confefs them to the priest; we avow them in public worthip. To aknowlege defire; to confefs illicit intercourse; to avow marriage. A gentleman aknow. leges his mistakes. A prifoner confeffes his crimes. A patriot avows his oppofition.

Dr. Johnfon characterizes to aknowlege as a hybrid word, produced between Latin and English: it is of wholly Eng lifh genealogy, and formed by the fame rule of analogy as to accompany, to ac couple, to accuftom, to affront.

Difficulty. Obstacle.

A difficulty renders our progrefs un eafy (dis and fucilis), an obftacle withfunds it (ob and ftare): we furmount the one; we remove the other. The firft defcribes impediment arifing from the nature and circumftances of the affair; the fecond defcribes hinderance from a foreign caufe. Philip found a difficulty in managing the Athenians, from the nature of their difpofitions; he found an obitacle in the eloquence of Deinofthenes.

:

Succefs is the mark which conduct has to hit the prudent take a fafe and a right direction, but commonly underfhoot their aim; the rath fling fidewards, or fly beyond, they commonly overthoot their aim; the wife choofe fitly, both their direction and their effort. The prudent excel in collineation, the rafh tend to hyperbole; but every unforeseen contingency effectually difappoints the prudent, and may bring the rafh to the precife goal. It is wifer to trust in the prudent than in the rafh, if you value the means; wifer to truft the rafh than the prudent, if you value the end.

Profufion. Extravagance.

He is profufe, who pours forth his whole fupply; he is extravagant, who wanders from his right direction.

The profufe man errs by the quantity, the extravagant man by the quality of his expenditure. He, who praifes exceffive ly, is profufe; he, who praifes inappropriately, is extravagant, in his flattery. The writer who fticks too long to his topic, is profufe; he who quits it too often, is extravagant.

Prefuming. Prefumed. Prefumptuous. Prefumptive.

He is prefuming, who takes rank before it is allotted him. That is prefumed, which is taken for granted before it is proved. To prefume, is to take beforehand. The prefumption of good fame is a motive for authorship.

Participial adjectives bear to participles the relation of habituality to actuality. Prefumptuous is habitually prefinning; prefumptive is habitually prefumed.

'Prefumptuous prieft.-Shakspeare. 'Prefumptuous hope.'-Milton,

In the technical language of lawyers, both French and English, the prefumptive heir is used for the heir-at-law; not as Johnson and Trufler fay, in oppofition to the heir apparent: but this word, being impurely formed, is in both languages

obfolefcent.

the word. 'Enow of reafons;" why not alfoenow of argument? In other gothic dialects, to enow is the verb for ta fatisfy. Nog is ftrong beer; probably enough defcribed originally the fatisfac tion which precedes intoxication. The French affez, feated, alfo describes an after-dinner feeling.

Sufficient is contracted from fatis fa ciens; and fatis means filled with food, not with liquor. It defcribes therefore a calmer comfort, mere contentment. He has fufficient, who has just what he wants; he has enough, who has any thing lefs than too much. The covetous man never has enough, although he has more than a fufficiency. If my hoft is helping me to wine: that is fufficient, permits him to ftop; that is enough,' forbids him to proceed.

Peace. Calm. Tranquillity.

Peace, being derived from the fame root as paufe, means a ceffation of trouble. From the Italian calare, to fink, to abate, comes the fubftantive calamente, declenfion, defcent, decay; and hence probably the verb calmare to cause to abate, and the fubftantive calma, calm. Tranquillity means fmoothness, and does not, like peace and calm, imply previous perturbation. Peace is opposed to war; calm to ftorm; and tranquillity to agitation.

Whole. Entire. Complete. Finished.

Whole derives from the fame root as to heal, and was at firft fynonymous with healthy: fo the German ganz comes from the fame root as gefund. Entire, defcribes that fort of health which con in Latin integer, means covered in, and

fifts in a whole fkin. To be free from wounds, from fores, from mutilations, conftitutes the primary idea of wholenefs, entirely, or integrity. Whole and entire are both oppofed to parted and to deficient; and in their metaphorical plication are identical: but whole is tire is not. fometimes used for healthy, whereas en

ap

They abode in the camp till they were whole.-Joshua..

Complete means filled up, and finished means ended. The vintner completes, the toper finishes, a bottle. Of an apartment which has all its furniture, one may fay it is complete, or it is finished. A dictionary may be completed by interpolations: it is finithed at the last page.

For

For the Monthly Magazine.

ties amidst shoals and rapids in the upper country, they arrived at length at the

THE BACK SETTLEMENTS OF
NORTH AMERICA.

[The public naturally expected, on the eftablishment and repofe of the government of the United States, that measures would be adopted for exploring the vast tracts of unknown country which lie between the Miffippi and the Pacific Ocean. Hitherto thefe expectations have been disappointed; but the recent ceffion of Louifiana has, in an especial manner, drawn the attention of the American government towards its western territories, and the refult of feveral expeditions have just been made public.

We are indebted to a correfpondent in New York for the power of firft introducing a knowledge of thefe difcoveries to the European public, and we shall not fail to lay before our readers every new fact as it tranfpires, till every part of this immenfe continent has been explored, and till we have Introduced the particulars to them.]

Account of a Journey up the Wafhita (or Ouachita) River, in Louifiana, performed by William Dunbar, Efy. and

Dr. Hunter.

TMr. Jefterfon, Prefident of the HESE gentlemen were employed by United States, pursuant to a provision of Congrefs for exploring Louifiana. They fet out from St. Catharine's Landing, on the Millilippi, on the 16th of October, 1804, and proceeded to the mouth of the Red River. This is fo called from the red appearance of the water, caufed by fome earthly impregnation tinged probably with iron.

At a little more than twenty-three miles from the Miffiffippi they entered the Black River, fo called from the clearnefs of its water, looking dark when contrafted with the muddy hue of the Red River.

They proceeded flowly upwards, paffing the place where the river Tenfa enters from the east, and the Catahoola from the weft, and visiting the itation called Fort Miro, about 200 miles from the entrance below, and which is the out-poft of the United States in that quarter. As far up as the junction of the three rivers just mentioned, the country is alluvial and flat, the water fluggifh, and the current fcarcely perceptible. Immediately above, the high land and permanent ftrata of foil begin.

The latitude of Fort Miro is about 30o 30'. After visiting various fettlements, and encountering many difficul

of the river, in latitude 34° 31'.

In profecuting this expedition, it was difcovered that frequent falines or faltlicks exifted there. They learned that in the furrounding country, and in the fpaces lying far towards the north and west, the rivers Wafhita, Arkanfa, and the Red River, were too brackish to be potable in dry feafons. Salt fprings, and plains incrufted with falt, are reported to be interfperfed through thofe regions. On the Waihita they faw fwans and alli

gators.

About the latitude 33°, the line of demarkation between Orleans and Louifiana, the long mofs or tillandia almoft fuddenly ceafes, being found no further to the northward; and about the fame place the ofiers, which grow on the banks of the river, ceafe, and flow themselves further on to the fouthward.

the Hot-Springs, which are fix in num The party proceeded no further than ber, and are fituated about fix miles from the main ftream to the north-west, as it there runs, and a little above the the hand to bear; the higheft temperagreat rapids. Their heat is too great for ture is about 150°. The water, on cooling, is palatable, and very good to drink, having but little foreign impregnation. The body of the mountain from which it iffues is filicious, partly flint and partly free-ftone; but the fuperficial parts, which have been overflowed by the effufions from the fprings, are incruftated with a ftratum of calcareous matter, that, in the course of time, has been deposited from their water. A trifling portion of iron is contained in it too, and precipitated with the lime.

In the hot water of thefe fprings a green plant vegetated, which feemed to be a fpecies of the conferva growing in fuch fituations; probably the fontinalis. But what is more remarkable, a bivalue teftaceous animal adhered to the plant, and lived in fuch a high temperature too. Here they difcovered a kind of wild cabbage, which they cooked, and found to be mild and good for food. Between the Hot-Springs and the place where the voyagers landed, are feveral licks and oozings of falt-water. They relate their furprife at beholding plants, fhrubs, and trees, at the outlet of the fprings, abfolutely growing and appearing healthy, while their roots were expofed to a heat of 130°,

The

The coldness of the weather was very remarkable. On the 30th of December the quick-filver funk to 9°; on the 2d of January, 1805, to 60. On this latter occafion, when the temperature of the atmofphere was 6°, and of the river water $20, a condenfed vapour floated over its furface, as is ufual in fuch cafes. On January 11th, the mercury in the air was at 110, and in the Wafhita water at 39°. On the 12th, the atmosphere was at 20°, and the river at 40°. In thofe cales of unequal temperatures, much watery vapour hovered over the stream. The obfervers relate, that although 200 of difference are more than enough to make this exhalation appear vifible, yet that 13° of variation are not enough for the purpofe.

Above the alluvial country, the rocks were chiefly of a fort of fchiflus, fome of it aluminous, and all of it unfit for covering houses; a kind of filicious compofition, resembling oil-ftone, or turkeyone, but too brittle for gun-flints; aud a fort of fandy aggregate, which feemed as if it might be employed for grind ftones. The mineralized and carbonated wood was found in feveral places. There were no certain indications of the proper foffil coal; nor did they meet with any ftrata of gypfum. And, notwithftanding the heat of the fprings, they met with no lava, pumice, or other volcanic

matter.

zine

This country was colonized early by the French. They projected and began extenfive fettlements on the Wafhita; but the general affacre planned and executed in part by the Indians against the French, and the confequent mallacre of the Natchez tribe by the French, put an end to thefe undertakings, and they were never refumed under the French government.

The prairies of this region are described as plains or favannas, without timber, generally very fertile, producing an exuberance of ftrong, thick, and coarfe herbage. When a piece of ground is once got into this ftate in an Indian country, it can have no opportunity of reproducing timber; it being an invariable rule to fire the dry grafs in the fall or winter, to obtain the advantage of attracting game when the young tender grafs begins to fpring. Thus the young timber is destroyed; and annually the prairie encroaches upon the woodland. It is probable that the immenfe plains known to exift in America may owe their origin to this practice. The plains of the Wathita lie chiefly on the eaft fide; and being generally formed like thofe of the Miffippi, floping from the banks of the river towards the great river, they are more or lefs liable to the influence of inundation in the rear. This has been known to advance fo far in certain great floods, as to be ready to pour over the margin into the Walhita. Such an occurrence has however latterly become very rare, and it may be generally estimated that from one-fourth of a mile to a whole mile in depth, will remain exempt from inundation during the high floods.

Fith are not very plentiful in the Wafhita. In the year 1799, the waters of the Miffiffippi, during an inundation, dammed up the Walita by regurgita tion, to fuch a degree, that they fwelled confiderably above Fort Miro. The flagnation and corruption of the water from this caufe, deftroyed all the fish in that part of the river; and they have been fcarce ever fince.

The bois d'arc (bow-wood), or yellow dye-wood, is fometimes feen near the Wafhita. It bears a gold-coloured fruit as large as the egg of the oftrich; its deep-green foliage refembles that of the orange-tree; and no foreft-tree can com❤ pare with it for ornamental grandeur.

About 300 miles above Nachitoches, on the Red-River, the navigation is op

pofed

pofed by a very ferious obstacle. This is the raft, or natural covering, which conceals the whole river for about feventeen leagues, and is continually augmenting by the drift-wood brought down with every confiderable fresh. This bridge, which was for a time nothing but floating trees, &c. fupports at this time a growth of every thing growing in the neighbouring foreft, not excepting trees of a confiderable fize. The river may be frequently paffed without any know ledge of its exiftence, fo perfectly is it concealed by the fuperincumbent mafs of materials; and it is reported, that the water is working for itself a new paffage through the neighbouring low grounds. In our next will be introduced Objervations on certain Parts of the Country in Louifiana; by Anthony Soulard, Efq. Surveyor-general of Upper Louifiana.

For the Monthly Magazine. REMARKS on the MORGANTE MAGGIORE of LUIGI PULCI.

PEACE EACE, however, had not long been re-established, before thefe mutual promifes began to wax cold and be forgotten. Gano, whofe banishment had been a principal article, was recalled; new fufpicions and jealoufies fprung out of the old animofity of the emperor against Rinaldo; moft of the Paladins retired in difpleasure to their caftles in the provinces; and Orlando (whofe difguft was greater in proportion to his refponfibility for having brought about the reconciliation,) fet off in fearch of new adventures, with a refolution never to return again to the ungrateful court of Charle

magne.

After a month's travelling, he and his fquire Terigi find themfelves on the confines of Perfia, and arrive at the camp of a Pagan giant, Marcovaldo, who is befieging the Amoftante, for love of his daughter Clariella. We will not enter into the details of this adventure, fo fimilar to that of Manfredonio; but, once for all, obferve that in this fecond expedition very little of variety or novelty occurs; and we thall pafs over our account of it very fhortly, only topping where any paffages of particular merit appear to deferve tranflation.

Marcovaldo, after a fierce combat, falls by the hand of Orlando; and his death is attended with peculiar circum

ftances, which difplay at once the fancy, the genius, and the abfurd fuperftition of the writer and of the age. When dying, a fudden illumination enters his foul, he abjures the impious Mahound and his rabble of gods, and begs to be baptifed by his conqueror. After this pious deed, which the good Orlando does not befitate to perform, he beholds angels defcending in a vifible fhape to bear away his foul to Paradife. The last request of this unfortunate giant is expreffed in an interefting and affecting manner. One act of grace before his fpirit fled,

Only one act the fainting chief requir'd: If chance Orlando's footsteps ever led

To her whofe beauty had his bosom fir'd, That he would tell her how her warrior bled, And how, by love to his laft hour inspir'd, breath just parting from this mortal

frame

His (Conftant in death) figh'd out his fair-one's

name;

And he would beg her to confefs his merit,
Sometimes the folitary tomb to fee
Where his cold bones their native duft inherit,
And call upon his name, and fay "For
thee

Thy Clariella grieves, unhappy spirit,

Whofe only fault was too well loving me Perhaps he hoped, that fad and tender ftrain Might call his fpirit back to earth again.

Ev'n as,

the spreading mulberry tree beneath (Witness of amorous fighs in days of yore), On Thilbe's name the lover call'd in death, And brought the fleeting ghoft from Heav'n

Orlando was, after this, received and entertained for fome time very courteoutly by the Amoflante and his fair daughter; but, as the former was a very zealous Pagan, he performed all his acts of hofpitality in perfect ignorance of the name, ftyle, and title of his gueft. However, the Soldan of Babylon, who meditated a war again the Amoftante, difcovers, by means of a necromancer, who this powerful ftranger was; and takes care to have the information' conveyed to the court of Perfia, in confequence of which he caufes both the knight and his fquire to be feized while afleep, and thrown into a moft horrible dungeon. From this place of confinement, through Clariella's good offices (who is deeply in love with her deliverer), Terigi is at

length