side from the towers, and preserving as much as he could the breadth of the passage outside the choir on account of the processions which were there frequently passing, he gradually and obliquely drew in his work, so that from opposite the altar (IX), it might begin to contract, and from thence, at the third pillar (XI), might be so narrowed as to coincide with the breadth of the chapel, which was named of the Holy Trinity. Beyond these, four pillars (XII. XIII.) were set on the sides at the same distance as the last, but of a different form; and beyond these other four (XIV. XV.) were arranged in a circle, and upon these the superposed work (of each side) was brought together and terminated. This is the arrangement of the pillars. The outer wall, which extends from the aforesaid towers, first proceeds in a straight line, is then bent into a curve, and thus in the round tower the wall on each side comes together in one, and is there ended. All which may be more clearly and pleasantly seen by the eyes than taught in writing. But this much was said that the differences between the old and new work might be made manifest. 9. Operations of the seventh, eighth, and tenth years. A.D. 1181. Now let us carefully examine what were the works of our mason in this seventh year from the fire, which, in short, included the completion of the new and handsome crypt, and above the crypt the exterior walls of the aisles up to their marble capitals. The windows, however, the master was neither willing nor able to turn, on account of the approaching rains. Neither did he erect the interior pillars. Thus was the seventh year finished, and the eighth begun. In this eighth year the master erected eight interior pillars, (XII...XV), and turned the arches and the vault with the windows in the circuit. He also raised the tower A.D. 1182. Namely, the crypt of St. Thomas's chapel, now called by its old name of Trinity chapel. A.D. 1183. up to the bases of the highest windows under the vault. In the ninth year no work was done for want of funds. In the tenth year the upper windows of A.D. 1184. the tower, together with the vault, were finished. Upon the pillars was placed a lower and an upper triforium, with windows and the great vault. Also was made the upper roof where the cross stands aloft, and the roof of the aisles as far as the laying of the lead. The tower was covered in, and many other things done this year. In which year Baldwin bishop of Worcester was elected to the rule of the church of Canterbury on the eighteenth kalend of January, and was enthroned there on the feast of St. Dunstan next after. . . . . . HERE ENDETH GERVASE HIS HISTORY OF THE BURNING AND Gervase concludes his narrative of the rebuilding somewhat abruptly; and to complete this period of the history a few remarks may be necessary. The expenses of this magnificent work seem to have been partly supplied from the oblations at the tomb of St. Thomas. Battely states that three bulls still remain in the archives, concerning the oblations made at the great Altar, at the altar of St. Thomas, and the other altars, by which the convent had leave to expend all the oblations in lights and vestments for the service of the church, and in the repair of the fabric, &c; and all historians record the visits of royal and noble personages to this saint, and their liberal offerings. The translation of the body of St. Thomas from the tomb beneath to the shrine in the chapel took place on the 7th of July, A.D. 1220, with the greatest solemnity and rejoicing, the king himself being present. No dedication of the new choir is recorded. Battely seems to imagine that it was dedicated at the time of the translation to St. Thomas the Martyr, but with no sufficient authority. Dart, indeed, contradicting Battely, says that there was merely an altar dedicated to St. Thomas in the chapel of the Holy Trinity, but that the church, in all the donatives afterwards, even to the time of Henry IV., is called by the name of Christ Church, and no other. (See Battely, p. 18; and Dart, p. 12; and note x, p. 19 above.) There is some ground for supposing that the chapel, which, as we have seen was erected on the site of that of the Holy Trinity, was dedicated to St. Thomas, for it is always called the Chapel of St. Thomas. Gervase so designates it, and it is even so described in Hollar's plan. Now, however, it has resumed its ancient title of the Trinity Chapel, under which I shall generally mention it. CHAPTER IV. ON THE CHURCH OF LANFRANC. THE history of the church of Lanfranc has been given at length in the latter part of the first chapter, from which it appears that that archbishop erected it complete and new from the foundations in seven years (Art. 17), and furnished it with the necessary ornaments. And for no reason recorded, it appears that at the suggestion and with the assistance of his successor Anselm, the priors and monks of the monastery took down the east end or choir within the twenty years after its completion, and erected it on an increased scale (Art. 22.) Now although Prior Ernulf appears to have had the greatest share in the masonry of the building, yet his successor Conrad completed the decoration of this choir so admirably that Gervase calls it by his name. As no ruin, fire, or other casualty has been recorded, it must be assumed that the sole reason for this change was that the monks did not think their church large enough for the importance of their monastery; and above all, that they wanted shrine room for the display of the relics which our first chapter has shewn them so assiduously collecting and so devoutly venerating, according to the fashion of their times; and also for the proper disposition of their ancient archbishops, most of whom appear to have been canonized. And as it will presently appear that the area of this church was nearly doubled by the alteration, the necessity of enlargement must have been sufficiently predominant in their minds to account for the taking down of the old choir, without its being necessary to seek for additional reasons by supposing that fires or failures of the structure compelled the change. Gervase has given us a complete and detailed account of the parts of Lanfranc's church that remained in his time (Chap. III. Art. 3.), that is, the nave, central tower, western towers, transepts and their eastern chapels; the choir or east ern arm of its cruciform plan only being deficient. And of this and of the arrangement of the choir in that state of the building, he confesses himself to be wholly ignorant. In the existing building it happens that the nave and transepts have been transformed into the Perpendicular style of the fourteenth century, and the central tower carried up to about double its original altitude in the same style. Nevertheless several indications may be detected, which shew that these changed parts stand upon the old foundations of Lanfranc. The north-western tower of the nave indeed (B, fig. 3.) was only taken down in 1834, and drawings of it are preserved in some of the modern descriptions of the cathedral. It was 113 feet high, and divided by tablets into five stories, of which the lower was plain and 50 feet in height, the next 23 feet with a single window, and the remaining three still less and less, and decorated with arcade-work, which is well represented in Mr. Britton's engravings". The Norman plinth still remains within the nave on each side of the side aisles, from which we learn that the total breadth of Lanfranc's nave was 72 feet. Portions of Norman ashlaring about the transepts (as, for example, at their extreme eastern angles at I and P, fig. 5. and elsewhere, as shewn by the different tints) shew that the transepts also are on the original foundations. The outside of the west wall over the cloister door G also retains Norman ashlaring and the trace of the original clerestory windows2. The eastern piers of the great tower still shew Norman ashlaring on their eastern faces, and there can be little doubt that the Norman nucleus still remains within the western piers also of the same tower. Now Lanfranc, before he was made archbishop of Canterbury, was the first abbot of the monastery of St. Stephen at Caen, the church of which was built under his direction, begun in 1064, and dedicated in 1077, after his appointment to Canterbury. The two churches were therefore in building at the same time. The church at Caen, like that of Canter › Elevation. Britton, pl. 3. View, Britton. pl. 6. This is shewn in pl. 4. Britton. ✓ bury, has had its original choir replaced by one in the style of the thirteenth century, probably for a similar reason, enlargement. The portions which it retains are alike in plan and arrangement to the corresponding parts of Canterbury; alike in the number of piers, in having western towers, transepts without aisles, a central tower, eastern chapels to the transepts, and the pillar and vault at the end of each transept. Nay, even in dimensions, they are, with slight differences, the same. The breadth between the walls of the nave of St. Stephen's is 73 feet, which is one foot greater than at Canterbury. The length from the west end to the tower space is 187 feet, the same as at Canterbury. The extreme length of the transept is 127 feet; also that of Canterbury, as nearly as it can now be ascertained. The width of the central alleys was apparently less at Canterbury than at Caen, and so also were the altitudes. It will presently appear that the ceiling of Canterbury was about 63 feet from the pavement, whilst that of Caen was about 70 feet. This can be ascertained in the former case from the heads of the original clerestory windows that remain. We cannot now tell whether this singular, and I believe hitherto unnoticed, resemblance between the two churches extended also to the elevations, for no fragment remains of Canterbury from which to judge, except the western tower, which is not the same in decoration. But as western towers were the last things finished, deviation might have occurred here, although the rest was the same. In St. Stephen's there is a range of arches above the pierarches of the nave, which occupy the triforium space, but were originally open to the side-aisles, the present vault being a manifest insertion of a later period. Now this peculiarity also occurs in the nave of Rochester, which perhaps derived it from its neighbour Canterbury. The extent of Lanfranc's choir can only be surmised from The dimensions and plan of St. Mr. Pugin's Normandy. Stephen's, at Caen, are derived from K |