other way of shewing the extent and manner of this buttressing. The four smaller arches marked A, B, C, D, in the plan, are employed to connect the two great western tower-piers with the wall of the transept and with the nearest nave-pier respectively. The nature of their insertion is shewn in the section, (a b c d, fig. 5,) and it appears that not only is this flying arch introduced at mid-height of the pier, but that the piers themselves are strengthened by an addition, which contracts the span of the arch to a b, and that the pier-arch over head is also contracted in dimensions and in altitude by the substitution of a smaller and lower arch for the original, the extent and manner of which change is shewn by the dotted outlines at c d. The plan of the nave-pier, fig. 51. p. 122, shews at A the comparative magnitude of this addition as well as the moldings by which it is ornamented; the vertical joint of separation between the two works is too plain to be mistaken in all the piers in which this addition occurs. The buttressing arches consist of a strong and singular reticulated masonry, admirably adapted for the purpose, and have the rebus of Thomas Goldston, namely, a shield with three gold stones. The central western buttressing arch (E, fig. 5.) occupies the place of the ancient rood-loft, and probably the great rood was placed over it until the Reformation, so that the intrusive effect which it now produces would not have been felt when it was erected, because the great arch had never been left opend. d These buttressing arches are represented in most of the modern works relating to this cathedral (as in Britton, pl. 16; Wild, pl. 1; Woolnoth, pl. 12; and Winkles, pl. 9). There is an ex cellent elevation in Britton, pl. 14, which is well calculated to shew these arches and their relative position and magnitude to the choir-screen, and tower-arch above. CHAPTER VIII. THE MONUMENTS. PROPERLY speaking the monuments form no part of my plan, for to describe them would require a great number of drawings, and extend this work greatly beyond its proposed limits. But few cathedrals possess so interesting a series, and as Gervase has so minutely described the burial-places of all the archbishops up to his period, I shall give a list of the archbishops, shewing their known resting-places in the church, and mention the monuments that remain. Unfortunately, out of fifty archbishops and distinguished personages before the Reformation, the locality of whose tombs or shrines have been recorded, only about eighteen monuments are left, many of which are in a greater or less state of dilapidation. With one exception, however, they are all securely appropriated to their respective owners, and thus dated, which greatly increases their value and use for the history of art. Their positions were so minutely described by Archbishop Parker at a period when all the inscriptions remained, that there can be no mistake in this respect. The exception just mentioned is a tomb which now stands on the south side of the Trinity chapel, (24, fig. 5); its sides are decorated with an arcade of trefoil arches, resting on shafts which have round abacuses and bases, and the style seems a little later than the completion of the Trinity chapel. No record of a monument on this spot is preserved, and if, as is probable, it has been removed from its original site, all clue to its history is gone. It may have been constructed after the completion of the church, to receive the bones of some of the archbishops who had been removed. It is usually attributed to Archbishop Theobald, (3, fig. 5,) but without reason, and is too late in style. The panelling below the effigy of Hubert Walter (40.) is manifestly a much later construction, and the stone coffin (42) attributed to Stephen Langton, which is now built into the wall of the chapel of St. Michael, seems to have been originally outside the wall, in the church-yard; and thus the new wall, when the chapel was rebuilt and enlarged in the fourteenth century, was made to stride over the coffin by means of an arch. The earliest complete monument in the cathedral is that of John Peckham, who died A.D. 1292, (4). For Walter Reynolds (40) there only remains some insignificant panelling below the effigy, which is probably, like that of Hubert Walter, which is close to it, part of the fitting up of a chantry chapel. e The memorial of Archbishop Mepham, who died in 1333, is a beautiful and singular work, consisting of an altar-tomb, placed between a double arcade, which forms the screen of Anselm's chapel, at 28 in the plan. Archbishop Stratford (died 1348) has his monument between the south pillars of the choir, "near the steps of St. Dunstan's altar." (Parker, 354; 33 in plan.) The rich and light canopy work above is sadly mutilated. Archbishop Bradwardin was buried (at 30) under the new window of St. Anselm's chapel; and his so-called monument consists of some panelling, which lines the wall under the sill of that window. Archbishop Sudbury has a fine canopied monument next to Stratford (31) "on the south side of the altar of S. Dunstan," (Parker, 397); and Archbishop Courtney an altar-tomb (25) at the feet of the Black Prince. Archbishop Chichely, to use the words of Archbishop Parker, lies "on the north side of the presbytery, (17,) in a tomb which he constructed while living." (Parker, p. 427.)f He was the founder of All Souls College, Oxford, and his monument has been put into beautiful order at the expense of e Engraved in Blore's Monumental Remains. All the monuments are engraved in Dart's History, and these representations, although wanting in S character, are yet most useful in restor- Engraved in Skelton's Pietas Oxo niensis. that college, and by the skill of Mr. Austin, the architect of the cathedral. Archbishop Kemp's (34) tomb, which is described by Parker (p.437) as standing "between the archiepiscopal throne and the tomb of John Stratford, at the south door of the presbytery," is surmounted by a most curious double canopy or tester of wood-work; and it is greatly to be regretted that so valuable a specimen of this class of decoration should be allowed to remain in its present state of dilapidation and neglect. Archbishop Bourchier has a place of sepulture (19) which was formally granted to him, "in the space which is in the north part of the choir of our church, between two columns next to the altar of St. Elphege, where now there are closets (armaria) for keeping the things of the altar. And the said monument shall be constructed at the expense of the archbishop, of handsome workmanship, and ornamental to the church, but with no superfluous appendages that may sensibly screen the light of the north windows from the altars. Also, in the same space, between the two columns, a new armarium shall be made, in which the things belonging to the altar kept as usual. Dated Ap. vi. 14808." may be The altar of this tomb is remarkable for its resemblance to those of Edward III. and Richard II. in Westminster abbey, the latter of which is copied from the former. The dates of these altar-tombs are 1377, 1399, and 1480 respectively, so that a century intervened between the first and last. Of Archbishop Morton, the Obituary says", "that he was "The place of sepulture granted to Thomas Bourchier-In spatio quod est in Boreali parte chori Ecclesiæ nostræ inter duas columnas proximas altari S. Elphegi, ubi nunc armaria sunt ad res altaris reponendas: but with this proviso, Quod sumptibus Archiepiscopi dicta sepultura decenti artificio ad honorem Ecclesiæ construatur, non adeo tamen superfluo ut notabiliter impediat lumen ab ea parte Ecclesiæ a fenestris Borealibus ad Altaria porrigi, ac etiam quod in eodem spacio ac inter duas columnas saltem unum armarium novum ordinetur, in quo res altari pertinentes juxta consuetudinem idonee conservari possunt. Dat. Apr. 16. 1480." (Ex Archivis Ecc. Cant. Battely, App. p. 4.) h 66 Et ubi à nonnullis sæpissimè persuasus erat; ut sibi sepulchrum satis amplum, dignum, honorificumve construeret; non in publico, non in tumultu, sed in secreto subterraneoque loco in criptis nuncupato, lapide duntaxat coopertus marmoreo, coram Imagine Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ, quam ex intimo diligebat, sepulturæ locum elegit. Ubi ipsius corpus fœlicissimum jam quiescit." Obit. in Ang. Sac., t. i. persuaded by some of his friends that he ought to erect a worthy, ample, and handsome monument for himself, wherefore he chose his burial-place; yet not in public, but in that secret subterraneous retirement termed the crypts, near the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary whom he particularly respected. And there his body lies, covered with marble." It is a plain altar-tomb, under an arch of the crypt, the sides and soffit of which have been clothed with moldings and tabernacles of the style of his time, of which it furnishes an excellent dated example. The monument of William Warham, including also a small chantry chapel, is constructed in the north wall of the north transept or martyrdom, and is a very handsome specimen of a very common design. Lastly, the tomb of Reginald Pole, although beyond the period to which I have limited this enquiry, is yet worth notice, because he was the last Archbishop that was buried in Christ Church. "Their burials there," says Somner', "have been ever since discontinued, a thing, the whilst to some seeming very strange, that of all the archbishops since the Reformation, not one hath chosen to be buried there, but all, as it were, with one consent, declined their own cathedral, (the ancient and accustomed place of archiepiscopal sepulture,) affecting rather an obscure burial in some one private parish church or other." The remarkable remaining monuments of the laity are those of the Black Prince, of Lady Mohun, of Henry IV. and his queen, and of Margaret Holland and her two husbands. The will of the Black Prince, dated June 7, 1376, about a month before his death, (as printed by Nichols, p. 66. Royal Wills,) contains minute directions for the construction of his tomb, which proves that it was not made in his lifetime. He p. 64. He founded a chantry here for two priests to say daily mass for his soul. In his will he says, "Volo et dispono quod corpus meum sepeliatur in Ecclesia mea Cathedrali Cantuar. viz. coram Imagine Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ, vulgariter nuncupatæ, Our Lady of Undercroft, et quod cooperiatur cum uno plano lapide marmoreo basso absque aliis voluptuosis expensis." Battely, App. 35. i Somner, p. 138. k Nous devisons... n're corps d'estre enseveliz en l'eglise cathedrale, de la |