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mark over the e is called a macron.] If we adopt this cha-
racter to represent "long e," these eight words may be
written thus: mēt, med, med, bēr, sēz, pēk, kē, pē-an.

When for a given sound we invariably write one and
the same character, the mode of indicating is called pho-
netic, phonographic, phonic or phonotypic, all from the
Greek word phone, meaning sound.

Pronounce the following: bek, mēl, rēm, wērd, sēm, stēl, grēt, sfer, bēlēv. What silent letter is here omitted in writing each of the first four words? In what two ways may the fifth be spelled? the sixth ?

DIRECTION.-When asked to represent a sound, for
which no special character has at that stage of these les-
sons been provided, use for the purpose the letter (or
letters) representing the sound in the given word as
printed, being careful to omit every silent letter.

Represent by well-formed written characters all
the sounds in breeze, leer, sphere, bier, ream, geese, least,
sweet, meat, glebe.
Birthe same in
Woree?

the fires

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LESSON III.

each

If, while the lip and teeth are placed as described in Lesson II., for forming "the sound of f," a tone, or singing sound, be given, "the sound of v" is formed. Try this. Fand v, then, represent two sounds between which there is a resemblance; these are called cognate (twin-born) sounds.

Tand d are also called cognate; for, while the tongue is in place to form "the sound of t," if we make a singing sound (but allow no ringing within the nose), we form the sound of d.

If you would observe carefully the difference between the sounds of t and d, raise the chin, and, while uttering the first sound in the word deem, press the thumb and fingers of one hand firmly against the upper part of the throat, just beneath the roots of the tongue. You perceive a jarring. Maintaining the same position, begin the word teem. Is the tremulous motion observed? You now merely impel the breath; in uttering deem, you began by giving forth a semi-musical sound.

Sounds like those of d and v are called resonant, sonant, intoned, or vocal; and the breath is said to be vocalized.

Elements wanting in resonance, like those represented by t and f, are called non-sonant, aspirate, or atonic.

How many sounds in the word date? Utter the first; the last. In forming the sound represented by the letter a in date, is the tongue as near to the roof of the mouth as in sounding? The sound of a in date we call "long a." Represent it by ā.

Pronounce aim, ā; brake, ā; wait, day, obey, sleigh, inveigh.

Utter forcibly each sound in evade, feet, ate, fade, date, feed, eight, fate, deed. [This is an exercise in Oral Phonic Analysis.] Pronounce each word clearly before and after analyzing it. [See p. 14].

Represent tame, bale, deal, sleep, vain, steal, lief, trade, plate, heal. [This is an exercise in Written Phonic Analysis.]

LESSON IV.

The sound of p is formed by compressing the lips, forcing the breath against them, then suddenly bursting them apart and emitting the breath.

Practice with the initial sounds of pale and bale as you did with those of teem and deem. Are the sounds of p and b cognate? Why? While attempting to form the sound of b, no resonance should be allowed in the nose.

Pronounce ah. This is considered the very finest sound in the language. Learn to form it with exactness, -the tongue in its natural position, and the opening of the mouth enlarged from side to side. Do not fear to say ah, star; ah, calm, ah, father;_ah, half; laugh, calf, balm, half. This is "Italian a." Represent it by ä.

A sound almost as fine and full as ä, is heard in the words awe, nor, call, morn,-the tongue in the same position as for ä, but the opening of the mouth narrower from side to side. Pronounce awe, sort; awe, bought; awe, taught; awe, fault. A, when representing this sound, as in hall, is called "broad a;" and the o in corn is called "broad o." One name is enough for a single sound; and we will call this "broad o," and represent it in all cases by ô; thus, hôrn, pôl, rôt.

Pronounce six words containing ä; six containing ô. Distinguish between farm and form; also between morn and mourn. [The difference between ä and ô is more

sharply defined by suddenly dropping the lower jaw while producing the former.]

Sound ē, ā, ä, ô, p, b, t, d, f, v.

Analyze be, paid, tape, beef, bought, taught.

Represent ball [Write but one : you hear but one], barn, [Single r is never silent], mark, stall, palm, flaw, snarl, half, braid, peat.

LESSON V.

Study the following forms, and tell what three values c may represent; what one, g; and what two, x: sirkle, sakrifize, kuill, fiks, egzakt. When used as an initial, x has also the sound of z, as in Xerxes, xebec. These comprise all the values of c, q, and x; and as each value can quite as well be represented by k, s, z, ks, or gz, we have in phonic writing no use for c, q, and x, and will therefore discard them.

Represent "long o," as in zone, by ō, and "long double o," as in moon, prove, by o. In sounding o̟, contract the opening of the mouth, as in beginning the word ooze, and thrust the lips outward and upward. Do not depress the upper lip.

Pronounce moose, o; o, school; o, prove, moon, soon, root, [root does not rhyme with foot, but with boot], room, broom, hoop.

Sound ê, ö, a, ô, ä, O, Ô, Ô, C, Z, ă, ?, Ô.

Analyze deep, boot, vote, toad, dote, food, paid,

bead.

Represent awl, talk, root, mourn, morn, haul, tour, balm, pork.

LESSON VI.

Is the sound of s in so precisely like that which it has in goes? What would you call the latter sound? very often written or printed where the sound of z should be heard. A good reader or speaker will show a difference between trice and tries, pries and price, cease and seas, juice and Jews.

The sounds of 3 and z are cognate. We will use s to denote the sound which s has in so, but z for the “sound

of z," however that sound may be represented in the common spelling.

The proper sound of s is a hiss; and (unless there is an intention to make the utterance harsh and disagreeable) this element should be made both light and brief, especially at the end of a word.

Sound, promptly and forcibly, e, ô, ä, ô, ọ, ã, õ, ä, O, S, z, p, b, t, d, f, v.

Many young persons, in attempting the "sound of s," place the tip of the tongue against, and sometimes beneath, the upper teeth, thus causing the defect in speech known as lisping. The corrective is found in raising and slightly withdrawing the tongue, allowing its tip to touch the upper gums.

Pronounce each word containing the letter s in the first two paragraphs of the first Lesson in the Phonic Analysis, and state whether it stands for a sonant or a nonsonant; also each word containing the "sound of s” represented by c.

Represent behoof, spoon, know, bark, stone, paws [In writing z, make it on the line, like a printed Italic z], pause, ace, maize, psalms, bestow, seas, cease, half, flaws, maimed, heaves, notes, space, rays.

LESSON VII.

The elementary sounds of the language are usually divided into two grand classes, vowels and consonants. A vowel is uttered through a more open position of the organs of speech than that by which a consonant is formed. A vowel, as its name implies, is a perfect vocal; the most musical of the consonants are sometimes called sub-vocals.

Sound each of the following elements, and state whether it is a vowel or a consonant, and why: b, v, ẽ, f, o, ä, Z, d, ô.

Which two of the foregoing vowels are produced with a closer position of the organs than the other two,-that is, with a less open vocal tube? [The partial closing may be caused either by the tongue or the lips.] Which two, then, are less strictly vowel in their character?

If you have fixed correctly upon the two imperfect vowels, you may be pleased to notice the effect of pronouncing the word on after each. Do it, in each case,

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with only one impulse of voice; that is, pass from the imperfect vowel to the word on, making of both but one syllable. What do you observe? In one syllable, utter the two vowels öa: what do you hear? In like manner examine eo.

Represent farce, force, drove, taste, bolt, bees, flows, leased, braced, phase, laugh, routine, lose, loose, born, borne, ought, east, sauce, steak.

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LESSON VIII.

We have called four of the six vowels already given, long; but ä and o are as long as the others. In uttering a syllable containing any one of the six, the vowel is not likely to be dwelt upon too long, especially if under accent.-What is accent?

Pronounce complete', fa'tal, Hindoo', for'ward, grandee', martial, Malay', mamma', daugh'ter, mo'ment, roam'er, homeless.

Pronounce at, et, it, ot, ut. Now do it slowly and without looking at the syllables. Do this again, omitting the consonant. Practice until you do it perfectly. You have now formed five short vowels, or, more properly, explosive vowels. There is very little danger that any one of these will be spoken too abruptly.

These abrupt vowels are commonly marked in dictionaries thus,-, č, 1, ŏ, ů. In writing the following exercises you may omit the curve, or breve. Thus, let a (unmarked) represent the vowel in at ; e, that in ell; i, that in it; o, that in on; u, that in up. Remember that a, e, i, o, or u, left unmarked in our written exercises, represents an abrupt vowel.

Sound, very abruptly, a, e, i, o, u, e, a, i, u, o, u.

Analyze dust, top, tubs, pit, vats, dost (u), fated, said, debts, sods, dot, faces, pest, apt, is, phases.

Represent fetlock, arrow [one r], market, railroad, flood, horse, enough, artist, omit, form, arid, acid, bailiff, sophist, trophy (1), prophet, laughed, emblems, porous, love.

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