The spirit of laws. Transl. 1st Amer. ed, Volume 1

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Contents

That virtue is not the principle of a monarchical government
40
In what manner virtue is fupplied in a monarchical government 7 Of the principle of monarchy 8 That honor is not the principle of defpotic govern...
42
Of the principle of defpotic government
43
Difference of obedience in moderate and defpotic governments
44
Reflections on the foregoing 35 36 ibid
46
Of education in monarchies
47
Of education in a defpotic government
50
Difference between the effects of ancient and modern education 5 Of education in a republican government
51
Of fome inftitutions among the Greeks
52
In what cafe thefe fingular inftitutions may be of ſervice 8 Explication of a paradox of the ancients in respect to manners 46 47 50 51 ibid 52
54
relative to the Principle of Government 1 Idea of this book 2 What is meant by virtue in a political ſtate
58
What is meant by a love of the republic in a democracy
59
In what manner the love of equality and frugality is inspired
60
ibid
61
In what manner the laws ought to maintain frugality in a democracy
64
Other methods of favoring the principle of democracy
65
In what manner the laws ought to be relative to the principle of government in an aristocracy
68
In what manner the laws are relative to their principle in monarchies
73
Of the expedition peculiar to the executive power in monarchies
74
Of the excellence of a monarchical government
75
The fame fubject continued 13 An idea of defpotis power 14 In what manner the laws are relative to the principles of defpotic government 15 The fa...
77
ibid ibid
80
86
87
New confequences of the principles of the three governments BOOK VI Confequences of the principles of different Govern ments with refpect to the...
88
Of the ancient French laws
92
ibid
103
That when a people are virtuous few puniſhments are neceſſary ibid
105
Of the power of punishments
106
Impotency of the laws of Japan
108
Of the fpirit of the Roman fenate 110 15 Of the Roman laws in refpect to puniſhments ibid
110
Of the just proportion betwixt puniſhments and crimes
113
Of the queſtion or torture
114
Of pecuniary and corporal puniſhments 115 19 Of the law of retaliation ibid
115
Of the punishment of the fathers for the crimes of their children 21 Of the clemency of the prince
116
Confequences of the different Principles of the three Governments with respect to Sumptuary Laws Luxury and the Condition of Women 1 Of luxur...
118
ibid
121
Of public continence
126
59
128
Sumptuary laws among the Romans
132
Of the corruption of the principle of defpotic government
143
Diftintive properties of a defpotic government
151
In what manner defpotic governments provide for their fecurity
157
Of Laws in the Relation they bear to Offenfive Farce 1 Of offenfive force
162
Of war ibid
163
Of the right of conqueft
165
Gelon king of Syracuſe
167
Of conquefts made by a republic ibid 7 The fame fubject continued
169
Of one monarchy that fubdues another
170
Of the manners of a conquered people
171
Of the monarchies we are acquainted with
192
10 What other politicians thought ibid 9 Ariftotles manner of thinking
194
11 Of the kings of the heroic times of Greece
196
General reflections on the ſtate of Rome after the expulfion of its kings
198
In what manner the diftribution of the three powers began to change after the expulfion of the kings
199
In what manner Rome while in the flouriſhing ftate of the repub lic fuddenly loft its liberty
201
Of the legiſlative powers in the Roman republic
203
Of the Executive power in the fame republic
204
Of the judiciary power in the Roman government
206
60
208
Of the government of the Roman provinces
212
End of this book
214
Of the Laws that form Political Liberty as relative to the Subject 1 Idea of this book
215
Of the liberty of the fubject
216
The fame fubjet continued
217
That liberty is favored by the nature and proportion of puniſhments ibid 5 Of certain accufations that require particular moderation and prudence
220
Of the crime againſt nature
222
Of indifcreet fpeeches
227
In 985
230
Of laws favorable to the liberty of the fubject in a republic
234
Of the manners of a monarch
240
Of a defpotic government in the like cafe
246
In what governments taxes are capable of increaſe
252
Effects arifing from the climate of England
259
ibid
265
The true origin of the right of flavery
280
The fame fubject continued
286
Of freedmen and eunuchs
292
Of an equality of treatment in caſe of many wives
298
ibid
309
Of Laws in the Relation they bear to the Nature of the Soil 1 How the nature of the foil has an influence on the laws 2 The fame ſubject continued 3 ...
316
Of the inhabitants of iſlands 318 6 Of countries raiſed by the induſtry of men
319
Of the works of men
320
The general relation of laws 320 9 Of the foil of America 321 ibid 10 Of the number of men with regard to the manner in which they
321
procure fubfiftence ibid
322
Of favage nations and nations of barbarians 12 Of the law of nations amongſt people who do not cultivate the earth 13 Of the civil laws of thoſe natio...
324
Of civil laws amongſt people who know not the uſe of money 17 Of political laws amongst nations who have not the uſe of money 18 Of the power ...
326
Of the liberty of the Arabs and the fervitude of the Tartars 20 Of the law of nations as practiſed by the Tartars 21 The civil law of the Tartars
328
Of a civil law of the German nations
329
Of the ornaments of royalty
334
Of the marriages of the kings of the Franks 25 Childeric
335
Of the time when the kings of the Franks became of age
336
The fame fubject continued
337
Of the fanguinary temper of the kings of the Franks 29 Of the national affemblies of the Franks 39 Qf the authority of the clergy under the firſt race i...
338
BOOK
340
Of tyranny
342
A reflection
348
How this union of religion laws manners and cuftoms amongft
354
How the laws contribute to form the manners customs and char
360

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Page 181 - When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.
Page 187 - ... have the means of examining in what manner its laws have been executed; an advantage which this government has over that of Crete and Sparta, where the cosmi and the ephori gave no account of their administration.
Page 191 - It is natural for mankind to set a higher value upon courage than timidity, on activity than prudence, on strength than counsel. Hence the army will ever despise a senate, and respect their own officers. They will naturally slight the orders sent them by a body of men whom they look upon as cowards, and therefore unworthy to command them.
Page 181 - Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control ; for the judge would then be the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression.
Page 183 - ... there is an end of liberty; unless they are taken up in order to answer without delay to a capital crime, in which case they are really free, being subject only to the power of the law.
Page 26 - As most citizens have sufficient ability to choose, though unqualified to be chosen, so the people, though capable of calling others to an account for their administration, are incapable of conducting the administration themselves. The public business must be carried on with a certain motion, neither too quick nor too slow. But the motion of the people is always either too remiss or too violent. Sometimes with a hundred thousand arms they overturn all before them; and sometimes with a hundred thousand...
Page 190 - To prevent the executive power from being able to oppress, it is requisite that the armies with which it is...
Page 182 - ... in quality of legislators. They may plunder the state by their general determinations ; and as they have likewise the judiciary power in their hands, every private citizen may be ruined by their particular decisions.
Page 186 - The executive power ought to be in the hands of a monarch, because this branch of government, having need of despatch, is better administered by one than by many: on the other hand, whatever depends on the legislative power is oftentimes better regulated by many than by a single person.
Page 279 - These creatures are all over black, and with such a flat nose that they can scarcely be pitied. It is hardly to be believed that God, who is a wise Being, should place a soul, especially a good soul, in such a black ugly body.

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