A. & S. 213 and R. 1 (a). Cf. infelix animi, A. IV. 529. Quintam; sc. diem. Gr. 120, Ex. A. & S. 90. I. Orcus; the same as Hades or Pluto, the god of the lower world. He is called pallidus on account of the ghastliness of death. - 278. Eumenides, also called Erinyes, and by the Romans Furiae or Dirae, were originally nothing but a personification of curses pronounced upon a guilty criminal. Aeschylus calls them the daughters of Night; and Sophocles, of Scotos (Darkness) and Ge. No prayer, no sacrifice, and no tears could move them, or protect the object of their persecution. They' dwelt in the deep darkness of Tartarus, dreaded by gods and men. With later writers, though not always, the number of Eumenides is limited to three, and their names are Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megaera. See also on Ov. M. X. 46. Tum has its ordinary sense. It appears to be added here because it had been omitted in the previous clause. 279. Coeum Iapetumque. These were Titans, the sons of Terra and Uranus, the number of whom was twelve. Typhoea. See on Ov. M. V. 348. The last two syllables are contracted into one in scanning. Gr. 669. II. A. & S. 306. 1.—280. Rescindere. Gr. 552. A. & S. 271, N. 3. Cf. on E. V. 1. Fratres. See on Hor. C. HL 441–48. The slowness of movement in this and the following line well expresses the efforts of the giants. The non-elision of the i and the o and the shortening of the latter are in imitation of the Greek rhythm, and are appropriate where the subject, as here, reminds us of Greek poetry. — 282. Scilicet for indeed, truly. Agreeably to its etymology (scire licet), scilicet introduces an expla nation or development. Here it introduces the details of the conspiracy of the giants. — 283. Pater; Jupiter.-284. Septimam post decimam the seventeenth. Ponere. See on E. V. 1.— 285. Prensos domitare =prendere et domitare. Licia - addere to add the leashes of the woof to the warp; i. e. to weave. — - 286. Fugae, referring probably to fugitive slaves, against the escape of whom the husbandman is warned to be on his guard on that day, while he need not watch against thieves. —287. Adeo, like the Greek particle ye, adds emphasis to the word to which it is joined. Se ... dedere allow themselves to be done; i. e. may be done. See' on v. 49.-288. Sole novo= early in the morning, at sunrise. Gr. 426. A. & S. 253. Eous; the morning star, put by metonymy for the morning itself. Stipulae. The ancients in their reaping usually cut off the heads of the corn, leaving the straw to be cut about a month later. Arida prata; opposed to those which could be irrigated. The reason for these precepts is, that the dew makes the straw and grass resist the scythe. — 290. Noctes. Gr. 371. A. & S. 229. Lentus expresses the effect of the moisture on the grass rather than the nature of the moisture itself. — 291. Quidam;

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like est qui, Hor. E. II. 2. 182, as if Virgil knew the man, but did not choose to name him. Luminis; of fire-light; though some prefer to understand it of lamp or torch-light. - 292. Inspicat; i. e. makes into the form of an ear of corn, the end of the wood being cut to a point and split into various parts. -293. Solata = solans. See on v. 206. — 294. Pectine; the comb, the teeth of which were inserted between the threads of the warp, and thus made by a forcible impulse to drive the threads of the woof close together. Its office was the same as that of the reed or sley among us. —295. This verse is hypercatalectic, the final em being elided by the first vowel of the next verse. Gr. 663. III. 4). A. & S. 304 (4); 307. 3. Vulcano. See on Ov. M. II. 5. Vulcanus is often used, as here, for fire. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2. Decoquit. Must was boiled down to carenum, defrutum, or sapa, on a night when there was no moon. 296. Foliis. Leaves were used, commonly those of the vine, for skimming the boiling must, as it was thought that wooden ladles or spoons gave it a smoky taste. Trepidi... aëni. The boiling must imparts a quivering motion to the vessel itself. — 297. Ceres; by. metonymy for corn. Rubicunda. See on v. 96. Medio... aestu = in the midst of the heat (of summer). Elsewhere in Virgil it means midday, but since that is precisely the time which the reaper would avoid, the rendering we have given seems best here. So frigoribus mediis, E. X. 65, means midwinter. - 298. Aestu; not to be connected with tostas. - 299. Nudus; i. e. without the upper garment. Hiems; the rainy season of about a fortnight before and a fortnight after the winter solstice. Colono seems to refer strictly to the labors of cultivation, as other works for winter follow, v. 305. So perhaps agricolae in next verse. -300. Frigoribus; i. e. hieme. Parto what has been acquired; i. e. in the other seasons of the year. 302. Genialis. According to Italian notions every man had his guardian spirit or Genius, which it is difficult to distinguish from himself. When, therefore, he indulged himself in feasting, etc., he was said to indulge his Genius, and whatever was connected with this indulgence was called genial. The month of December, as the season of festive enjoyment and relaxation after the year's labors, was held specially sacred to each person's Genius. Cf. Hor. E. II. 2. 187.; A. P. 210.303. Pressae

heavy laden. -304. Sailors, on their return from a successful voyage, especially if it was a long and hazardous one, used to put garlands on the sterns of their ships when they came into port. 305. Quernas; because glans was used of other fruits than acorns. Stringere. Gr. 563. 6. A. & S. 275. III. N. 1. Cf. tegere, v. 213. -306. Myrta. Myrtle berries were used for mixing with wine, which was called myrtites, and used medicinally.

Cruenta; from

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their juice. — 307. Gruibus. Cranes were a delicacy of the table; but the husbandman might naturally snare them in self-defence. See V. 120.-308. Auritos = long-eared. — 309. Stuppea...verbera = the tow thongs. Torquentem, agreeing with colonum, the omitted subject acc. of stringere and all the following infinitives. Balearis. See on Ov. M. IV. 709. It is merely an ornamental epithet. -311. Tempestates seems fixed by sidera to mean weather rather than storms, the latter notion being left to be inferred. Sidera. Cf. v. 204 foll.—312. Mollior; i. e. less oppressive.—313. Quae; sc. dicam. Vigilare aliquid is to bestow wakeful care on a thing. Viris. Gr. 388. I. A. & S. 225. III. Vel; sc. dicam quae vigilanda viris. Ruit = comes down. 314. Spicea... messis the bearded harvest.—317. Culmo. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. — 318. Omnia ventorum ... proelia for proelia omnium ventorum; the winds all blowing at once, as in A. I. 85. — 319. Quae; tanta ut ea. Late; with eruerent. — 320. Sublimem. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a). Expulsam eruerent; a hysteron-proteron for expellerent erutam, and expellerent et eruerent. Gr. 704. IV. 2. A. & S. 323. 4 (2). Gr. 579. A. & S. 274 3 (b). Ita (= so, thus) probably introduces a comparison between the hurricane that roots up the corn (gravidam segetem) and an ordinary gust which whirls about the stubble (culmumque levem stipulasque volantes); but Wr. and Forb. make ferret depend on quae, and give ità the sense of tum. — 321. Hiems; the winter's storm in opposition to the summer blast just described. -322. Coelo. Gr. 384. A. & S. 223. 323. Foedam pestatem thicken the foul weather; or, taking glomerant with foedam, thicken the weather into foulness. - 324. Ex alto from on high. Some make ex alto from the deep, but it is more probable that Virgil meant to represent the clouds as mustered from on high, collectae, like glomerant, keeping up the military associations already introduced by agmen. Ruit... aether; like aether descendit, II. 325, coeli ruina, A. I. 129, an image explained by Lucr. 6. 291: Omnis uti videatur in imbrem vertier aether. "Down crashes the whole dome of the firmament."-325. Sata - labores. Cf. A. II. 306.—326. Cava; because during the summer in Italy there is little or no water in the beds of most of the rivers.—327. Fretis spirantibus in its breathing inlets. The violent heaving of the waves against the shore is compared to human breathing. - 328. Pater. See on v. 121. Nocte is not to be taken literally. Corusca goes with dextra and coruscante. — 329. Molitur generally implies effort in the agent or bulk in the object, or both. Quo... motu; i. e. quibus commota; referring to the sense rather than to the words of the preceding sentence. A demonstrative or relative pronoun is often joined by a kind of attraction to a following substan

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tem

tive in such a way that the notion expressed by this substantive is considered as already implied in the foregoing part of the sentence. CL Que gemitu, A. II. 73; ea signa dedit, A. II. 171; hic nuntius esto, A. IV. 237. Gr. 453. A. & S. 206 (17). — 330. Fugere. The perfect expresses instantaneousness. Cf. exiit, II. 81. So stravit. The rain pours down in torrents, the lightning flashes, the earth trembles, and instantly, there being no appreciable interval of time between the cause and the completion of the effect, the wild beasts have fled, &c.— 331. Humilis qualifies stravit. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a). Some take it with pavor in an active sense and = causing humility. -332. Athon; a high mountain, on the Strymonian Gulf, in Macedonia. Gr. 46 and 3. 2). A. & S. 54. Rhodopen; a high mountain range in Thrace. Gr. 43. A. & S. 44. Ceraunia; a range of mountains in Epirus. Alta Ceraunia is a half-translation of 'Akporepaúna, i. e. thunder-peaks. Telo; i. e. a thunderbolt. — 333. Ingeminant. It is observed that the rain and wind increase after a thunderclap. 334. Plangunt: wail; intransitively. — 335. Coeli -sidera. The months of heaven are the signs of the zodiac, through each of which the sun is about a month in passing; and sidera are those other constellations whose rising and setting influenced the weather. The next two lines merely give instances of the things to be observed. 336. Frigida; because of its distance from the sun. Sese... receptat. Wch. and Forb. take this as strictly literal: "returns to the place whence he has just started "; but it seems to refer more generally to the motions of the planet among the stars. Servius says that Saturn when in Capricorn caused heavy rains, and when in Scorpio, hail. Receptat... erret. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. -337. Ignis Cyllenius; i. e. Mercury; so called from Cyllene, a mountain in Arcadia, the reputed birthplace of the god. Ignis; from its brilliancy and nearness to the sun, in contrast, perhaps, with fri gida Saturni stella. Coeli; with orbes; i. e. the circuit of the planet through the heavens.—338. As another means of averting the injuries caused by the violence of storms, the husbandman is directed to attend to the worship of the gods, especially Ceres. See on v. 7. Annua... sacra; the festival of the Ambarvalia. See on E. III. 76.-339. Refer expresses recurrence. See on v. 249. Operatus sacrificing. For the present force of the part. see on v. 293. -340. Extremae. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. = immediately after the end. 341. Mollissima i. e. with age. 342. The second clause explains the pleasant to sleep in the thick shade on the mountains. Gr. 389. A. & S. 228, N. (a). Adoret. Gr. 488. II. A. & S. 260, R. 6. — 344. Baccho. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2. — 345. Felix auspicious; i. e. acceptable to the gods.—346. Chorus et socii;

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Sub casum most mellow;

first; i. e. it is - 343. Tibi

and I.

Gr. 441. 6. Boreae... Eurique

ie chorus sociorum. — 347. In tecta : to their houses. Neque ante. It is not easy to decide whether this is merely an additional admonition to celebrate the Ambarvalia, as an indispensable preliminary to the harvest, or an injunction to perform a second set of rites in summer time. -349. Tempora. Gr. 380 and 1. A. & S. 234. II. Quercu; i. e. in memory of man's first food. -350. Incompositos rude, uncouth. —351 Haec refers to the nouns in the next line.-352. Frigora is the important word, and is contrasted with aestus and pluvias.—354. Austri; for winds in general.-355. Stabulis. Gr. 392 and 2. A. & S. 228 and 1.356. Ventis surgentibus are the important words. The prognostics of wind follow. Freta ponti; poetically for pontus. - 357. Agitata tumescere to be agitated into a swell. -359. Misceri is explained by resonantia, which serves instead of an abl., like murmure, A. I. 124; tumultu, A. II. 486.360. Jam... tum = even then. A curvis. For a with tempero cf. A. II. 8. Male scarcely. The storm is close at hand. — 362. Marinae; opposed to in sicco.-365. Vento impendente; emphatic, like ventis surgentibus, v. 356.—366. Umbram flammarum. Gr. 595. A. & S. 279. 5. — 367. A tergo= behind them. Albescere. Gr. 332. II. and 2. A. & S. 187. II. 2 and (a). — 368. Volitare. Gr. 332. I. A. & S. 187. II. 1 and (b).—369. Summa. A. & S. 205, R. 17. 370. Signs of rain. Zephyrique; i. e. when there are thunders and lightnings from all parts of the sky, three winds being put for all. — 371. Eurique. Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 309. 2 (1). Domus; as if each of the winds had a home in the quarter of the heavens from which it blows. - 372. Possis. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a). — 373. Humida; i. e. with the rain. Imprudentibus = unwarned; because the signs -374. Vallibus, with fugere. Gr. 422 and 1. A. & S. 254, R. 3. —375. Aëriae; contrasted with vallibus imis. Fugere. See on v. 49. So captavit and the other perfs. in this passage.-377. The swallow is always observed to fly low before rain, because the flies and other insects on which she feeds keep at that time near the surface of the ground and the water. Arguta = twittering (as she flies).—378. Veterem... querelam their old plaintive note. Vetus is here used, just like our old, of what is repeated in the same unvarying manner; as we say: "an old story," etc.-379. Tectis penetralibus. Cf. adytis penetralibus, A. II. 297.380. Angustum... iter. Cf. calle angusto, A. IV. 405. Terens is illustrated by saepius. Bibit arcus. The ancients supposed that the rainbow drew up water from the sea, rivers, etc., which afterwards fell in rain. -381. Agmine. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2.-382. Densis ... alis : with crowded wings;

are so numerous.