ed his studies in philology and theology in 1818. At this period, he became possessed with a violent desire to discover the original seat of the Magyars, and the Hungarian nation; and, strange as it may appear, this was the real motive of his extensive travels, and of his application to the language of Tibet, in the literature of which he expected to find some indication of the early abodes of his ancestors-the object of his whole life, upon which all the faculties of his mind seemed to be concentrated. With this design, though ostensibly to perfect his philological knowledge, he left Nagy Enyed in November, 1819, crossed the Danube, and joining some Bulgarian merchants, proceeded to Philiopoli, on his way to Constantinople; but the plague prevailing there, he changed his route, and embarked at Enos for Alexandria. From Egypt, he went by sea to Palestine, and from Latakia, in Syria, he travelled on foot to Aleppo, which he reached in April, 1820. Here he joined a caravan, having adopted the Oriental costume, and in this way he journeyed on foot through Orfa, Merdin, Mosul, to Bagdad. On his arrival at this city, on the 22d July, 1820, Mr. Rich, the British resident-who was conspicuous for his hospitable attention to scientific travelers-was absent in Kurdistan; but M. Bellino, his secretary, interested himself warmly in M. Csoma's behalf, and Mr. Rich afterwards furnished him with the means of reaching Tehran, where he arrived on the 14th October, 1820. He remained at this capital four months, and made himself master of Persian. The British resident, Mr. (now Sir Henry) Willock, as well as Mr. George Willock, showed him much kindness, and supplied him with funds for the prosecution of his journey to the remoter East: he spoke in warm terms of the protection and support he received from these gentlemen. He quitted Tehran in March, 1821, wearing the Persian costume, but sustaining the character of an Armenian. He remained at Meshed, the country being in a state of disorder, till the 20th October, 1821, when he commenced his journey to Bokhara, where he arrived in November. A report of the approach of a Russian army, which created much perturbation and alarm, induced him to quit Bokhara, whence he proceeded to Balkh, thence to Khuloom, and thence, by way of Bamian, to Cabul, where he arrived in January, 1822. Joining a caravan, he proceeded from thence to Peshawur, and crossing the Indus, he met with two Europeans, in the service of Runjeet Sing, and accompanied them to Lahore. He did not remain long there, but set off for Cashmere, which he reached on the 14th May, 1822, and thence travelled on foot to Ladak, which he entered on the 9th June. M. de Körös now determined to penetrate to Yarkand; but he was unable to obtain the permission or to elude the vigilance of the Chinese authorities; and finding some obstacles to his residence at Leh, the capital of Ladak, he was on his return to Lahore, when he met Mr. Moorcroft, who took him back with him to Leh, where he was left by Mr. Moorcroft commencing the study of the Tibetan language. M. Csoma being at this time unacquainted with English (though he subsequently acquired a perfect command of the language), the two travellers communicated through the medium of Latin. During their intercourse at this period, it is stated that a despatch from Count Nesselrode to Runjeet Sing, proposing an alliance and a Russian mission to Lahore, owing to the death of the bearer, fell into Mr. Moorcroft's hands, and being translated by M Csoma de Körös from Russian into Latin, was forwarded to the Indian Government. He subsequently rejoined Mr. Moorcroft at Cashmere, but returned to Leh again, provided with funds by our countryman, and with recommendations to the chief minister at Leh, and to the Lama of Zangla, and he remained in the establishment of the Lama at Zanskar, a district in the southwest of the province of Ladak, till June, 1824, during which time he was employed in acquiring a grammatical knowledge of the language, and in obtaining a general acquaintance with Tibetan literature: he made at this time abstracts of the contents of upwards of 300 volumes. In the beginning of the winter of 1824, M. de Körös left Zanskar for Sultanpore, whence he proceeded to Belaspore and Soobathoo, where he arrived in March, 1825. Here he drew up, for the information of the Government (some suspicion having been excited as to his objects, Bishop Heber, in one of his letters, terming him "a spy"), an account of his travels and of his intentions, from which the aforegoing particulars are collected, and which was addressed to Captain Kennedy, assistant to the resident at Delhi. After a short stay at this British-Indian station, M. Csoma proceeded to the province of Kunawur, and in a lamaic monastery at Kanum, romantically situated on the northern bank of the Sutlej, beyond the snowy range, with the aid of a lama, or priest, an intelligent and studious person, he devoted hismelf, for several years, with out intermission, in spite of the severity of ed the attention of the Asiatic Society of the climate and of slender resources, to the Bengal, who resolved to settle a monthly examination of Tibetan manuscripts, and to allowance upon this enterprising laborer the compilation of a grammar and dictiona- in an untrodden field of Oriental philology, ry of the language, which he undertook at and provided him with books, which he the instance of the Indian Government. In much needed. Great difficulty, however, 1828, Mr. J. G. Gerard, travelling through was found in overcoming his repugnance to these severe Himalayan regions, visited M. receive pecuniary aid, his independent spirit Csoma in the monastery of Kanum. "I and disinterestedness being as conspicuous found him," he said, "with his learned as- as his enthusiasm and fortitude. sociate, the lama, surrounded with books. M. de Körös was fortunate in his choice He has made great progress, but his objects of a companion. The lama was described are vast and comprehensive, and the works by Mr. Gerard as a person of extensive ache is now engaged upon will form but a quirements, unassuming manners, and a prelude to further researches. He wishes simple gravity of demeanor, whose freeto invite learned men from Teshoo Loom- dom from prejudice was evinced by his of poo and L'hassa, and by their assistance fer to submit to vaccination. Generally study the Mongol language, which he con- speaking, the lamas attached to the monassiders the key to Chinese literature, and tery at Kanum were ignorant and bigotted, through it get access to Mongolia, where and M. Csoma endured many restraints and he expects to discover much interesting encountered some inconveniences from this knowledge. M. Csoma showed me his la- source. His researches were not restricted bors with eagerness and pride: he has read to mere philology, but embraced the relithrough forty-four volumes of the Tibetan gious institutions, the history, the philosoEncyclopædia." At this time, his funds con- phy, the cosmography, and the medicine, of sisted of an allowance from the Indian Gov. Tibet and the surrounding countries. The ernment of Rs. 50 per month, of which he Tibetans have many works on medicine, and paid 25 to the lama, 4 to a servant, and one Mr. Gerard says he was shown a catalogue for rent; leaving but Rs. 20 to purchase of the names and characters of four hundred necessaries and comforts in that cold region. diseases, collected and arranged by M. de Yet he was so tenacious of his indepen- Körös. The lama informed him that, at dence, that he would accept nothing but Teshoo Loompoo, the anatomy of the hufrom a public source. Mr. Gerard sent him man body was exhibited in sixty different a present of some rice and sugar, of which positions, by wooden cuts. He also stated he was in want; but he returned them. Dur- that the art of lithographic printing had ing the whole of the preceding winter, at long been known in that city. The medium an elevation of 10,000 feet, he had sat at of intercourse between M. Csoma and his his desk, wrapped up in woollens, from preceptor was the vernacular dialect of the morning to night, without any interval of Zad, or Tartar tribes. recreation, except that of his frugal meals, In December, 1830, he left the monastery which consisted of greasy tea-a kind of and came to Simla, from whence he prosoup, being a mess composed of the plant ceeded to Calcutta, with a large stock of itself, mixed up with water, butter, and salt. materials, accumulated by his painful stuAt Kanum, however, the rigor of the win- dies, and a dictionary and grammar of the ter is comparatively slight, compared with Tibetan language, the fruit of several years' what it is at Zanskar, where M. Csoma re-intense toil. These works, as well as his sided a whole year, confined, with the lama and an attendant, to an apartment nine feet square. For more than four months they were precluded by the weather from stirring out, the temperature being below zero. Here he sat enveloped in a sheep-skin cloak, with his arms folded, reading from morning to evening, without a fire, and after dusk without a light, the ground forming his bed, and the walls his only protection against the rigors of the climate. The cold was so intense as to render it a severe task to take the hands out of their fleecy envelopes for the purpose of turning over papers or leaves. His labors and his necessities soon attrac valuable MSS., he made over to the Asiatic Society, and the Governor-General of India. (Lord William Bentinck) ordered that the dictionary and grammar should be printed, under the supervision of the author, at the expense of the Government: a printed copy of the dictionary was laid on the table of the Asiatic Society in January, 1834. It is worthy of notice, that these works were in English, of which the author had, under the utmost disadvantages, become master. M. Jacquemont, who saw M. de Körös at Kanum in September, 1830, shortly before he left the monastery, says: Csoma will carry to Calcutta the "M. f agines that he fulfilling the duties of a procure them an establishment; if a wife careful parent is setting e daughter's lay-in she provided her with stores of babyshoulders awry over any frame, or in linen from the big-house; but if the woman cramming his is commmption, had twins, the family were positively pelted that he may enter college with car? Or with gratifications. To the poor workman what think you of that other gentleman she gave tools, to the small tradesman mawho, doly impressed with the danger of terials. Coats and blankets were distributsparing the rod and spoiling the child, has ed at Christmas with a profuse and indisbrought up a family with such severity, that criminate hand; and there was not a tramone son ran away to sea, and was eaten by per who passed within ten milles of the mathe cannibals, that a daughter married an nor-house, that did not go out of his way adventurer, to escape from the parental roof, for the sixpences, shillings, and halferowns, while his youngest boy remains little better which were firedly dulled out to every whinthan an idiot, without self-dependence or ing and carting impostor. Now what was resolution enough to carry any honest pur- the result of this wondrous waste of unpose into execution? That the wretched exampled goodness!!" You need but go to parent was influenced by the most praise the willinge, and it will stare you in the face, worthy motives is proved by the depth of It is avertioalled with mendicants, in the his affliction at these family miscarriages, uttermost destinations; the cagers, herewhich, however, he still attributes to his more customed to lepent on themselves, own soft-heartedness in spoiling a self-will- and to dediate their suces, have beed and incorrigible offspring. We are our conte coreless and bent. On every selves acquainted with a worthy and eat energency they all het "the good la leat family, who, if good intentions paved dy," and day by Dosis ainst the rainy the road to heaven, would be entitled to the day. Notwithstandig all their lavish claribest place at the disposition of St. Peter, ty, the workhouse is roomied; for the husbut whose deeds have scattered ruin and band, at his wife's inerccession, buit cattsEscontent on all sides of their neighborres, without referees to the condition of hood. The husband on coming to a silen the applicants and the place has twice the dd estate, and finding himself without my population it has the mens to support. Of thing to do, married a wife to assist him in the workmen she hul "assisted to bring the discharge of his office. If they had on forend and ad essed the grace not to care for any have displaced the Syd to have "followed their own had no one pal, without troubling their heads were addersold with their neighbors, they might have the therhaldening on the bounty of their through their large property with emelik protetters, be idle, dissipated, and and comfort to themselves, and bare basically ran away, leaving the tombstone over their heads, on leaving this parish in the maintenance of their mortal coil, that would have made the rescibed is. By this lady's ill-adtation of a Cantrey. But the malignant wedd donths of wine and nourishing fairy who was not asked to their chrismatis, and to lying-in women, people with a desiresised no small numbers, whose beton the familles se been thrown on the parish; thesis spelled a very respectable vil and uniberts it preventive died. But has she gained Here of what she has for her pains? No. The peasantry dating. She won high the liber interference, and fly from her gawkiting the anten in prisence when not in inmediate went of fra dingy ding in the world; and upon ingerrements which they do not mining ir Jule, and the mutters her and; at the same time, being forced med of her own themselves repure, they make no efforts Her scattered indul-after comfort but as they are compelled. 1) I sending ard of a couple who cheerfally to the village schoolmistress, and well with her Where they formerly paid a pesny a week their children to the gratuitous school; and they abuse their benefactress for forcing them from their field-work. So effectually, indeed, has she labored in her vocation, that the paupers she has created have quite outgrown her means of relief; and she is hourly abused by the poor, for the scanty shabbiness of her donations; and by the farmers, for raising the parish-rates. lics persecuted and Jews incapacitated by members voting conscientiously in support of the reformed religion! How many men at this day would root up trade and beggar the nation, for the express purpose of preserving us from depending for food on our natural enemies!! Our readers will, we flatter ourselves, by this time agree with us in thinking that The husband, on his part, set out as an Bayle's guaranteeing his intentions and not improver of husbandry, and assisted his his ignorance, was no such promising suretenantry so effectually to make improve- ty; and that the world requires for its moral ments which were generally failures, that government much more than the purest mothey will no longer do any thing without tives. Fools, it must be clear to evidence, an advance of cash; while he tied them are ten times more mischievous than knaves, down so closely in their leases to certain and a hundred times more numerous. The rotations of cropping, that they ceased to worst of it is, too, that your well-intentionthink on the subject, and lived and worked ed blockheads are about the most obstinate by the rule of thumb. By ill-judged relaxa- animals in creation, and that they will contions of his just demands, he created a pre-summate more mischief than the great fire valent absence of punctuality in the pay-of London, before they can be persuaded ment of his rents; and then, struck with the that they are not as wise as King Solomon, mischief of lenity, he became senselessly and as dexterous as the king of all the consevere, that he might improve the bad ha- jurors. We beg, therefore, in conclusion, bits he had created. So, having filled the to assure our readers, that in writing this village with poachers, by winking at their paper we have not the slightest good intenoffences, he was roused by a savage murder tion (or hope either) of making them wiser which one of the crew committed, and cov- or better-nay, not so much as a desire for ered his premises with man-traps and their amusement, further than in as far as spring-guns, in the service of morality. As that end is mixed up with a thoroughly selfa magistrate he is exemplary for punctualityish wish to turn this and other such lucuof attendance; but his humanity lets loose brations to the best pecuniary account. We the evil-doer, while his respect for authority therefore hope that they will not be matesupports the county officials placed under rially the worse for favoring us with a peruhis control in oppressions and plunders in-sal; and so we heartily bid them farewell. finite. On a very recent occasion, he halfruined the people, by causing a strike of the manufacturers, through a well-meant lecture from the bench on wages and profits. In their own family this couple are not more happy. By good-naturedly overlooking faults innumerable, they have not a sober servant left on their establishment; and they were compelled to transport their butler for participating in the robbery of their plate-chest, because they had not the heart to punish a series of petty dishonesties. No No No No If from private life we turned our attention to what is done in Parliament, it would No not be difficult to show that the worst miscarriages in legislation are owing to the good intentions of gentlemen who never thought on politics, economy, or any one public question, before they found their way into the house. How many hundred men, for instance, were hung for forgery, without the slightest effect on the statistics of crime, by the repeated votes of men who had no other intention than to secure the Bank, and preserve the credit of the paper currency! How many years were Catho NO! No sun-no moon No morn-no noon dawn-no dusk-no proper time of day— No sky-no earthly view No distance looking blue μ. road-no street-no "t'other side the way"No end to any Row No indications when the Crescents go- No courtesies for showing 'em- "No go"-by land or ocean- No news from any foreign coast- No shade, no shine, no butterflies, no bees, vember. He continued to prosecute his studies in the Tibetan and Sanscrit languages, and the pages of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, when conducted by the late Mr. James Prinsep (with whom he was connect pursuits), bear testimony to the valuable assistance he rendered to the objects of the Society, which readily availed itself of his services. his long labors, consisting of two volumi- of the patriotic and heroic conduct of their nous and beautifully neat MSS., quite ready distinguished countryman, subscribed a for the press; one is a grammar, the other large sum of money in furtherance of his a vocabulary, of the Tibetan language, both objects, which was remitted to Calcutta. written in English. How he has performed M. Csoma for a long time refused to accept his task no one can decide, since he is the this money, and consented at last only on only person proficient in the Tibetan lan- the condition that it should be expended not guage; but a conjecture, and a most favor- upon him, but in the purchase of MSS. to able one, may be made: M. Csoma has never enrich the library of one of the universities been in England, and has never had an op- in his native country. portunity of speaking English; yet he is thoroughly acquainted with the language." In the Preface to the Dictionary, he declares that the work owes its existence to the liberal patronage of the Indian Government, to whom he offers it, "as a small tri-ed by the ties of friendship and of common bute of his grateful acknowledgment for the support he met with in his Tibetan studies." He likewise expresses a strong sense of the kindness of various individuals, and describes himself as "a poor scholar, who was In the beginning of the present year, M. very desirous to see the different countries Csoma resolved to examine the literary of Asia, as the scene of so many memorable treasures of Eastern Tibet, and, with that transactions of former ages; to observe the view he proceeded to Darjeeling, a British manners of the several people, and to learn station recently established in the territory their languages;" and "such a man was he, of the gulpo or rajah of Sikkim, a small slip who, during his peregrinations, depended of land in the Southern Himalaya country, for his subsistence upon the benevolence of adjoining Bengal, Bootan, Nepaul, and Tiothers." He says that, though the study of bet. He arrived at Darjeeling on the 27th the Tibetan language did not form part of March, and stated to Mr. Campbell, the Brithis original plan, he engaged in the exami-ish agent, his desire to proceed to Sikkim nation of its literature, "hoping it might and thence to L'hassa, which, being the reserve him as a vehicle to his immediate sidence of the grand lama, he expected to purpose, namely, his researches respecting the origin and language of the Hungarians." He adds that his subsequent study of Sanscrit had been of more efficacy: "To his own nation, he feels a pride in announcing that the study of the Sanscrit will be more satisfactory than to any other people in Europe; the Hungarians will find a fund of information from its study respecting their origin, manners, customs, and language." find (in accordance with the assurance of the Kanum priests) the depository of the most valuable works of Tibetan literature. As the grand lama is, according to ancient custom, taken from the family of the rajah of Sikkim, Mr. Campbell thought that, by making the traveller's character and harmless objects known to the rajah, he might disarm suspicion and promote his views; he accordingly introduced him to the SikM. Csoma's investigation of the literature kim vakeel. In the intercourse which this of Tibet proved that it is entirely of Indian personage had with M. Csoma, he was astonorigin; "the immense volumes on different ished to find that a European possessed so branches of science, &c.," he remarks, "be- profound an acquaintance with the language ing exact or faithful translations from San-and literature of Tibet. The vakeel transscrit works, commencing in the seventh mitted the traveller's application to the racentury after Christ; and many of these jah, backed by the recommendation of Mr. works have been translated, mostly from Campbell, in the name of the Governor-GenTibetan, into the Mongol, Mandchou, and eral of India, and M. Csoma waited the reChinese languages." This conclusion is sult at Darjeeling, full of enthusiastic hopes, confirmed by the testimony of Professor which rendered the last days of his life his Wilson, in his remarks upon M. Csoma's happiest, since he often expatiated with deanalyses of the voluminous Tibetan collec-light on the prospect of reaching L'hassa. tions denominated Kah-gyur and Stan-gyur, On his journey to Darjeeling, he had which bear an affinity to the Tantrika works contracted a country fever, which in conin Sanscrit. sequence of neglect, began to assume a seIn 1832, the viceroy and nobles of Hun-rious character. On the 6th of April, Mr. gary, in order to mark their strong sense Campbell found him unwell, and pressed |