Experiment 12. January 24th.--Black cat, weighing immediately after the operation seven pounds five ounces and a half (3,348 grm.). Bile duct tied double and cut. February 3rd.-A brown-yellow tinge now visible on conjunctivæ; most of the stitches taken out of the wound; the cat eats well. February 5th.-Jaundice is increasing; wound nearly firmly united; weight six pounds ten ounces ; appetite keeps good. February 7th.-Jaundice still increasing; cat is now very feeble, and when tumbled over has great difficulty in regaining its feet. February 10th.-Jaundice extremely intense. February 12th.- Cat dying; weighs four pounds seven (1,995 grm.); was left alive at five o'clock in the evening. February 13th. Found dead this morning at ten

ounces

Experiment 13. January 11th.-A black-and-white cat; the bile ducts tied double and cut; this cat never became jaundiced; it was killed on February 6th by cutting off the head.

Experiment 14. January 7th.-A brown-yellow cat; weight four pounds fifteen ounces and three-quarters; bile duct tied double, but not cut. January 9th.-No jaundice, but cat very feeble. January 18th. The conjunctivæ are now slightly jaundiced. January 22nd. -Yellowness of conjunctivæ still more marked; edges of wound in belly firmly grown together; all the stitches taken out to-day. February 3rd.-Yellowness growing less; belly wound quite healed. February 5th.-No yellowness can any longer be seen in the conjunctive; the belly wound can scarcely be made out, it is so firmly cicatrised; weight four pounds twelve ounces; fæces dark-coloured, and urine gives no green re-action with nitric acid. It was determined to kill the animal; the head was therefore cut off.

Experiment 15. June 10th.-A tortoiseshell cat, not fully grown. The left branch of the hepatis tied once only, The cat never became jaundiced; it ate immensely, and yet it lost flesh daily. It died in the night between June 27th and 28th.

Experiment 16. June 27th.-Black-and-white cat, well nourished, full grown. Bile duct tied double, and piece cut out. July 6th.As the cat was now very weak, and seemed about to die, it was determined to make the diabetic puncture. The cat was therefore laid prone, a cut made through the skin, over the occipital protruberance, and the chisel applied immediately underneath this. After dividing the occipital bone the chisel was passed in a direction downwards and forwards, so as to cut the line made by joining the two ordinary meatus. The chisel was pushed on until it met with the basilar bone, and was then withdrawn. Operation was over at 12.30. Before the operation the cat had languidly taken a little milk; urine passed during the operation, though highly jaundiced,

gave no re-action with Trommer's test; at 2.15 urine pressed out of bladder, likewise no re-action with Trommer's test. July 4th.— Cat still alive; urine gave no re-action with Trommer's or Moore's test. July 7th.-The cat died in the night between July 5th and 6th. Examined to-day at two o'clock. Much more peritonitis than in any other of the experiments.

In all these cases it may be remarked that the jaundice of conjunctive was very close to declare itself. In none was it noticed until the tenth day after the operation; in one it did not show itself until the fourteenth. The cats were daily examined for this appearance. On the other hand, Frerichs asserts that a yellowish colour of the conjunctivæ could be noticed in sixty or seventy hours after the operation. Tiedemann, Gamelin, Leyden, and Golowin also found their dogs jaundiced on the second or third day. In Heinrich Mayer's experiments the jaundice seems to have come on later, about the same time as in my own; and it may be further noticed that he used cats, not dogs, upon which circumstances the difference between observers perhaps depends. In an old experiment by Jaunders the hepatic ducts of a dog were tied. Two hours after the dog was killed. The absorbents were found distended with a fluid of a bilious colour, and white paper dipped into the serum of blood taken from the hepatic vein gave a deeper tinge than from the jugular. I have repeated this experiment in the dog without

success.

Although the appetite in these animals remained good in most cases, yet they wasted; in one case the weight fell from seven pounds and a quarter to four pounds and a half in nineteen days. The cats appeared to become weaker daily without any marked symptoms of disease.

The cause of death in these creatures is very obscure. Blondlot and many others attribute it to peritonitis. Blondlot gives a distinct cause. He says that the ligature eats through the bile duct; the bile is thus poured into the peritoneum.

Leyden seems to think that it is the addition of the jaundice to the peritonitis which kills the animals.

I should be far more inclined to think the cause of death to the

changes which take place in the liver. The liver in these cases, as tested by iodine, contained little or no glycogen.

Of all the functions of the liver known to us the most important is the preparation of glycogen, and this seems to pass into complete abeyance soon after the ligature of the bile ducts. Glycogen is

one of the most important elements of nutrition; and it is not surprising that the animals should have wasted so rapidly when the system was deprived of it. And it is to this defect in nutrition, even while the animal was taking nourishment freely, that I am inclined to attribute the fatal end.

In [human] disease the state which most closely imitates ligature of the bile ducts is congenital obstruction of the bile ducts outside the liver. Of these cases, of which there are but few on record, there were found, in one of the more carefully examined cases, appearances which the writer calls hepatitis interstitialis ; in other words, an overgrowth of the capsule of glisson. Here the same chain of events seem to take place. The change of the bile ducts into a fibrous cord influences all the connective tissue in the portal canals, and an overgrowth takes place. The nature of these changes, whether of a so-called inflammatory origin or otherwise, it is unnecessary and would be unprofitable here to discuss.-Dr. Legg, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, Vol. ix. pp. 161-81.

(117.)-Goltz ascribes the disturbances of movement produced by section of these organs, to the loss of the feeling of equilibrium.

The first point investigated by Solucha was, how far is an abnormal position of the head able to disturb the feeling of equilibrium of the animal, and so to produce the abnormal movements? The author confirms the experiment of Lognet that mere section of the recti capitis postici majores et minores in the dog renders the movements of the animal uncertain and insecure, the dog was unsteady on its feet, moved from side to side, kept the fore-feet widely apart from each other, running was rendered difficult, &c. After five or

six days the head generally assumed the normal position, and at the same time the walking became normal. In a second series of experiments the author sought to give pigeons a peculiar position of the head, without wounding important parts, a position such as occurs in section of the canals, with the beak directed upwards and the occiput towards the ground. On fixing the head to the breast in this position with a thread, the animals conducted themselves partly like those in which the horizontal as well as the vertical semicircular canals were destroyed.

On section of one horizontal canal the animal made several lateral movements of the head, beginning from the injured side, which soon ceased. In section of the corresponding canal on the opposite side, pendulum movements of the head occurred and persisted very long. The violence of the movements increased from the beginning onwards until they reached a maximum, when the animal lost its equilibrium, fell over, executed mouvements de manège,

&c. In a few cases the animals recovered completely, but generally after four or five days the animal was found in a corner with the peculiar position of the head above described and quite quiet, but when disturbed it resumed the pendulum, &c. ; most of the animals died in from ten to twenty days.

On section of all four canals violent movement of the head, resembling a screw motion, occurred immediately, accompanied by general swinging movement of the whole body.-Fournal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1873, p. 400.

(118.)-L. Perl, in his first series of experiments (on dogs), performed seldom and large bleedings (every five or seven days, three to three and a half per cent. of the body weight at each time), in a second series more frequent and smaller bleedings (every three or four days, one to one and a half per cent.) were practised. The animals endured the operative proceedings well. The wounds healed well without fever, and only in one case did embolus of the lungs

Occur.

Whilst the animals of the second series, on which ten as the minimum and seventeen as the maximum of bleedings were practised, remained quite cheerful and well, and when killed, from the thirty-sixth to the thirty-seventh day, showed no signs of change in the muscles of the heart, the seven dogs of the first series, on the contrary, on which five to seven bleedings were practised, became lean, lost appetite, became sad, had partial œdema of the extremities and died (6) with the phenomena of marasmus, within eleven weeks. With a single exception, all the animals dying after four weeks showed a very flabby heart, with a yellowish colour, and under the microscope the muscular fibres were found to have undergone extensive fatty degeneration.-Fournal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1873, P. 407.

(119.) He ligatured the bile duct of a dog. The animal lived nineteen days, and though it continued to have a voracious appetite it emaciated visibly. The colouring matter of the bile was found four hours after the operation. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1873, p. 407.

cats.

(120.)-J. W. Legg (St. Bartholomew's Hospital) operated upon The animals survived the operation for varying times up to twenty days, and peritonitis when present remained local.

The cats became emaciated and died without convulsive phenomena, and only became comatose shortly before death. With regard to the cause of death the author lays stress upon the decided diminution or absence of glycogen of the liver (tested

with iodine solution).-Fournal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1873,

P. 420.

(121.)-L. Seelig experimented on rabbits which had (p. 422) been allowed to hunger; diabetes was produced by Eckhard's method. The author then convinced himself that in the starving animals, after the diabetic sugar had disappeared from the urine, or occurred only in traces, corresponding to the results of Dock (the hunger period lasted three to five days, the collected urine was evacuated by pressure after it had been collected for six hours) A solution of sugar (generally 20 ccm of a 10 per cent. solution 2 grms. sugar) was then injected into the jugular vein, in the one case into the starved animals, and in the other into the starved diabetic ones. In the former case only traces of sugar appeared in the urine when the animals had starved for five, six, and seven days, somewhat more when the hunger period was shorter.-Fournal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1873, P. 421.

=

(122.)-A. Bidder operated on the superior epiphysial cartilage of young rabbits. The cartilage was either exposed and transfixed with needles or destroyed by section, growth of the bone was arrested either on one side or over the whole extent of the terminal surface according to the part irritated, and this effect was marked throughout the whole length of the bone as far as the distal epiphysis. Destruction of the cartilage on the fibular side was followed by growth of the opposite side, causing curvature of the bone with the convexity inwards. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1873,

P. 425.

(123.) Dr. Burdon Sanderson delivered an address on this subject relating his first experiments as to the effect of inoculating animals with pyæmic liquids. In the autumn of 1867, he injected the purulent liquid contained in the ankle joint of a patient, who had died a few hours before with metastatic abscesses, general suppurative arthritis and intense septicæmica, under the skin in a dog and two guinea-pigs. The two guinea-pigs died within fifteen and twenty days. Both had metastatic abscesses; in one the lungs were beset with minute nodules resembling miliary tubercles. The dog lived seven weeks, there were no secondary abscesses, but miliary tubercles of the liver and spleen. From one of the two guinea-pigs, two others were inoculated; one died of pyæmic subcutaneous abscesses, without visceral disease; the other lived longer, had no abscesses but tuberculous disease of the lungs. During the same winter other experiments were made, which seemed to show that, by the inoculation of pyæmic products, two sets of lesions might be produced; as an immediate