The Works of John Ruskin: Unto this last Munera Pulveris time and tide with other writings on political economy, 1860-1873

1877, in dark-coloured roan, with the edges cut and gilt, and lettered across the back: "Ruskin. | Unto | this | Last." Price 3s. 6d. 2000 copies.

Third Edition (1882).—On the title-page the number of the edition and the date were changed, and the last line was changed to "All rights reserved." There are no other changes. Issued in July 1882 in plain mauve cloth, with a white paper back-label, which reads: "Ruskin. | Unto | this | Last." Price 3s. 2000 copies.

Fourth Edition (1884).-The number and date were again changed on the title-page; and this edition was printed at the Chiswick Press, the imprint (at both places as before) reading: "Chiswick Press :-C. Whittingham and Co., Took's Court, Chancery Lane." A few of the earlier copies were issued in cloth, with paper label, as in the Third Edition; the other copies either in chocolate-coloured or in dark green cloth, lettered across the back: "Ruskin | Unto | this | Last." Issued in January 1884. Price 3s. 2000 copies.

Fifth Edition (1887).—The number and date were altered on the title-page, and the Contents were placed before instead of after the leaf containing the Scriptural Texts; in all other respects this edition precisely resembles the Fourth (cloth boards). Issued in September 1887. Price 3s. 1000 copies.

Sixth Edition (1888).-The number and date were altered on the titlepage; and the edition was printed and electrotyped by Messrs. Hazell & Co., whose imprint appears as in the Second and Third Editions. In all other respects the Sixth precisely resembles the Fifth Edition. Issued in October 1888. Price 3s. 2000 copies.

Seventh and Eighth Editions (1890, 1892).—These editions, issued respectively in October 1890 (2000 copies) and April 1892 (2000), were again printed by Messrs. Hazell & Co., being reprints of the Sixth. In these editions the publisher's imprint was: "George Allen, | Sunnyside, Orpington, and 8, Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London." Price 3s.

Ninth Edition (1893). This edition became the model for later issues, which have been printed from the electrotype plates of it. The publisher's imprint became after 1894: "London | George Allen, 156, Charing Cross Road and Sunnyside, Orpington, Kent | [All rights reserved]." The Orpington address was omitted after 1900. The paragraphs were numbered. An index (compiled by Mr. A. Wedderburn) was added (pp. 175-199), and this was included in all later editions. The imprint (at the foot of the last page) was: "Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co., Edinburgh & London." Issued in July 1893. Price 3s. 3000 copies.

Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Editions (1895, 1896, 1898).-Reprints of the Ninth, the number of the edition being changed on the title-page, as also the date. Issued respectively in April 1895 (3500 copies), October 1896 (3340), and July 1898 (3000). Price 3s.

Re-issues were subsequently called "Thousands"; that issued in October 1899 (2000 copies) having on the title-page "Thirtieth Thousand"; that issued in June 1900 (2000), "Thirty-third Thousand"; and that issued in

August 1900 (5000), "Thirty-eighth Thousand." On July 1, 1900, the price was reduced from 3s. to 2s.

The thirty-first thousand was printed from the same plates but was made up in crown octavo size, uniform with the other small editions of Ruskin's books. In this form the book was reprinted in August 1901 (43rd thousand), December 1902 (44th), and December 1903 (49th). The price of this crown 8vo issue was 3s.

"Popular Edition" (1900).—Of the issue of June 1900 some copies were put up in greyish-blue paper covers at 1s. 6d. net. (The issue of June 1900 was all marked "Thirty-third Thousand" on the title-page; but the 1000 covers required for the "Popular" issue were marked thereon "Thirtysecond Thousand.")

Further re-issues in the ordinary form were made in June 1901, "Fortysecond Thousand" (4000 copies), and in December 1902, "Forty-eighth Thousand (4000). Some copies were bound in cloth (2s.); others in wrappers (1s. 6d.).

"Pocket Edition" (1904).—Of the issue last named 2000 copies were used and issued in December 1904 for the "Pocket Edition," by printing new Titles and Contents, and transferring the words "Four Essays on the First Principles of Political Economy" to the half-title. These 2000 copies were issued in terra-cotta cloth at 2s. 6d., uniform with other volumes in the "Pocket" edition (for which see Vol. XV. p. 6). Of the "Pocket" edition 3000 more copies were subsequently printed, thus completing the 52nd thousand of the book. The title-page reads:

Unto this Last | By | John Ruskin | London: George Allen.

Special Edition (1902).—This is an Edition de Luxe, uniform in size with the Kelmscott "Nature of Gothic" (see Vol. X. p. lxix.). The title-page reads:

Unto this Last | By John Ruskin.

Post octavo, pp. xii.+152. On the reverse of the title-page is the following note: "Four hundred copies of this edition have been printed on handmade paper for England and America, and eleven on vellum." "Contents," p. iii., as follow:

Scriptural Texts, p. iv. Preface, pp. v.-xii. The first page of the Preface has an ornamental border (Borders and Initials drawn by Christopher Dean and "processed"). There are similar ornamental borders (of a different design in each case) for the first page of each essay. The initial letter is an ornamental one, printed in red; and so with the initial letters of each paragraph throughout the book. There are no headlines. The title of the book is printed in red at the top of the left-hand margin on each left-hand page;

the subject ("Preface," "The Roots of Honour," etc., Appendix" and "Index") are similarly printed on the right-hand margins of the right-hand pages. The pages are numbered at the bottom. The Appendix consists of all the author's footnotes, numbered "A" to "X," the "p. to which they refer being added; correspondingly, in the text there are marginal notes referring to Appendix. See Note A," and so forth. On p. 152 is the following colophon, with the device drawn by Mr. Walter Crane, and employed (since 1894) in most of Mr. Allen's books and circulars, which appears (in a reduced form) in all the volumes of this edition :

Here end the Four Essays on the First Principles of Political Economy, named UNTO THIS LAST, by JOHN RUSKIN. Printed at the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh, and Published by George Allen, London, in the year 1902.

This Edition de Luxe was issued on November 28, 1902. Bound in limp vellum with silk ties. On the front cover, in the right-hand corner, is Ruskin's seal, with motto (as in this edition, but smaller), in gold. Price £2, 2s. net. Venetian type. The vellum copies were issued at £10, 10s. each.

Unauthorised American Editions of Unto this Last have been numerous. There has been no authorised edition in America.

French Translation (1902).—The title-page of this is:

Crown 8vo, pp. xxxvi. +238. A portrait of Ruskin precedes the title-page. The Editor's Introduction occupies pp. iii.-xxxvi. The translator has added a few explanatory notes to the text. Issued in paper wrappers of a violet hue. Price 3 fr. 50 c.

German Translation (1902).—This is the fifth volume in a translation of Ruskin's "Ausgewählte Werke in Vollständiger Übersetzung" (see Vol. III. p. lxiii.). The title-page is :

Crown 8vo, pp. 196. An introduction by the editor (Wilhelm Schölermann) occupies pp. 5-8; an index (not translated from Mr. Wedderburn's), pp. 182196. Issued in red cloth boards. Price 4 marks.

The greater part of Unto this Last is also translated in the following work :

Crown 8vo, pp. 240. First published 1896; now in a second edition. An Introduction by the translator occupies pp. 9-46. The greater part of Unto this Last follows (pp. 97-165), the rest of the book being taken up with extracts from Fors Clavigera, etc. Price 3 marks.

Italian Translation (1902).—The title-page of this is :—

Small 8vo, pp. x. +90. A note to the translation occupies pp. v.-vii., and a short biographical note on Ruskin, pp. ix. and x. Ruskin's preface is omitted, and the text is often curtailed or summarised. Issued, stitched, in grey paper wrappers.

THE RIGHTS OF LABOUR

(Being Extracts from Unto this Last)

The title of this pamphlet of 16 pages (issued stitched and without wrappers) is: "The Rights of Labour according to John Ruskin. | Arranged by Thomas Barclay." It was not dated, but was issued in 1887 by C. Merrick, 34 Cauk Street, Leicester. Price One Penny. p. 2 is the following:

"EXTRACT OF A LETTER RECEIVED FROM MR. RUSKIN.

"... Your pamphlet is the best abstract of all the most important pieces of my teaching that has yet been done; and I am entirely grateful to you for doing it, and glad to have your letter.

"The time is certainly drawing near for the workmen, who are conscious of their own power and probity, to draw together into action. They ought first in all Christian countries to abolish, not yet WAR— which must yet be made sometimes in just causes-but the Armaments for it, of which the real root cause is simply the gain of manufacturers of instruments of death.

"MR. THOS. BARCLAY."

"Ever gratefully yours,
"JOHN RUSKIN.

On p. 3 are introductory remarks. The remaining pages are occupied with extracts (with occasional connecting remarks) from Unto this Last, under the following heads: "Ruskin's Objects," "His Scheme" (Preface, § 6), "Principles First" (ibid., § 7), "What Political Economy Is" (§§ 28, 61, 72), "What Wealth Is" (§§ 62, 64), "Difference between Riches and Wealth" (§§ 27, 30), "Proof" (§§ 33, 34, 36), "The Whole Question one

of Justice" (§§ 37, 38, 65), "Capital" (§ 73), "Injustice of the Present System" (§§ 38, 49, 48, 43), "Wages" (§§ 13, 14, 52 n., 31 n.), "How to get the Most Work out of a Man" (§§ 8, 10, 9, 24), "The True Function of the Capitalist" (§§ 21, 22, 25), "The Cause of Poverty" (§§ 53, 79), "Are There too Many of Us?" (§§ 53, 78, 76 n.), and "Last Words" (§§ 77, 85, 83). The compiler then concludes as follows:

"What working man is there that will not reverence these far-seeing and noble utterances of a great and good man devoted to the cause of the poor and down-troddenshowing the truth and demanding justice. At all events, reader, unless you have had a previous introduction, may we not count on having awakened an interest in you to examine still further into the teachings of JOHN RUSKIN?"

A Second Edition was issued by the same publisher; and in 1889 a Third Edition, by William Reeves, 185 Fleet Street, E.C.

Varia Lectiones.-The following is a list of the few variations, other than those already described, between different editions :

Mottoes.-The texts which in all the collected editions have appeared on a separate page were not given in the Cornhill Magazine. The papers there began with the heading "Unto this Last," to which was appended as a footnote: "I will give unto this last, even as unto thee.'-Matt. xx. 14."

Heading of Essay 1.-The word "Essay" did not appear in the Cornhill Magazine. And so with the headings of the other essays.

Essay III.-§ 48, line 45, see p. 66 n.

Essay IV.-§ 58, line 23, the reference to Mill has in all previous editions been incorrectly given as I. i. 5. § 59, line 6, the reference to Mill has in all previous editions been wrongly given as III. i. 3. § 60, author's footnote, last line, "bought" has been misprinted "brought" in some of the later editions (e.g., the 33rd and 43rd thousands); the misprint does not occur in the Edition de Luxe. § 74, author's note, line 8, the Cornhill and ed. 1 read correctly "L. 550" (line 550 of the Birds); all later editions read “I. 550.” § 84, third line from end, all editions hitherto have misprinted yey' for μéy', and all editions (after the Cornhill) velap for Ŏvelap (the line is omitted in the French and Italian translations; it is misprinted in the German).

Reviews of the papers as they appeared in the Cornhill Magazine were very numerous. Leading articles, "middle" articles, or other notices appeared, among other places, in the Saturday Review, August 4, 1860 (“J. R. on Political Economy," vol. 10, pp. 136-138), and November 10, 1860 (“Mr. Ruskin again," vol. 10, pp. 582-584: for extracts from this article, see above, p. xxviii.); the Scotsman, August 9 (for notices of this leading article, see below, pp. 69 n., 71 n.); the Critic, August 4; the Literary Gazette, November 3; the Weekly Times, August 12; the Manchester Review, August 11 and 18; the Glasgow Citizen, August 11 (this was a defence of Ruskin, signed "G. G."); the London Review, August 11; the Morning Herald, September 5; the Dial, September 7; Lincolnshire Herald, September 11; the Star, September 21 (a paper by Major-General T. Perronet

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The Works of John Ruskin: Unto this last Munera Pulveris time and tide with ...