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horse. Somewhat above a quarter of wheat is allowed for every mouth throughout the year; and the wheat is estimated at five shillings and eight-pence a quarter. Two hundred and fifty quarters of malt are allowed, at four shillings a quarter: two hogsheads are to be made of a quarter; which amounts to about a bottle and a third of beer a day to each person, p. 4, and the beer will not be very strong. One hundred and nine fat beeves are to be bought at Allhallow-tide, at thirteen shil. lings and four-pence a piece: and twenty-four lean beeves to be bought at St. Helen's at eight shillings a piece these are to be put into the pastures to feed; and are to serve from midsummer to Michaelmas; which is consequently the only time that the family eats fresh beef: during all the rest of the year they live on salted meat, p. 5. One hundred and sixty gallons of mustard are allowed in a year; which seems indeed requisite for the salt beef, p. 18. Six hundred and forty-seven sheep are allowed, at twenty-pence a piece; and these seem also to be all eat salted, except between Lammas and Michaelmas, p. 5. Only twen ty-five hogs are allowed, at two shillings a piece; twenty-eight veals at twenty-pence; forty lambs at ten-pence or a shilling, p. 7. These seem to be reserved for my lord's table, or that of the upper servants, called the knights'-table. The other servants, as they eat salted meat, almost through the whole year, and with few or no vegetables, had a very bad and unhealthy diet: so that there cannot be any thing more erroneous, than the magnificent ideas formed of the roast beef of old England. We must entertain as mean an idea of its cleanliness: only seventy ells of linen, at eight-pence an ell, are annually allowed for this great family no sheets were used: this linen was made into eight table-cloths for my lord's table; and one tablecloth for the knights, p. 16. This last, I suppose, was washed only

once a month. Only forty shillings are allowed for washing throughout the whole year; and most of it seems expended on the linen belonging to the chapel. The drinking, however, was tolerable; namely, ten tuns and two hogsheads of Gascogny wine, at the rate of 4 pounds 13 shillings and 4 pence a tun, p. 6. Only ninety-one dozen of candles for the whole year, p. 14. The family rose at six in the morning, dined at ten, and supped at four in the afternoon: the gates were all shut at nine, and no farther ingress or egress permitted, p. 314, 318. My lord and lady have set on their table for breakfast at seven o'clock in the morning a quart of beer; as much wine; two pieces of salt fish, six red-herrings, four white ones, or a dish of sprats. In flesh days half a chine of mutton, or a chine of beef boiled, p. 73, 75. Mass is ordered to be said at six o'clock, in order, says the household-book, that all my lord's servants may rise early, p. 170. Only twenty-four fires are allowed, beside the kitchen and hall, and most of these have only a peck of coals a-day allowed them, p. 99. After Lady-day, no fires permitted in the rooms, except half-fires in my lord's and lady's, and lord Piercy's and the nursery, p. 101. It is to be observed that my lord kept house in Yorkshire, where there is certainly much cold weather after Lady-day. Eighty chalders of coals at four shillings and two-pence a chalder, suffices throughout the whole year; and because coal will not burn without wood, says the household-book, sixty-four loads of great wood are also allowed, at twelve-pence a load, p. 22. This is a proof that grates were not then used. Here is an article. It is devised that from henceforth no capons to be bought but only for my lord's own mess, and that the said capons shall be bought for two-pence a piece, lean, and fed in the poultry; and master chamberlain and the stewards be fed with capons, if there be strangers sitting with them, p.

102. Pigs are to be bought at three-pence or a groat a piece: geese at the same price: chickens at a half-penny: hens at two-pence, and only for the above-mentioned tables. Here is another article. Item, i is thought good that no plovers be bought at no season but only in Christmas and principal feasts, and my lord to be served therewith and his board-end, and none other, and to be bought for a penny a piece, or a penny half-penny at most, p. 103. Woodcocks are to be bought at the same price. Partridges at two-pence, p. 104, 105. Pheasants a shilling; peacocks the same, p. 106. My lord keeps only twenty-seven horses in his stable at his own charge: his upper servants have allowance for maintaining their own horses, p. 126. These horses are, six gentle horses, as they are called, at hay and hard meat throughout the whole year, four palfreys, three hobbies and nags, three sumpter horses, six horses for those servants to whom my lord furnishes a horse, two sumpter horses more, and three mill horses, two for carrying the corn, and one for grinding it; whence we may infer that mills, either water or wind-mills, were then unknown, at least very rare: besides these, there are seven great trotting horses for the chariot or waggon. He allows a peck of oats a day, besides loaves made of beans for his principal horses; the oats at twenty pence, the beans at two shillings a quarter. The load of hay is at two shillings and eight-pence. When

my lord is on a journey, he carries thirty-six horsemen along with him; together with bed and other accommodation, p. 157. The inns, it seems, could afford nothing tolerable. My lord passes the year in three country-seats, all in Yorkshire, Wrysel, Leckenfield, and Topcly ffe; but he has furniture only for one he carries every thing along with him, beds, tables, chairs, kitchen utensils, all which, we may conclude, were so coarse, that they could not be spoilt by the carriage:

yet seventeen carts and one waggon suffices for the whole, p. 391 One cart suffices for all his kitchen utensils, cooks' beds, &c., p. 388. One remarkable circumstance is, that he has eleven priests in his house, besides seventeen persons, chanters, musicians, &c., belonging to his chapel: yet he has only two cooks for a family of 223 persons, p. 325*. Their meals were cer. tainly dressed in the slovenly manner of a ship's company. It is amusing to observe the pompous and even royal style assumed by this Tartar chief: he does not give any orders, though only for the right making of mustard, but it is introduced with this preamble, It seemeth good to us and our council. If we consider the magnificent and elegant manner in which the Venetian and other Italian noblemen then lived, with the progress made by the Italians in literature and the fine arts, we shall not wonder that they considered the ultramontane nations as barbarous. The Fle.

mish also seem to have much excelled the English, and even the French. Yet the earl is sometimes not defi cient in generosity: he pays for instance an annual pension of a groat a year to my lady of Walsingham, for her interest in heaven; the same sum to the holy blood at Hales, p. 337. No mention is any where made of plate; but only of the hiring of pewter vessels. The servants seem all to have bought their own clothes from their wages.

Indolence.

If industry is no more than habit, it is, at least, an excellent one. If you ask me which is the real hereditary sin of human nature, do you imagine I shall answer pride, or luxury, or ambition, or egotism?

* In another place, mention is made of four cooks, p. 388. But I suppose, that the two servants, called in p. 325 groom of the larder and child of the scullery, are, in p. 388, comprehended in the number of cooks.

No; I shall say, indolence. Who conquers indolence will conquer all the rest. Indeed, all good principles must stagnate without mental activity.

Perseverance.

All the performances of human art, at which we look with praise or wonder, are instances of the resistless force of perseverance; it is by this that the quarry becomes a pyramid, and that distant countries are united by canals. If a man was to compare the effect of a single stroke with the pick-axe, or of one impression of a spade, with the general design and last result, he would be overwhelmed with the sense of their disproportion; yet those petty operations, incessantly continued, in time surmount the greatest difficulties; and mountains are levelled, and oceans bounded, by the slender force of human beings. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance, that those who have any intention of deviating from the beaten roads of life, and acquiring a reputation superior to names hourly swept away by time among the refuse of fame, should add to their reason, and their spirit, the power of persisting in their purposes; acquire the art of sapping what they cannot batter; and the habit of vanquishing obstinate resistance by obstinate attacks.

Characters enervated by Prosperity feel the smallest inconvenience as a serious calamity; and, unable to bear the touch of rude and violent hands, require to be treated, like young and tender flowers, with delicacy and attention; while those who have been educated in the rough school of Adversity walk over the thorns of life with a firm and intrepid step, and kick them from the path with indifference and contempt. Superior to the false opinions and prejudices of the world, they bear with patient fortitude the blow of misfortune, disregard all

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A late writer, speaking of the inflections of the ancient languages, compared with the use of auxiliaries and particles among the moderns, expresses himself to the following effect:

Our modern languages may, in this respect, be compared to the art of carpentry in its rudest state, when the union of the materials employed by the artisan, could be effected only by the help of these external coarse implements, pins, nails, and cramps. The ancient languages resemble the same art in its most improved state, after the invention of dovetail, joints, grooves, and mortises, when all the principal functions are effected by adapting properly the extremities of the pieces to one another.

For the Literary Magazine.

DRAWING OF THE LOTTERY AT NAPLES.

From the French.

IN a very large hall of the vicaria, or justice-court, at Naples, are assembled sundry persons dressed in black, their heads covered with

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Drawing of the Lottery at Naples.

immense full bottomed perukes; these are gentlemen, very well paid, for coming once a fortnight, and enduring a quarter of an hour's weariness, in a convenient situation. The boy who, as usual in other countries, draws the numbers, is loaded with images of saints: he is blessed and drenched with holy water before he commences his labours. Nearly two thousand persons are squeezed together in this hall; and although every window and door is open, yet the air is so loaded with mephitic vapours, that, I incline to think, no candle would burn in it. The hootings and hisses of the mad-headed populace are yet more intolera. ble, if possible, than the offensive exhalations. Often might a spectator ask himself, whether he were not in a mad-house? If one of the commissioners comes rather late, he is received with reproaches and hisses enough to turn the head of the

most sagacious counsellor. When the wheel goes round, the shout of the spectators is horrible.

The first drawn ticket, being given by the boy who drew it to one of the commissioners, he gave it to a lazzaroni who stood behind him. Instantly the hall resounded with shouts of applause and screams of joy; the second number, on the contrary, was received with expressions of chagrin. I went out at this instant, to escape the crowd. On the stair-case, I met another personage, whose attentions were directed to the purse: it was a pious good soul, who, speculating on the numerous assembly, took this opportunity of soliciting donations on behalf of the souls in purgatory. The idea was a good one, especially was it applicable before the drawing begun to those who were interested in the event, because, at that time, every one would hope his good works might be rewarded by the favours of fortune. The stair-case was moreover filled with lame beggars; and in order to comprize every characteristic of the Neapolitans, superstition, gambling, poverty, and filth were huddled to

[Jan. 1,

gether. On a second floor every kind of nastiness was permitted and practised. When a number was drawn, it was announced through a window, to an agent placed in the street, for the purpose, who proceeded instantly to inform the administration of the lottery, and, as he went, communicated his intelligence to the curious. Directly as the people perceived from a distance the approach of one of these agents, a general exclamation ensued, and thousands of hands waved in the air, for the Neapolitans do nothing without action. All spoke together, during half a minute, to communicate their deep reflections among their neighbours: after which they waited till another messenger appeared. The fury of lottery gaming is more excessive here than in other places, because here superstition finds most room for its exercise: and the Neapolitans are determined in the choice of their numbers by the most despicable artifices, such as calculation to predict their success, &c. The folly of this infernal game has infected the whole population, and even the beggars commit to chance the very alms they have received.

For the Literary Magazine.

ANECDOTES OF LINNEUS.

From Acerbi's Travels.

A LADY of the province of Upsala, who had never been beyond its boundaries, applied to a friend of Linnæus for a letter of recommendation, that she might have an opportunity of making the acquaintance of this eminent character, and, at the same time, see his collection. The philosopher received her with much politeness, and, as he was showing her the museum, the good lady was so filled with astonishment at the sight of an assemblage of such a number of different objects, upon each of which Linnæus had always

something to remark, that she exclaimed with a sigh, I no longer wonder that Linnæus is so well known over the whole province of Upsala! Linnæus, who, instead of the province of Upsala, expected to hear the whole universe, was so shocked, that he would show her nothing more of the museum, and sent the lady away quite confounded at the change of his humour, and at the same time firmly believing that her high encomium had wounded the feelings of the great philosopher.

One day, being in a melancholy temper, he gave orders that no person should be admitted to him, and placed himself, in his bed-gown and night-cap, sad and pensive, upon his sofa. An officer in the Swedish service arrived with a party of ladies, who had made a journey for the express purpose of seeing the Linnæan collection. The officer was denied admittance; but, being aware of Linnæus' caprice, he would not be refused by the servant, but pushed by him, and entered the chamber where Linnæus was sitting. At first some indignation was shown at this intrusion; but the officer introduced the ladies with a most extravagant panegyric to the illustrious philosopher, who was the sole object of their journey; to the man whom the whole world allowed to be the greatest; to that man who had put Nature herself to the rack, in order to discover her dearest secrets, &c. Linnæus's surly humour instantly for sook him, and he never appeared more amiable in his manners than to this officer, whom he embraced tenderly, calling him his true friend, &c. He was so singularly enamoured with praise, that his mind was never in that sedate state which would have enabled him to distinguish true commendation from flattery and deception. The clergyman, who at first did not credit such reports, was convinced of their reality by one of his friends, who composed so ridiculous a eulogy for Linnæus, that the weakest child might have treated it as a farce or satire; it was worded in the bombast of the middle ages,

VOL. VIII. NO. LI.

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THE island of Juan Fernandez has frequently been described by the early navigators of the Pacific ocean, who touched there for refreshments, and by the freebooters who made it a place of resort for the rendezvous of their forces or the division of their spoil. At a convenient distance from the coast of Peru, unsettled and unfortified, abounding in almost every requisite for refitting, revictualling, wooding, and watering, it became not only a desirable station, but was long an unsuspected or despised retreat. The dormant vigilance, however, of the Spaniards, was at length aroused, and a settlement was made in 1766 or 1767 upon the island of Juan Fernandez. In the latter year, captain Carteret, on his voyage round the world, upon opening Cumberland bay, was suprized to find the island in possession of the Spaniards, who had built a fort, on which the Spanish colours were flying and some cannon mounted. Many cattle were seen on the hills, and about twenty houses on different parts of the island. Carteret neither anchored nor had any communication with the shore, but sailed immediately for Masa Fuero. Since that time no accounts have been given to the public respecting

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