τιμῆς, ὀχυρὸν ζεῦγος ̓Ατρειδών -÷|~~-||-~~|--|| only one anapæst. 649 The anapæstic tetrameter catalectic, which is of constant occurrence in the Greek comedies, consists of a dimeter followed by a paroemiac. It does not differ in principle from the regular succession of dimeters, but the rules for its structure admit of fewer exceptions. For example, the sequence, which is of rare occurrence in the regular set of dimeters, never appears in the tetrameter. The spondaic paroemiac, which is occasionally found in the regular system, is never allowed in the tetrameter. In general, dactyls seldom appear in the second foot of the dipodia: but sequences of dactyls may appear in the tetrameter, no less than in the series of dimeters. The following may serve as examples: εἰ μέν τις ἀνὴρ τῶν ἀρχαίων κωμῳδοδιδάσκαλος ἡμᾶς 650 In the case of the anapæst, no less than in that of the dactyl, the thesis is occasionally represented by a single long syllable. It is usual to term this mutilated anapæstic dipodia a foot, i. e. the Ionicus a minore, so called in contradistinction to a certain form of the choriambic rhythm cum anacrusi, which was termed the Ionicus a majore. The origination of this metre is shown in the following lines, where the anapasts appear by the side of the Ionics: In the following the anapæsts appear after the Ionici; which however are preceded by a long anapæstic parodos: 651 By the omission of the second mora of the thesis, the dactyl becomes a trochee; by the omission of the first mora of the thesis, the anapæst becomes an iambus. There is every reason to believe, that, as the dactyl is antecedent to the anapæst, so is the trochee to the iambus. 652 The simplest and oldest form of trochaic verse is the Ithyphallicus or tripudiatio, in which the ictus recurred three times; 653 With an anacrusis, two or more couplets of this constitute the Saturnian verse of the ancient Italians (635). 654 But at a very early period, trochees were arranged in dipodia with a single ictus to each, which necessarily fell on the first syllable. The commonest arrangement was that called the Trochaic Tetrameter Catalectic, in which two complete dipodiæ are followed by two dipodia incomplete, i. e. by a λnkuotos, as it was termed. The scheme of this metre is as follows: (a) In the case of proper names a dactyl may appear in the first, second, third, fifth or sixth place. (b) If the last word is a cretic, or the seventh foot a tribrach, the sixth cannot be either a spondee or an anapæst. (c) And if the first dipodia terminates with a word, accompanied by a pause in the sense, the second place will admit only the trochee or the tribrach. (d) The first pair of dipodiæ must terminate without cæsura. The following may suffice as examples: εὖ τόδ ̓ ἴσθι γῆς ἄνασσα τῆσδε μή σε δὶς φράσαι LU |UUU || LU | _U ||| LU] - - || _ ~ | – |||| καθ ̓ ὁ Βρόμιος, ὡς ἔμοιγε φαίνεται, δόξαν λέγω ξύγγονόν τ' ἐμήν, Πυλάδην τε τὸν τάδε ξυνδρῶντά μοι. 655 The trochaic dipodia played a very important part in the structure of Greek choral poetry, and at a very early period was regarded as a metrical unit, equivalent rhythmically to a dactyl. The process was the same as that by which the choriambus was formed from the dactylic dipodia; namely, the latter half of the thesis was either not expressed or disregarded. Even the original arrangement of trochees, as single feet each containing a double rhythm, presumed that an ictus might represent a trochee, and the cretic therefore might stand for two successive trochees in the Saturnius. In fact, any thesis in the Saturnius, except the last, might be omitted at pleasure: it was only necessary that there should be a tripudiatio, or triple recurrence of the arsis. A fortiori, therefore, in the trochaic dipodia, which constituted only a single metre and admitted only a single ictus, the thesis of the second foot might be disregarded. And we find from the first that it was considered a matter of indifference, whether this second foot was a spondee or a trochee. So frequently, at last, was the spondee substituted for the trochee, that the Romans, who imitated the later Greek rhythms, invariably placed a spondee in the second foot of the trochaic dipodia. To this mode of considering the trochaic dipodia, which was the foundation of hemiolian rhythms, we must return, after first discussing the other class of double rhythms. B. Iambic Verse. 656 Although the trochee, like its parent the dactyl, was used as a distinct metre, each foot containing an arsis and thesis, the iambus, like its parent the anapast, always appears in dipodia, the second member of which received the ictus. So that, from the first, it represented an equal rather than a double rhythm. As the second foot in the trochaic dipodia, so the first foot in the iambic dipodia, might almost always be a spondee: and in the longer systems of iambic verse, a dactyl might generally appear for this spondee where the trochaic verse admitted an anapæst, and vice versa. 657 The most important, and perhaps the oldest species of iambic verse, was the Trimeter Acatalectic or Senarius, which contained three dipodia. The scheme of this metre, as it appeared in the dialogues of the Greek tragedians, is as follows: (a) In the case of proper names an anapæst may appear in any place except the last. (b) These licenses in the structure of the iambic dipodia are qualified by the cæsura. (a) Every senarius ought properly to have either the penthemimeral or the hephthemimeral cæsura, i. e. the third or the fourth foot ought to be divided between two words. The third foot is very rarely included within a word, and there is hardly an instance in which both the third and fourth feet are contained within a word. An elision sometimes produces a quasi-cæsura. (B) When the casura takes place in the tribrach, it should be between the first and second syllables, i. e. before the ictus on the second syllable. (7) The dactyl in the third place is limited to the case, when its first syllable is in the penthemimeral cæsura, or is a monosyllabic word. (8) There should not be any cæsura in the fifth foot, if this is a spondee. In other words, if the last word of the verse is a cretic, it must be preceded by a monosyllable or a short syllable. This is called the rule respecting the pause. (e) The anapæst, allowed in the first foot, must be included in a word, except in the case of an article or preposition immediately followed by its case. And the anapæst allowed in proper names must not be divided between two words. The following examples may suffice: (1) Pure verse, hephthemimeral cæsura, πάλαι κυνηγετοῦντα καὶ μετρούμενον. (2) Tribrach in first place, spondees in third and fifth, penthemimeral cæsura, ἄγετε τὸν ἁβρὸν δή ποτ' ἐν Τροία πόδα. Tribrach in second place, spondees in first and third, |