suffice for the close of a set of dactylic metres. This is particularly the case with the dactylic penthemimer; and a particular class of poems, the elegiac, is written in complete hexameter lines, followed alternately by hexameters consisting of two penthemimers. It is the fashion to call these clipt hexameters by the name of pentameters; but this is decidedly erroneous; for the arsis occurs six times. in the second, no less than in the first line of the elegiac couplet, and there is no reason for supposing that the omission of the thesis, after the penthemimeral cæsura, can alter the measurement of the line, which depends on the repetitions of the arsis. Example: σχήματα δ' ὄρχησις τόσα μοι πόρεν, ὅσσ ̓ ἐνὶ πόντῳ κύματα ποιεῖται χείματα νὺξ ὀλοή.

646 From the custom of finishing off the hexameter line with a spondee, which in the elegiac line was represented by a long syllable only, arose the practice of counting dactylic rhythms by dipodia, in which there was only a single arsis to each pair of feet. The simplest form of this dactylic dipodia is the Adonius, which finishes off the Sapphic stanza. But it very often appears as a catalectic dipodia, i. e. as a triemimer, in which case it is called a choriambus, and sometimes whole systems of dactylic verse are represented by choriambi. The following examples will show the successive steps in the process:

(a) Simple Adonius, or dactylic dipodia:

(e) Hexameter divided into three dipodia, with a basis prefixed to each; the first two are called Glyconei, and the third Phere

The Pherecrateus was σύμπτυκτος ἀνάπαιστος.

(f) Hexameter of dipodiæ, without a change in the last foot: Μῶσ ̓ ἄγε Καλλιόπα, θύγατερ Διὸς

(g) Two dipodia with basis prefixed, the former dipodia appearing as triemimer or choriambus: this is called the Asclepiadean

(h) Two triemimeral or imperfect dipodiæ precede the complete dipodia in the trimeter of dipodiæ:

τέγγε πνεύμονα Γοΐνῳ· τὸ γὰρ ἄστρον περιτέλλεται

647 The anacrusis gave rise to another form of dactylic verse, which derived its name Anapest (åvaπaíw), from the same circumstance as the anacrusis itself, namely, from the back-stroke in the

rhythm. The dactylic ictus, preceded by an anacrusis of two short syllables, was employed as a suitable expression of the marching step. And, alternating with dactyls and spondees, anapæstic dipodie were found to be a convenient vehicle for martial music. There are two peculiarities about this verse which establish its origin, (1) that the system, whether long or short, is always terminated by a catalectic dipodia, i. e. by a long syllable after a pure anapæst, so that the cadence was always that of the dactylic hexameter; (2) that before this termination there was no division of lines marked by a common quantity in the concluding syllables, but one continuous sequence of metres: this was called the Synaphaea, and indicates the secondary and incomplete nature of the anapæst itself.

648 The most usual anapastic system is the dimeter, which consists of longer or shorter collections of perfect dipodiæ, either in pairs or single metres, followed by a pair of dipodiæ, the last of which is catalectic. This catalectic dimeter is called a Paræmiac. There is only one ictus in each dipodia, and this falls on the long syllable of the first foot in the metre. As a result of this rhythmical arrangement, it was desirable that every dipodia should be detached, i. e. there should be no cæsura between two dipodiæ. This, however, is not necessary in the paramiac, in which an attempt is made to imitate the cadence of the dactylic hexameter. But in the paramiac it is necessary that the last foot of the last complete dipodia should be an anapæst, unless the anapæst appears in the catalectic dipodia (as in Esch. Pers. 32, Agam. 367; see however Suppl. 973, unless the verse is corrupt). Another consequence of the dactylic origin of anapæstic verse is observable in the rules of quantity to which it is subject. For here, as in the Homeric hexameter, even the Attic poets introduce open vowels and diphthongs, i. e. long vowels and diphthongs in the ultima are short before vowels in the next word. The following example may suffice to show the principles of this metre:

δέκατον μὲν ἔτος τόδ ̓ ἐπεὶ Πριάμου

διθρόνου Διόθεν καὶ δισκήπτρου

00210~0-11|-|--|| two spondees in second dipodia.

τιμῆς, ὀχυρὸν ζεῦγος ̓Ατρειδῶν
--|~~—||÷U~|--|| only one anapæst.

στόλον Αργείων χιλιοναύταν

τῆσδ ̓ ἀπὸ χώρας

~~|-- || dactylic basis. ἦραν στρατιῶτιν ἀρωγάν

Do.

649 The anapæstic tetrameter catalectic, which is of constant occurrence in the Greek comedies, consists of a dimeter followed by a parœemiac. It does not differ in principle from the regular succession of dimeters, but the rules for its structure admit of fewer exceptions. For example, the sequence, which is of rare occurrence in the regular set of dimeters, never appears in the tetrameter. The spondaic parcemiac, which is occasionally found in the regular system, is never allowed in the tetrameter. In general, dactyls seldom appear in the second foot of the dipodia: but sequences of dactyls may appear in the tetrameter, no less than in the series of dimeters. The following may serve as examples:

εἰ μέν τις ἀνὴρ τῶν ἀρχαίων κωμῳδοδιδάσκαλος ἡμᾶς

11-1700||-0~|--||--|--||-001-7

ἀλλ ̓ ὀλολύξατε φαινομέναισιν ταῖς ἀρχαίαισιν ̓Αθήναις

±uu|-~~||-~~ |-- ||- -|- - || ~ ~ _ | - ||

ὅτι σωφρονικῶς κοὐκ ἀνοήτως ἐσπηδήσας ἐφλυάρει.

650 In the case of the anapast, no less than in that of the dactyl, the thesis is occasionally represented by a single long syllable. It is usual to term this mutilated anapæstic dipodia a foot, i. e. the Ionicus a minore, so called in contradistinction to a certain form of the choriambic rhythm cum anacrusi, which was termed the Ionicus a majore. The origination of this metre is shown in the following lines, where the anapæsts appear by the side of the Ionics:

Ασίας ἀπὸ γας

In the following the anapæsts appear after the Ionici; which however are preceded by a long anapæstic parodos:

πεπέρακεν μὲν ὁ περσέπτολις ἤδη

UU - | - || UU - | - || ~~ _ | _ || ~~ _ | _ ||

651 By the omission of the second mora of the thesis, the dactyl becomes a trochee; by the omission of the first mora of the thesis, the anapæst becomes an iambus. There is every reason to believe, that, as the dactyl is antecedent to the anapæst, so is the trochee to the iambus.

652 The simplest and oldest form of trochaic verse is the Ithyphallicus or tripudiatio, in which the ictus recurred three times;

as in

πάντροφος πελειάς

20120120 ||

κάρφεται γὰρ ἤδη.

4u]2v]--||