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them, especially ἀκούω, may revert to the objective sentence expressed by the accusative and infinitive.

Thus,

(α) ᾔσθοντο οἱ Ἕλληνες ὅτι ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐν τοῖς σκευοφόροις εἴη. (3) οὐδ ̓ ἐκεῖνο δύναμαι ἰδεῖν, ὡς οὐχὶ πάντες ἄνθρωποι τούτων τυχεῖν ἀξιώσουσι.

(c) ἀκούω καὶ ἄλλα ἔθνη πολλὰ τοιαῦτα εἶναι.

In case (a), the optative is also found in dependent relative clauses, as ἔλεξέ μοι ὅτι ἡ ὁδὸς φέροι εἰς τὴν πόλιν, ἥνπερ ὁρῴην, mihi narrabat, viam ducere ad urbem quam viderem.

593 The objective sentence may involve the apodosis of a conditional proposition, and then av may appear by the side of the verb or participle in any one of the three forms, whether the protasis is expressed or not (above, 505). Thus we may say in the first two forms:

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Thus we have Xen. Cyrop. I. 6, § 3: μέμνημαι ἀκούσας ποτέ σου, ὅτι εἰκότως ἂν καὶ παρὰ θεῶν πρακτικώτερος εἴη ὥσπερ καὶ παρὰ ἀνθρώπων, ὅστις μὴ ὁπότε ἐν ἀπόροις εἴη τότε κολακεύοι, ἀλλ ̓ ὅτε ἄριστα πράττοι τότε μάλιστα τῶν θεῶν μεμντο, “ I remember to have heard formerly from you (the statement of your opinion), that he would deservedly obtain his wishes more easily from the gods as also from men, whoever did not flatter them when in adversity, but remembered the gods most when he was most thriving." Id. Mem. I. 6, § 12: δῆλον ὅτι εἰ τὴν συνουσίαν μου τινὸς ἀξίαν εἶναι, καὶ ταύτης ἂν οὐκ ἔλαττον τῆς ἀξίας ἀργύριον ἐπράττου, “ it is clear (as a matter of fact), that if you thought the instruction worth anything, you would exact money to the full amount of that value."

So also in the case of those verbs which are followed by the participle. Thus, εὑρίσκω ταύτην μόνην ἂν γενομένην τῶν παρόντων κακῶν ἀπαλλαγήν (Isocr. Areop. 16) for ὅτι αὕτη μόνη ἂν γένοιτο απαλλαγή; and so throughout the four cases we might write,

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594 The rule for the use of the negative particles in objective sentences flows at once from the general distinction between où as categorical and μn as hypothetical. Practically, therefore, we have un when the infinitive is used, and où when we have a finite verb or a participle; and that too whether the dependent sentence represents a categorical proposition or the apodosis of a condition. Thus (α) with an infinitive; Xen. Hellen. III. 2, § 10 : ἐνόμισαν αὐτὸν μὴ βούλεσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ μὴ δύνασθαι, " they thought that he was not willing rather than not able.” Thucyd. vi. 18, § 7 : νομίσατε νεότητα καὶ γῆρας ἄνευ ἀλλήλων μηδὲν δύνασθαι, ὁμοῦ δὲ τό τε φαῦλον καὶ τὸ μέσον καὶ τὸ πάνυ ἀκριβὲς ἂν ξυγκραθὲν μάλιστ ̓ ἂν ἰσχύειν, "think that youth and age apart from each other avail nothing, and that the three classes when mixed together would have most power.” Soph. d. Τ. 1353: ὥς σ' ἠθέλησα μηδέ γ' ἂν γνῶναι, "for I wished that I might not have known you" (cf. Thucyd. Iv. 47). Soph. Phil. 1313 : παῦλαν ἴσθι τῆσδε μήποτ' ἂν τυχεῖν νόσου, "be assured that a rest from this malady would never take place" (according to Schäfer's and Porson's reading for ἐντυχεῖν). Xen. Mem. I. 2, § 41: οἶμαι μὴ ἂν δικαίως τούτου τυχεῖν τοῦ ἐπαίνου τὸν μὴ εἰδότα τί ἐστι νόμος, “I think that he, who does not know what is law, would not justly obtain this commendation.” Thucyd. VII. 72, § 2: διὰ τὸ μὴ ἂν ἔτι οἴεσθαι κρατῆσαι (where the ἂν belongs to κρατῆσαι, above, 508, (α)). Ælian, V. Η. XI. 6: ἔλεγεν Ἐτεοκλῆς ὁ Λάκων δύο Λυσάνδρους τὴν Σπάρτην μὴ ἂν ὑπομεῖναι, " Εteocles the Lacedæmonian said that Sparta would not have endured two Lysanders." (b) With a finite verb and participle; Arist. Eq. 778: ὡς δ ̓ οὐχὶ φιλεῖ σ ̓, οὐδ ̓ ἔστ ̓ εὔνους, τοῦτ ̓ αὐτό σε πρῶτα διδάξω, "that he does not love you, and is not well disposed, this I will first teach you.” Soph. Cd. Τ. 1008: εἰ δῆλος οὐκ εἰδὼς τί δρᾶς,

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"it is clear that you know not what you are doing." Dem. Aph. I. § 55 : εἰ μὲν ὁ πατὴρ ἠπίστει τούτοις, δῆλον ὅτι οὔτ ̓ ἂν τἄλλα ἐπέτρεπεν οὔτ ̓ ἂν ταῦθ' οὕτω καταλιπὼν ἔφραζεν, “ on the supposition that my father distrusted them, he was not likely to entrust the other property to their care, or to have told them of these things when he had so left them.” Lys. XXXI. 21 : άρα δῆλον, ὅτι εὖ ᾔδει αὐτὸν οὐδὲ διὰ τὸ προσήκειν αὐτῇ τὰ δέοντα ἂν ποιήσαντα; “ is it clear that he well knew that he would not do what was right even on account of being related to her?"

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When oπws is used with the present indicative, the objective sentence is distinguished from the merely protatic by the categorical negative; thus we have an objective sentence in Xen. Hier. 9, § 1: ὅπως οὐ πάντων τούτων ἐπιμελητέον οὐ λέγω, “I do not say (assert the fact) that we ought not to take care of all these things." But we have a protatic sentence in Soph. Antig. 685: óπws où un λέγεις ὀρθῶς τάδε, οὐκ ἂν δυναίμην λέγειν (above, 532).

Obs. This rule holds without exception in regard to the objective sentence with orɩ or os and the finite verb, but the construction with the infinitive or participle is liable to various irregularities. (a) The infinitive in the objective clause may have ou, if the main verb implies assertion or claim φάναι, λέγειν, ἀξιοῦν, δικαιοῦν), opinion or expectation (οἴεσθαι, νομίζειν, ἡγεῖσθαι, δοκεῖν, ὑπολαμβάνειν, ὑποτοπεῖν, ἐλπίζειν), when the ou is really to be taken with the whole sentence; as Thucyd. I. 39 : ἡγήσαντο ἡμᾶς οὐ περιόψεσθαι = οὐχ ἡγήσαντο ἡμᾶς περιόψεσθαι. (b) The participle may have un when conversely the negation is limited to the participle only; as Thucyd. II. 17: Tò μavτéîov „poýdei μrj éπ' ἀγαθῷ ποτε αὐτὸ κατοικισθησόμενον, where the μή cannot be thrown back upon προήδει, but must be limited to the phrase μὴ ἐπ ̓ ἀγαθῷ. Similarly Soph. Phil. 79 : ἔξοιδα καὶ φύσει σε μὴ πεφυκότα τοιαῦτα φωνεῖν, where the meaning is not "I do not know," but "I do know that you are not naturally inclined to say such things."

595 With verbs of denying, contradicting, doubting and disbelieving, the objective sentence, whether expressed by the infinitive or by the finite verb with or and as, is often strengthened by a negative to imply that such would have been the direct expression of the denial, &c. Thus we may not only have, in accordance with the English idiom, Æsch. Eumen. 581: Spâσaɩ yáp, wσπep ἐστίν, οὐκ ἀρνούμεθα, “we (I) do not deny that I have done it, as the fact is;” but also Arist. Eg. 572: τοῦτ ̓ ἀπεψήσαντ ̓ ἄν, εἶτ ̓ ἠρνοῦντο μὴ πεπτωκέναι, “ they would have wiped off this, and then deny to the effect that they had not fallen," i. e. saying that

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they had not fallen. Soph. Antig. 442: pǹs ǹ katapveî μǹ dedpaκέναι τάδε; καὶ φημὶ δρᾶσαι κοὐκ ἀπαρνοῦμαι τὸ μή, “ do you admit (that you did it) or do you deny (saying) that you did it not?" "I admit that I did it, and do not deny to the effect that I did it not.” Id. Ibid. 264: θεοὺς ὁρκωμοτεῖν τὸ μήτε δρᾶσαι, κ.τ.λ., to swear by the god, to the effect that we had neither done the deed, &c." And similarly we have où after os or otɩ; as in Dem. Onet. I. § 27: ὡς δ ̓ οὐκ ἐκεῖνος ἐγεώργει τὴν γῆν οὐκ ἠδύνατ' ἀρνηθῆναι, apvnonvaι, "he could not deny (and say) that the other did not farm the land." Plat. Men. p. 89 D: oт & ovк čσTIV EπLOTŃμN, σκέψαι ἐάν σοι δοκῶ εἰκότως ἀπιστεῖν, “ consider whether I seem to you reasonably to doubt to the effect that science does not exist.” Thucyd. I. 86: οὐδαμοῦ ἀντεῖπον, ὡς οὐκ ἀδικοῦσι τοὺς ἡμετέρους συμμάχους, “ they nowhere denied to the effect that they are not wronging our allies." And in the use of the infinitive, if the main clause contains a negative or interrogative so as to become doubly negative, we may have μǹ où for μý in the objective sentence (see above, 529, Obs. 1; 530, Obs.); as Plat. Men. 89 D: οὐκ ἀνατίθεμαι μὴ οὐ καλῶς λέγεσθαι, “ I do not retract (lit. recall my move) to the effect that these things are not well said." Phad. 87 Α: οὐκ ἀνατίθεμαι μὴ οὐχὶ πάνυ χαριέντως ἀποδεδεῖχθαι, “ Ι δ not retract and say that it has not been charmingly demonstrated." (See below, 603).

ov

§ VII. Illative or Consecutive Sentences.

596 An illative sentence is properly a relative clause explanatory of an emphatic pronoun. It differs from the objective sentence as the effect differs from the fact, as Stóri differs from or. Thus оvк av åρvоíμην тò Spâv (Soph. Phil. 118) is merely objective, "I should not refuse the doing it" (i. e. TOûTO Tò Spâv, above, 584). But οἱ δέομαί γε τούτων οὐδενός, ὥστε σε κινδυνεύειν (Xen. Cyr. Ι. 4, § 10) is illative, "I do not want any one of these things to such an extent as that you should incur danger." The objective sentence therefore exhibits a fact as it is; the illative sentence exhibits a fact as it would be if the antecedent circumstances were carried far enough. It may be expressed by the relative itself, as in Soph. Antig. 220:

οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτω μῶρος, ὃς θανεῖν ἐρᾷ,

"there does not exist the man so foolish, who (i. e. that he) wishes to die." But most commonly the particle wore or as is used in the relative clause, followed either by the infinitive or by the indicative. Thus, we may say either οὕτως ἀνόητός ἐστιν, ὥστε πόλεμον ἀντὶ εἰρήνης αἱρεῖσθαι, “ he is so foolish as to prefer war to peace;” or οὕτως ἀνέητός ἐστιν, ὥστε πόλεμον ἀντὶ εἰρήνης aipeiraι, "he is so foolish, that he prefers war to peace." The difference of these two constructions is best shown by their negative expression; for we write, in the former case, wote μǹ eipývnv ἀντὶ πολέμου αἱρεῖσθαι, showing that the result is looked upon as a general one, common to the person mentioned with many others; but in the latter case we write ὥστε οὐχ αἱρεῖται εἰρήνην avтì Tоλéμov, showing that the result is regarded as a categorical assertion respecting the particular person.

Obs. For the use of the adverb or tertiary predicate to express the illative sentence, see above, 438, 497.

The following examples will show the various applications of the illative sentence:

(a) The positive consequence; Xen. Mem. 1. 2, § 1: Σwxρáτης ἦν πεπαιδευμένος οὕτως, ὥστε πάνυ μικρὰ κεκτημένος πάνυ ῥᾳδίως ἔχειν ἀρκοῦντα, “ Socrates was so disciplined that when he possessed very little he was very easily contented." Id. Anab. ΙΙ. 3, § 25: οὐχ ἧκεν ὁ Τισσαφέρνης, ὥσθ' οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐφρόντιζον, "Tissaphernes did not come, so that (wherefore) the Greeks began to be anxious."

(b) The negative consequence; Thucyd. 11. 49: TÀ ÉVTÒS οὕτως ἐκάετο, ὥστε μὴ τῶν πάνυ λεπτῶν ἱματίων τὰς ἐπιβολὰς ávéxeobaι, "the internal fever was so great, that they could not endure the weight of quite light upper garments." Esch. Eumen. 36: ὡς μήτε σωκεῖν μήτε μ' ἀκταίνειν βάσιν, “so that I have neither strength nor can I move rapidly." Xen. Cyr. 1. 4, § 5: ταχὺ τὰ θηρία ἀνηλώκει, ὥστε ὁ ̓Αστυάγης οὐκέτ ̓ εἶχεν αὐτῷ θηρία σvéyew, "he speedily made away with the wild beasts, so that Astyages was no longer able to collect game for him."

(c) The illative clause contains an apodosis; Xen. Cyr. 1. 6, § 18: ὥστε ἕκαστα, ὁπότε δέοιτο, ἔχειν ἂν παρεσκευασμένοις χρῆσθαι, so that whenever it was necessary he would be able to use them in a state of complete readiness." Dem. de Chers. § 36: σTE μn

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