The combination ἄλλο τι ἤ—; “is there any thing else than-?" necessarily anticipates an affirmative response. The is very often omitted, and äîλOT alone is then equivalent to nonne? as in Plat. Resp. p. 369: ἄλλοτε γεωργὸς μὲν εἰς, ὁ δὲ oikodóμos, "of course one is a husbandman, and the other a builder." There is a great risk of missing this idiom in some passages, e. g. in Plat. Theaetet. p. 159 D: öτav dè àσÐevoûνтa, äλλoтI πρῶτον μὲν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ οὐ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔλαβεν; where the denial of identity suggests another rendering to the uninitiated student. 536 If a mere hypothesis is called in question, the answer expected is necessarily negative; thus, (a) “Exλŋv toú éστi, “I suppose he is a Greek." (6) οὔτι που Ἕλλην ἐστί, “I suppose he is not a Greek. Hence interrogatively, (ε) ή που Ἕλλην ἐστί; num Graius est? i.e. “ he is not a Greek, is he?" or "he is not a Greek, I suppose." "No!" 537 Since, therefore, un forbids or negatives an assumption, its appearance in an interrogation presumes a negative reply; thus, åpa μý éστiv ȧolevýs; num ægrotat? i.e. "he is not ill, I suppose" or "he is not ill, is he?" In questions uný is often combined with ovv under the form. μŵv, and we have sometimes even μŵv ovv, as Plat. Soph. 250 D: μῶν οὖν ἐν ἐλάττονί τινι νῦν ἐσμὲν ἀπορίᾳ, “ surely we are not in a less difficulty now?" And μov has become so entirely an interrogative particle, that it is followed by either μn or où, according as the answer expected is negative or positive; as Plat. Phædo, 84 c: μῶν μὴ δοκεῖ ἐνδεῶς λέλεχθαι; and Id. Soph. 234 Α: μῶν οὐ παιδιὰν νομιστέον ; We have also the combination μn où in questions both with the indicative and with the subjunctive, as Plat. Meno, p. 89 c: ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦτο οὐ καλῶς ὡμολογήσαμεν, " but perhaps we have done rightly in making this admission;" Cratyl. 436 в: ảλλà μỳ oux ouτws ex?, "but perhaps this is not so." Here the interrogation is virtually lost, and μn, like the later Greek μýñoτe, means simply "perhaps." It is common to consider these phrases as elliptical or presuming the loss of φοβοῦμαι or ὅρα (below, 538, 539). But the construction with verbs of fearing, being that of the indirect and dependent interrogative, must be subsequent to that of the direct question or prohibition. § XIII. Mý after Verbs of Fearing, &c. 538 These interrogations with μn and the indicative mood, like the prohibitions and deprecations with μn and the subjunctive or optative (529, (c), (d)), are appended to verbs of fearing and circumspection, with this difference: (a) If the object of our fear or forethought is regarded as certain, we use the indicative. (b) If uncertain, we use the subjunctive or optative. Thus, (α) μὴ ἀμφοτέρων ἡμαρτήκαμεν, “we have not lost both, have we?" Answer, "No!" But by prefixing poßoûpai, we do away with the negative, so that poßoûμai-un signifies forsitan, "perhaps ;" and poßoûμai-μǹ ἀμφοτέρων ἡμαρτήκαμεν = “ I fear we have missed both—it is but too probable" (Thucyd. III. 55). In the same way with a verb of circumspection: μὴ δόκησιν εἴχετ ̓ ἐκ θεῶν, “ you had not a mere fantasm sent from the gods, had you?" Answer, "No!" But if we prefix σκοπεῖτε, we annul the particle μή, which had negatived the hypothesis, so that σκοπεῖτε-μὴ δόκησιν εἴχετ ̓ ἐκ θεῶν (Eurip. Helen. 119) will signify "look to it, if you had not some vision sent from the gods"-i.e. "it is more than probable that you had." Similarly μn πailwv eλeyev; "he did not speak in jest, did he?" Answer, "No!" But if we prefix pa the negation is annulled, and the sense of probability is introduced, so that ὅρα-μὴ παίζων ἔλεγεν (Plat. Theatet. p. 145 B) will signify "it is probable that he spoke in jest." (b) un Oávo, "let me not die "-nego suppositionem me moriturum esse, vel pono me moriturum non esse. Sédoiкa-μn Оáva, "I fear I shall die-it is but too probable." Similarly ἔφη δεδοικέναι μὴ θάνοι, “ he said he was afraid he should die;" for the optative, being by nature an indeterminate tense, is properly used after other past tenses (above, 292, 513; below, 607). Obs. There is the same difference between φοβούμαι μή and οὐκ oid ei, as between forsitan and haud scio an: the former signifies that it is probable; the latter that it is unlikely; thus, ouk av old ei dvvaíμnv (Plato, Tim. p. 263) poßoûμaι μn où dúvwμai. The apodotic av shows that our old el is adverbial. 539 We may also say in the indicative usage, (a) opa μn ovx oûtw taût ëxei (Plat. Alcib. II. p. 139 D), "perhaps this is not the case; and with the subjunctive or optative, (b) poßoûμai-μǹ οὐ-θάνω, “I fear I shall not die;” ἐφοβούμην-μὴ οὐ-θάνοιμι, “Ι feared I should not die," according to 534. Obs. That these usages do not belong to the syntax of the illative or final sentence appears (1) from the sense, for the meaning is not "with the consequence that it is not so" (below, 602, (d)), or "to the end that it may not be so" (below, 611), but simply "whether it be so ;" (2) from the omission of the particles wore or iva, ows, &c.; (3) from the analogy of the Latin; for vereor ut veniat means "I fear how he can come," i.e. "I fear he will not come;" but efficio ne veniat for efficio ut ne veniat would mean "I manage to the end that he may not come;" so that the negative in the one case is expressed by ut alone, and in the other by ne for ut ne. § XIV. Construction of où μn. 540 (a) Ov with the Future or Subjunctive in Interrogations. When the interrogative où is used with the future tense, the result is a positive command (523); when it is used with the subjunctive, the result is a deliberation nearly amounting to a resolve (521). The former construction most frequently occurs in the second person, the latter in the first; as μένεις; où μéveis; quin manes? "will you not remain?" i.e. "stop!" and it is expected that the person addressed will do so (535); ovk iw; nonne ibo? "shall I not go?" which implies "of course I shall.” 541 (b) Mn with the Future Indicative or Aorist Subjunctive. But if we prefix un to the future indicative or aorist subjunctive, the result is, of course, a prohibition (529, (c)); thus, (a) λέξεις δὲ μηδὲν τῶν ἐμοὶ δεδογμένων (Eurip. Med. 804), "do not tell of any of the resolves which I have formed.” ἀλλ ̓ ἐξερώτα· μηδὲν ἐνδεὲς λίπῃς (B) (Id. Phœn. 385), "but go on asking; leave nothing wanting." 542 (c) The Interrogative with où followed by the Prohibition with μή. Since, therefore, the interrogative où commands, and μý without interrogation forbids, and that too with the same inflexions—the future or subjunctive-both constructions will be used when a command is followed by an equivalent prohibition; thus, οὐ σῖγα; μηδὲν τῶνδ ̓ ἐρεῖς κατὰ πτόλιν (Æsch. Sept. c. Theb. 232), "wilt thou not be silent? say nothing of this kind in the city." 543 (d) Interrogation and Prohibition combined. Generally, however, the command and prohibition are brought under the influence of the same interrogation; thus, οὐ σιγ ̓ ἀνέξει, μηδὲ δειλίαν ἀρεῖς ; (Soph. Aj. 75), "wilt thou not keep silence, and not conceive fear?" i.e. "be silent, and do not conceive fear." ὦ δεῖνα λέξασ', οὐχὶ συγκλείσεις στόμα, "O thou that hast spoken dreadful words, wilt thou not close thy mouth, and not allow disgraceful sentiments again to escape thee?" i.e. "close thy lips, and do not speak such shameful words again." 544 (e) Οὐ and μή coalesce. Lastly, the Greeks were very fond of coupling the où and un, and prefixing them to a single verb used interrogatively, according to this rule, that où un with the second person of the future (a) conveyed a prohibition; while with the other persons of the future (8), and with the subjunctive (γ), οὐ μή enounced a categorical negation; thus, (α) οὐ μὴ δυσμενὴς ἔσει φίλοις (Eurip. Med. 1120), wilt thou not be not unkind to thy friends?" i. e. "be not unkind to thy friends." οὐ μὴ προσοίσεις χεῖρα, βακχεύσεις δ ̓ ἴων (540), "wilt thou not not put forth thy hand, but go and play the Bacchanalian, and not wipe off thy folly on me?" i. e. "off with thy hand-go, revel, as thou wilt, and make not me a napkin for thy folly." οὐ μὴ φρενώσεις μ', ἀλλὰ δέσμιος φυγών σώσει τόδ' (540), ἤ σοι πάλιν ἀναστρέψω δίκην; (516, (a)) "wilt thou not not advise me, but, having escaped from bonds, wilt thou not keep this: or must I again turn punishment upon thee?" i. e. "advise me not; but being free once more, keep this; or must I punish thee again?" (β) οὔ σοι μὴ μεθέψομαί ποτε (Soph. Εl. 1052), *assuredly I will never follow thee." οὔ τοι μή ποτέ σ ̓ ἐκ τῶνδ ̓ ἑδράνων, ὦ γέρον, ἄκοντά τις ἄξει (Id. d. C. 176), assuredly no one shall ever hale thee from this suppliant seat against thy will.” (γ) καὶ τῶνδ ̓ ἀκούσας οὔ τι μὴ ληφθῶ δόλῳ (Esch. Sept. c. Theb. 38), "having heard these tidings, I shall certainly not be caught by stratagem.' οὔτε γὰρ γίγνεται, οὔτε γέγονεν οὐδὲ οὖν μὴ γένηται ἀλλοῖον ἦθος πρὸς ἀρετὴν παρὰ τὴν τούτων παιδείαν πεπαιδευμένον (Plat. Resp. 492 E), "for there is not, nor has been, nor, to say it all, can there |