τὴν πρὸς τὸ Αἰγαῖον. This arises from the tendency or relation implied; for in regard to a direction it matters little whether we consider it as indicated by a line proceeding from or tending to a given point in the compass; and perhaps in both these passages a continued direction is implied from north to south. The same interchange is observed, but very rarely, in the use of wapá with the genitive1. With the genitive πpós may often be rendered "on the side of, from the point of view occupied by, in the sight of," and, by a natural inference, "in favour of, on behalf of." Thus we fnd phrases like the following: τὰ ὅπλα, τὴν ψῆφον τιθέναι πρὸς Twvós, "to place one's arms, to give one's vote on the side of some one.” And in the secondary sense: ὁ θεὸς πρὸς ἡμῶν ἔσται (Thucyd. IV. 92), "the god will be on our side, in our favour;" ἡ ἐν στένῳ ναυμαχία πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίων ἐστί (Id. II. 86), “ the fighting in the narrow sea is in favour of the Lacedæmonians;" ἄτοπα λέγεις καὶ οὐδαμῶς πρὸς σοῦ (Xen. Mem. II. 3, § 15), “you utter absurdities, and sentiments by no means suitable to yourself;" πρὸς μὲν θεῶν ἀσεβές, πρὸς δὲ ἀνθρώπων αἰσχρόν (Id. Anab. II. 5, § 20), "impious in the eyes of the gods, and disgraceful in the eyes of men;" δρῷμεν δ ̓ ἂν ἄδικον οὐδέν, οὔτε πρὸς θεῶν τῶν ὁρκίων οὔτε πρὸς ἀνθρώπων τῶν αἰσθανομένων (Thucyd. Ι. 71), “ we should do nothing disgraceful, either in the eyes of the gods, by whom we have sworn, or in the eyes of men, who know the facts." The employment of πpós with the genitive in adjurations, as opposed to that of vn and μá with the accusative in affirmations, is to be explained in the same way; for πpòs Oev means "in the eyes of the gods, as seen by the gods," where the Romans said, per te deos oro. Although dia with the genitive is equivalent to the Latin per in other uses, the student must be careful not to substitute diá for Tρós in this usage. With the accusative πpós signifies either the direction of motion or the relation between two objects. In the former sense we say not only ἀπέβη πρὸς μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον, “ he departed towards, in the direction of, lofty Olympus," but μάχη Περσῶν πρὸς Αθηναίους, a battle between the Persians and Athenians;” σπονδὰς ποιεῖσθαι TρÒS TOÙS OTPATηyoús, “to make a treaty with the generals." And in this latter sense students will remark the difference between the prepositions πρός, μετά, ξύν, which may all be occasionally ren 1 See the Note on Soph. Antig. 937, p. 207. dered by "with," cum. Thus, "they fought with their enemies" (cum hostibus), is πρὸς τοὺς ἐναντίους ἐμάχοντο; “they went on the expedition with their allies" (cum sociis), is μerà tŵv žvμμáμετὰ τῶν Xwv éστρáτεvov; and "they conquered with the aid of the gods" (cum diis), is §ùv toîs Deoîs évíkwv. As an expression of relation Tpós with the accusative is the regular construction. Thus we have (Thucyd. I. 6, § 3) : ἐς τὰ ἄλλα πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἰσοδίαιτοι KATÉσTησav, “in other respects they became uniform in their mode of living in relation to the common people." In Aristotle πpós TI expresses the category of relation. There are many adverbial phrases with πρός and the accusative, such as πρὸς βίαν, πρὸς φιλίαν, πρὸς χάριν, πρὸς ὀργήν, and the like. Υπό. 487 Tó, from which vπé-p is formed, signifies with the genitive, motion from beneath; with the dative, position below; with the accusative, motion or extension underneath; thus, (a) ἢ καὶ νεοσσὸν τόνδ', ὑπὸ πτερῶν σπάσας; (Eurip. Androm. 442), "will you also kill this child, having dragged him from beneath my wings?" (b) ἔρδομεν ἑκατόμβας καλῇ ὑπὸ πλατανίστῳ (Hom. I. II. 307), "we offered sacrifices beneath a beautiful plane-tree." (c) εὖθ ̓ ὑπ ̓ Ἴλιον ὠρτο ναυβάτης στρατός (Esch. Ag. 459), "when the ship-borne armament was making for its post beneath the walls of Troy." ὑπό. There are many idiomatic usages of úró. Thus with the genitive and dative it denotes the instrumental accompaniment of dancing or marching, as ὑπὸ φορμίγγων χορεύειν, ὑπ ̓ αὐλοῦ κωμάτ Çeɩ (Hom. Il. XVIII. 492; Hes. Scut. 280); vπò avλytŵv toXXŵv χωρεῖν (Thucyd. v. 70); ὑπὸ βαρβίτῳ χορεύειν, ὑπ ̓ αὐλητῆρι ἰέvai (Hes. Scut. 283); and also of other influential or controlling accompaniments, as ὑπὸ μαστίγων τοξεύειν, ὑπὸ σάλπιγγος πίνειν, ὑπ ̓ εὐχαῖς λίσσεσθαι (Pind. Isth. vi. 64). One of the most frequent usages of the genitive (or in epic poetry the dative) with vπó is that which expresses the cause, under and out of which an act is performed (see above, 430, (dd), 431, (αα), (β)). The difference between ὑπό του, ἔκ του, διά του, diá Ti, is well given in a passage of Philo-Judæus (1. p. 162): πρès τήν τινος γένεσιν πολλὰ δεῖ συνελθεῖν· τὸ ὑφ' οὗ, τὸ ἐξ οὗ, τὸ δι' οὗ, τὸ δι ̓ ὅ· καί ἐστι τὸ μὲν ὑφ' οὗ, “ τὸ αἴτιον” ἐξ οὗ δέ, “ ἡ ὕλη” δι ̓ οὗ δέ, “ ἐργαλεῖον δι ̓ ὃ δέ, “ ἡ αἰτία.” Ἴδε τόνδε τὸν κόσμον· εὑρήσεις γάρ, “ αἴτιον” μὲν αὐτοῦ τὸν Θεὸν ὑφ' οὗ γέγονεν· “ὕλην δέ, τὰ τέσσαρα στοιχεῖα ἐξ ὧν συνεκράθη σε ὄρο γανον” δέ, Λόγον Θεοῦ, δι ̓ οὗ συνεσκευάσθη τῆς δὲ κατασκευῆς “ αἰτίαν” τὴν ἀγαθότητα τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ. 66 66 66 Like the Latin sub, vπó with the accusative expresses extension of time up to, but not through, a specified period; thus, vπò Tηv výктa, sub noctem, "up to the beginning of night." Similarly vò Tv ew, "up to the breaking of the day." We have also the Attic phrase vπó т, "up to a certain extent," "in some measure (Plat. Gorg. p. 495 c; Phædr. p. 242 D; Aristoph. Vesp. 290; also perhaps Thucyd. IV. 28, ought to be read vπó Tɩ Oоρvßησávτwv, and Xenarchus ap. Athen. p. 693 c, vπÓ TI VVOтášWV; see Cobet, ὑπό τι νυστάζων; Hyperid. p. 70). 66 τι § IX. Secondary Predicates. (b) Supplement to the Cases. (b) Quasi-Prepositions. 488 Many adverbs and fixed forms of nouns are used as prepositions with the genitive; such are dμpís, “side-ways" or "to the side of;" avev (poetically avevße), “without, removed from, independent of;” ἄτερ (= ἄντερ) and ἄτερθε (both poetic only), “ without, apart from;” ἄχρι or ἄχρις (poetic only); μέχρι or μέχρις (Ionic and poetic), “ until;” πρόσω, later Attic πόῤῥω, “ far into ;” τῆλε, τηλοῦ, τηλόθι and τηλόθεν (poetic only), far from;" ayx and eyyus, "near;" xwpis, "apart from; χωρίς, πλήν, except;” δίκην oι τρόπον, “like” (instar); ἕνεκα (εἵνεκα, 110, (Ε) or exaтi, "on account of" (ergo); xápu, "for the sake of” (gratiá), ἕκατι, &c. These are only quasi-prepositions, and differ from those which have been just discussed, in the important circumstances, that they are not proclitics, that their accent is not drawn back when they are placed after the noun, and that they cannot form parathetic compounds with verbs. The following are examples of their signification: 66 (a) Adverbs. (a) iπTο àμpìs ódoû Spaμéτnv (Hom. Il. XXIII. 393), "the horses ran to the side of the road." (b) ovк ävev deŵv Tivós (Æsch. Pers. 160), "not without the help of some one of the gods," and so arep, Pind. Pyth. v. 76. (c) axpi μára κvépаos (Hom. Od. XVIII. 370), "until very late at night." (α) XIII. μέχρι θαλάσσης (Ιl. ΧΙΙΙ. 143), “ as far as the sea;” μέχρι μov (Thucyd. 1. 74, § 2), “as far as us.” (e) πρÓσW TOû тотаμοû (Xen. Anab. IV. 3, 28), "far into the river." Ο τηλε φίλων καὶ πατρίδος αἴας (Ιl. XI. 817), “ far from his friends and native land." (g) ǎyxi éxoàv áλós (Pind. Ol. 1. 71), "having come near the (h) sea." ẻyyÚTATа TOû vûv тpóжоv (Thucyd. 1. 13), "very like the present fashion." (i) oμikpoì μeyáλwv xwpis (Soph. Aj. 158), "great without small." (k) Xevlepos ovdels éσTI Tλην Diós (Æsch. Prom. 50), "there is no one free except Jove." The adverbs ayx and eyy's are sometimes found with the dative, and axpis has the accusative in epic Greek. (8) Cases of Nouns. (a) κvvòs díkŋv, "just like a watch-dog" (Esch. Ag. 3). (b) τрóπоν aiуvπíwv, "like vultures" (Id. Ibid. 48). (c) délλwv y' éveka, "for the matter of prizes at least," i. e. "as far as they are concerned" (Pind. Ol. 1. 99). (d) Tλneous exaтi, "for the matter of numbers," i.e. "as far as numbers go or "if it had depended on that" (Esch. Pers. 337). (e) Tóxμas xápiv, "thanks to his boldness" (Soph. Antig. 368). have They are sometimes used with other prepositions: thus we τηλόθεν ἐξ ̓Απίης γαίας (Ιl. Ι. 270). ἀμφὶ σοῦ ἕνεκα (Soph. Phil. 554). ἀπὸ βοῆς ἕνεκα (Thucyd. VIII. 92). Teρì τŵv ȧρžávτwv eveкev (Lys. de Evandr. Prob. p. 176). § X. C. Tertiary Predicates. 489 The tertiary predicate, as has been already suggested, implies some sort of póλnis, or anticipation of a primary or secondary predication in the nominative case. Thus, in the example given above (400, (γ)), ὁ μάντις τοὺς λόγους ψευδεῖς λέγει, we imply either the primary predicate οἱ λόγοι ψευδεῖς εἰσίν, οι the secondary predicate οἱ λόγοι ψευδεῖς λέγονται, for the meaning is "the prophet speaks, and his words are false"=" he speaks, and the words which he speaks are false"="he speaks, and his words are falsely spoken." That there is a difference in the tertiary predication and that of an adverb may be shown by an example. For when Theseus says to the herald (Eurip. Suppl. 403), πрŵτоv μèv ἤρξω τοῦ λόγου ψευδῶς, ξένε, ζητῶν τύραννον ἐνθάδε, he merely means that he began his speech falsely, or that the beginning of his speech was false; whereas, if he had said ἤρξω τοῦ λόγου ψευδοῦς, he must have meant "the speech which you have begun is false," for the predication of the oblique case of the adjective must have been dependent on that of the substantive, and could not have been immediately connected with the verb. 490 The most convenient rule for translating this idiom is to take the tertiary predicate as the primary one, and to make the verb which contains the primary predicate dependent on a relative; as if the phrase, ὁ ῥινοκέρως τὴν δορὰν ἰσχυροτάτην ἔχει, which means "the rhinoceros has its hide very strong" (as in the French idiom, il a le front large), were to be rendered by its equivalent, ἡ δορά, ἣν ὁ ῥινοκέρως ἔχει, ἰσχυροτάτη ἐστίν, “the hide, which the rhinoceros has, is very strong." But the other plan may also be adopted, and the primary predication added, as if we were to say, ὁ ῥινοκέρως δορὰν ἔχει καὶ ἡ δορὰ αὐτοῦ ἰσχυροτάτη ἐστίν, |