accusative-and in direct apposition to the adverb. Some prepositions admit of only one case in this apposition; some admit two; others may be construed with any one of the three cases. When placed after the noun to which they refer, the prepositions, with the exception of ává, receive an accent, if proclitic (above, 54), or become paroxytone if oxytone.

471 The prepositions which admit the genitive only are åvτí, ἀπό, ἐκ or ἐξ and πρό.

Those which admit the dative only are ev and σύν (ξύν).

And eis admits only the accusative.

472 The following are prefixed to the genitive and accusative: διά, κατά, ὑπέρ.

The dative or accusative may follow ȧvá.

473 The following may be accompanied by any one of the three cases: ἀμφί, ἐπί, μετά, παρά, περί, πρός and ὑπό.

(a) Prepositions with the Genitive. 'Avтl and Tρó.

474 'AvTi and Tpó signify "on behalf of," "in front of," Αντί πρό "instead of," "for the sake of;" the only difference between them bing this, avri signifies "in loco quodam, qui ex adverso stat," whereas πpó is more general, and denotes "quodcunque ante oculos est." The genitive obviously expresses relation. The following examples will show the various applications of these nearly synonymous prepositions:

(α) Αντί.

(aa) The primary meaning is "in the place which is opposite." There is no undoubted example of this use; for in the passages, in which it occurs, the last vowel is elided, and it is quite probable that the word intended is not ȧvrí but avra, and this is indicated by the accent in the ordinary editions. See Hom. I. VIII. 233, xv. 415; Od. iv. 115; Hesiod, O. et D. 725. The last of these passages, however, has ἀντ ̓ ἠελίοιο τετραμμένος, and if we compare the adjective ȧvrýλos, "opposite to the sun, over against the sun" (Esch. Agam. 530; Soph. Aj. 805), which is admitted

to contain ȧvri, we may, if we please, read dvr for avra in the other passages.

(bb) The most common meaning of avri is "instead of;" as in Soph. Αj. 439: οὐκ ἄν τις αὔτ ̓ ἔμαρψεν ἄλλος ἀντ ̓ ἐμοῦ, “no other person would have taken them instead of me."

(cc) Hence it denotes an equivalent or something which may take the place of an object; as in Hom. Il. IX. 116: ȧvтì TOλλŵv Mawv ori, "he is worth, is equivalent to, many of the common people." Demosth. Olynth. 1. init.: åvτì πoλλŵv Xenμútwv, “in exchange for much money,"

(dd) It signifies" on account of," especially with the relative, as in Soph. Αnt. 237: τί δ' ἔστιν ἀνθ ̓ οὗ τήνδ ̓ ἔχεις ἀθυμίαν ; "what is it, on account of which you feel this despondency?" And ἀνθ' ὧν very often stands for ἀντὶ τούτων ὅτι (402, Obs. 1), as in Lys. in Agorat. § 76: ave' av éπoinσev "because he did it," cf. Xen. Hell. II. 4, § 17, Iv. 8, § 6; Isocr. Hel. Enc. p. 212.

(3) Πρόσ

(aa) The primary meaning is "in some place which is opposite;” as in Thucyd. v. 11: τὸν Βρασίδαν δημοσίᾳ ἔθαψαν ἐν τῇ πόλει πρὸ τῆς νῦν ἀγορᾶς οὔσης, “ they buried Brasidas in the city before the forum as it now is." Similarly pò тŵv оplarμŵv τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν (Esch. Fals. Leg. p. 47, 41), just as we have avr' ¿plaλμŵv (Hom. Od. IV. 115).

(bb) From this meaning of priority in place, πpó passes on to denote anteriority in time, which is the meaning of the Latin ante, as in Plat. Leg. p. 643 D: πрò τŵv Пlepoiкŵv déka ëтeσɩ, “ten years before the Persian war."

(cc) It conveys the idea of preference, as in Pind. Pyth. IV. 140: κέρδος αἰνῆσαι πρὸ δίκας δόλιον, “ to praise deceitful gain in preference to justice." And with a comparative, as in Herod. 1. 62: οἶσι ἡ τυραννὶς πρὸ ἐλευθερίης ἀσπαστότερον, “ to whom tyranny is more welcome than freedom." Hence the phrase πρὸ πολλοῦ Tolîolai, "to estimate a thing more than much, to set a very high. value on it."

(dd) It sometimes signifies "on behalf of," i.e. taking the person of, as in another use of avrí; thus in Herod. VIII. 74: πрò χώρας δοριαλώτου μάχεσθαι, “to fight on behalf of a country captured by the spear. ΙΧ. 72: πρὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀποθνήσκει, "he dies for (on behalf of) Hellas."

̓Από and ἐξ.

475 'Aπó, in epic Greek άπaí, and èx (¿§) are followed by a genitive of ablation. The latter answers to the Latin ex, the former to the Latin ab, as well in origin as in signification. Thus,

ἑτοίμης ἤδη τῆς στρατιᾶς οὔσης ἔκ τε τῆς Κερκύρας καὶ ἀπὸ Tns Teiρov (Thucyd. vII. 33),

i. e. "an army being now ready out of Corcyra and from the mainland."

Obs. Although ảñó, ab, signify motion from the surface of an object (extrinsecus), and e, ex, motion from within an object (intrinsecus), it may be a matter of indifference which of the two we use: compare Thucyd. IV. 38: διαπλεύσας αὐτοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκ τῆς ἠπείρου Λακεδαιμονίων ἀνὴρ ἀπήγγειλεν, with Asch. Pers. 355: ἀνὴρ γὰρ Ἕλλην ἐξ ̓Αθηναίων στρατοῦ

wv čλege. And we have them both together in Thucyd. 1. 124, §3: ex πολέμου μέν—ἀφ ̓ ἡσυχίας δέ—, where the difference in meaning is scarcely perceptible; and as denoting the grounds of an inference in Thucyd. IV. 126, § 3: μαθεῖν χρὴ ἐξ ὧν προηγώνισθε τοῖς Μακεδόσιν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἀφ ̓ ὧν ἐγὼ εἰκάζω κ.τ.λ., where ἐξ denotes the experience, and από the testimonies, which are more external.

In detail the following are the usages of aπó and e§:

(a) 'Arró denotes removal or procession from some object or point, (aa) as separation in space; (bb) as subsequence in time; (cc) as the effect of a cause; (dd) as the derivation from some

source.

(αα) Herod. III. 75: ἀπῆκε ἑωυτὸν ἐπὶ κεφαλὴν φέρεσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ πύργου κάτω, “he let himself go so as to be carried down head-first from the tower." Hom. Il. xv. 386: μáxovтo oi pèv ảo' ἵππων, οἱ δ ̓ ἀπὸ νηῶν, " they fought some from horses,” i. e. on horseback, "others from ships," i.e. on the decks of the ships. So also of the order of things, Herod. III. 75: apžáμevos áπò 'Axaiμéveos, "beginning from (with) Achæmenes."

(bb) Herod. 1. 82: ȧπÒ TOÚTOV TоÛ Xpóvov, “from (i.e. after) this time." Thucyd. VII. 43: arò тоû πрάтоν Vπvov, "after the first sleep."

(cc) Thucyd. 1. 17: ἐπράχθη ἀπ ̓ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἔργον ἀξιόXoyov, "no considerable achievement was effected by them."

66

(dd) Aristoph. Plut. 377: ẻyú σol toût ảπò oμiкpoû πavv ¿éλw diaπρâğαι, "I am willing to effect this for you at (from the store of) a trifling expence" (cf. Thucyd. VIII. 87: ȧm' èλaoσóvwv πράξας. Arist. Eq. 535: ἀπὸ σμικρᾶς δαπάνης). Herod. III. 50: ἀπὸ πατρὸς καὶ μητρὸς τῆς αὐτῆς, “ from (derived from the same father and mother." Whence Herod. I. 173: Kaλéovσι àπò тŵν καλέουσι ἀπὸ τῶν μητέρων ἑωυτούς, καὶ οὐχὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πατέρων, “ they call themselves after (as derived from) their mother, and not after their father." Hence we have a number of adverbial phrases, as aπò тоû ȧdoкýτου, “ on a sudden ;” ἀπὸ παλαιοῦ, “ of old;” ἀπὸ παιδός, “from a child" (from childhood); aπò yλwoons, "orally;" ȧπÒ TÊS ἀπὸ ἴσης, “on fair terms;” οὐκ ἀπὸ τρόπου (where some read ἄπο), "not amiss," and so forth.

(b) 'Ex (e) denotes removal or procession from out of something; (aa) as separation in space; (bb) as subsequence in time; (cc) as the effect or consequence of a cause or agency; (dd) as part of a whole; (ee) as the derivation from some source.

(aa) Herod. 1. 24: ópμâσlaι èk Tápavтos, "to set out from Tarentum." So also of the order of things, as in the phrase yĥʊ è ys, "one land after another," from which we find also yu πρὸ γῆς.

ἐκ

ἐξ ἐκείνου

(bb) Herod. VII. 59: è§ éxeívov Toû xpóvov, "after that time." Id. VIII. 12: ẻ Tĥs vavμaxías, " after the sea-fight." Eurip. Hec. 55: èk тvρavvikŵv dóμwv, “after having lived in a royal palace.”

ἐκ τῆς ναυμαχίας,

(cc) Xen. Hell. III. 1, § 6 : Δημαράτῳ ἡ χώρα δῶρον ἐκ βασιXéws édóon, "the country was given to Demaratus by the king as a present."

(dd) Soph. Trach. 734: èk тpiŵv ev av eixóμny, "I would have chosen one thing out of (as a part of) three."

(ee) Athen. XI. p. 483 c : πίνουσιν ἐκ κεραμέων ποτηρίων, "they drink out of earthen cups.'

Hence we have a number of adverbial phrases, as èx xeɩpós, “in close fight;" è aπроσdокýτоν, "unexpectedly;" è πodós, “hard-afoot, i.e. immediately;" èk Bías, "by force;" èk μnтpós, “by the

mother's side;” ἐκ τοῦ προφανοῦς, " openly;” ἐκ τῶν παρόντων, 66 as far as the circumstances allow," and so forth.

(B) Prepositions with the Dative. 'Ev and ovv.

476 Ἐν and σύν (ξύν) agree in origin and signification with the Latin in and cum, with this proviso, that instead of in with the accusative, the Greeks employ the longer form eis =èv-s; for which see the next section. 'Ev signifies inclusion; ovv conjunction; as the following passage shows:

Καδμείων ἀγοὶ χαλκέοις ἀθρόοι σὺν ὅπλοις ἔδραμον,

ἐν χερὶ δ ̓ ̓Αμφιτρύων κολεοῦ γυμνὸν τινάσσων φάσγανον KETO (Pind. Nem. I. 51, 52),

i.e. the oλa, properly the shields, were by their sides, but Amphitryon had his naked sword included or grasped in his hand. It might be necessary, however, to oppose the orλov or shield to another piece of defensive armour, which was still more closely combined with the wearer, and thus Sophocles says (Antig. 115): πολλῶν μεθ ̓ ὅπλων, ξύν θ ̓ ἱπποκόμοις κορίθεσσιν, “ with many shields by their sides, as an accompaniment, and with many helmets, as a part of them, on their heads." As the double-flute was fastened round the head with a mouth-piece, we find in Pindar, Ol. ν. 19: ἔρχομαι Λυδίοις ἀπύων ἐν αὐλοῖς, “I come calling thee with Lydian pipes."

The following are the chief idiomatic usages of èv and §úv :

(a) 'Ev denotes continuance or fixity in time (aa) or space (bb); when used with persons it signifies presence in the same locality (like the Latin coram) (cc), and when applied to things, it indicates the instrumental adjunct (dd).

Thus we have (aa) Plat. Phæd. 58 B: év тpíσw ημμépais. Esch. Agam. 537: év πoλλê xpóvę. Thucyd. 11. 5, III. 13: év εἰρήνῃ, ἐν σπονδαῖς, " during the continuance of the peace or the truce;" and such phrases as év ToÚT, "meanwhile;" èv, "whilst;" év T aur, "at the same time," &c.

(bb) Esch. Choëph. 643: Tís evdov ev dóμois; Eum. 18: e μάντιν ἐν θρόνοις. Soph. Trach. 800: ἐν μέσῳ σκάφει θέντες. And very frequently with the genitive of the person whose house or