τοὺς αὐτοέντας χειρὶ τιμωρεῖν τινάς, “ to punish the murderers (for we know he was murdered) whoever they may be" (for they have not been discovered). And so with the distributive ὁ; as in Arist. Aves, 1444: ὁ δέ τις τὸν αὑτοῦ φησὶν ἐπὶ τραγῳδίᾳ ἀνεπτερῶσθαι, " and another father, some one or other, another somebody, says that his son has taken a tragic flight." In short, Tes may be attached to any words which we wish to render vague or general; thus we have μέγας τις, μικρός τις, ὀλίγοι τινες, πᾶς τις, εἷς τις, and τις εἷς, αὐτός τις and τις αὐτός, ἕκαστός τις, ὁποῖόν τι, πάνυ τι, πολύ τι, οὐδέν τι, σχεδόν τι, and the like.

(63) ὁ δεῖνα.

The other indefinite, ó deîva, is only used when we refer to some individual, whose name we do not know or do not wish to mention. And it is often found in much the same sense as ὃς καὶ ὅς. Thus Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 394, 1: οὔτε κατειπεῖν τούτων εἶχε καλῶς, οὐδ ̓ εἰπεῖν ὅτι, ἀλλ ̓ ἔχουσιν ὁ δεῖνα καὶ ὁ δεῖνα, οὔτε φυγεῖν τὸ ἀνάλωμα, “ he could neither with propriety inform against these men and say, Oh but this and that person have it, nor escape the expenditure.” Id. Lept. 488, 24: τὸν δεῖνα μεμφόμενος καὶ τὸν δεῖνα ἀνάξιον εἶναι φάσκων, ὧν οὐδὲν ἐκείνοις προσῆκεν, " finding fault with this man and depreciating that man, with whose merits they had nothing to do. Id. Syntax, 167, 25 : ὁ δεῖνα τοῦ δεῖνος τὸν δεῖνα εἰσήγγειλεν, “such a one, the son of such a one, impeached such a one." And it may be used even when the person or thing is present, as in Aristoph. Ran. 918: τί δὲ ταῦτ ̓ ἔδρασ ̓ ὁ δεῖνα; "but why did what 's his name do this?" although Eschylus is present; or when somebody is even addressed by name, as in Antiphanes ap. Athen. 423 D): ὁ δεῖν ̓ Ἰάπυξ, κέρασον εὐζωρές στερον, “ I say you, Japyx, if that's your name, give us a little stronger mixture;” or without a name, like the Latin heus tu! in Eupolis (Meineke, p. 521): τὸ δεῖν ἀκούεις; “ I say you, what 's your name, do you hear?"

(e) The Interrogative Pronouns.

413 Although τις appears as the nominative case in a proposition which, if it were not interrogative, would be categorical, and though it may even have an article prefixed (e.g. τὸ τί, Arist. Pax, 696; τὸ ποῖον, Æsch. Prom. 249), it may be doubted, whether it is not always resolvable ultimately into a predicate. Thus, if we

ask, τís Keι; "who has arrived?" the logical analysis of the sentence is, "he (the subject) is come, and I wish you to predicate or tell me his name." As however the form of the interrogative sentence is quite parallel to that of the answer, and the interrogative pronoun in the former occupies the same place as the subject in the latter—for τίς ἥκει; corresponds formally to ὁ ἄγγελος ἥκει— we may class the interrogatives with those pronouns which furnish a substitute for the subject of a proposition.

The following are the chief peculiarities in the use of the interrogative:

(aa) The interrogative is often interchanged with its correlative, as in Arist. Ran. 198: οὗτος τί ποιεῖς; ὅτι ποιῶ; τί δ ̓ ἄλλο γ ̓ ἢ ἴζω 'πὶ κώπην, οἵπερ ἐκέλευσάς με σύ; “ you there, what are you doing? What am I doing? what else but sitting on the oar, where you told me to sit?"

(bb) Like the correlative olos (403, Obs. 5), the interrogative is often repeated in the same sentence; as in Hom. Il. XXIV. 298: τίς πόθεν εἰς ἀνδρῶν; Eurip. Troad. 248: τίν ̓ ἄρα τις ἔλαχεν ; That this is really equivalent to the two interrogatives coupled by a conjunction-"who and whence art thou?" "who has gained the first choice by lot, and whom has he chosen?"-appears from parallel passages in which the full construction is retained; as Od. xν. 423: ἠρώτα δὴ ἔπειτα τίς εἴη καὶ πόθεν ἔλθοι; Soph. Phil. 56: τίς τε καὶ πόθεν πάρει;

(cc) Either by itself or with this repetition, the direct interrogative is used by the Greeks in a dependent part of the sentence, and even after an oblique case of the article. There is no parallel to this in Latin or English, and we must always express it by breaking up the sentence, as in the following examples. Plat. Protag. p. 312 c, D: εἴ τις ἔροιτο ἡμᾶς, τῶν τί σοφῶν εἰσὶν οἱ ζωγράφοι ἐπιστήμονες......ὁ δὲ σοφιστὴς τῶν τί σοφῶν ἐστίν; “ if any one were to ask us, in what does that cleverness consist, in which painters are learned? and in what does the cleverness of that class consist, to which the sophist belongs?" Id. Sympos. p. 206 a: τῶν τίνα τρόπον διωκόντων αὐτὸν καὶ ἐν τίνι πράξει ἡ σπουδὴ ἔρως av KaλoîтO; "in what manner do those pursue it, and in what kind of action, whose eagerness would be called love?" Soph. Aj. 77: Tí μǹ YévηTai; "what is that which you fear lest it happen?"

Xen. Mem. I. 4, § 14: ὅταν τί ποιήσωσι, νομιεῖς αὐτοὺς σοῦ φροντίζειν; “what must the gods do to make you believe that they 105 Β: ᾧ ἂν τί σώματι ἐγγένηται by which any body, in which it Demosth. Philipp. I. § 10: πότ'

care for you ? Plat. Phed. p. θερμὸν ἔσται; “what is that takes place, will be warm ? οὖν ἃ χρη πράξετε; ἐπειδὰν τί γένηται; “ when will you do what is necessary? what must have happened first ?” Xen. Mem. II. 2, § 1: καταμεμάθηκας τοὺς τί ποιοῦντας τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο ἀποκαλοῦσιν; “have you observed what those persons are in the habit of doing, to whom people give this reproachful name (i.e. that of ungrateful) ?” Isocr. Antid. 222: τοὺς πῶς διακειμένοις λάβοιεν ἂν οἱ τοιοῦτοι μαθητάς; “ in what state would those be, whom such persons would get for their disciples ?" Xen. Cyr. III. 1, § 19: ποίαν καὶ σὺ τὴν πατρὸς ἦτταν λέγων, οὕτως ἰσχυρίζῃ σεσωφρονί σθαι αὐτόν; “ what kind of a defeat sustained by your father is this, by which you assert that he has been sobered?" Plat. Resp. p. 474 Β: ἀναγκαῖον διορίσασθαι τοὺς φιλοσόφους τίνας λέγοντες τολμῶμεν φάναι δεῖν ἄρχειν, “it is necessary to define, who are those whom we call philosophers, and of whom we maintain that they ought as such to be rulers in our state?" And in the same way if the interrogative is repeated in the same sentence; as in Xen. Mem. II. 2, § 3 : τίνας ὑπὸ τίνων ἂν εὕροιμεν ἂν μείζονα εὐεργετημένους ἢ παῖδας ὑπὸ γονέων; “whom could we find more benefited, and by whom, than children by their parents?" Or in a still more dependent clause, as in Plat. Resp. p. 332 c: εἰ οὖν τις αὐτὸν ἤρετο, ἡ τίσιν οὖν τί ἀποδιδοῦσα ὀφειλόμενον καὶ προσῆκον τέχνη ἰατρικὴ καλεῖται ; “ if any one were to ask him, to what things does that which is called the art of medicine impart that which is due and appropriate, and in what does this, which it imparts, consist ?" Where the answer is ἡ σώμασι (in answer to τίσι;) φάρμακά τε καὶ σιτία καὶ ποτά (in answer to τί;).

(dd) To the same class of idioms we may refer the negative question, which forms a mere parenthesis, amounting to an exaggerative statement; as in Demosth. de Coron. p. 241: τί κακὸν οὐχὶ πασχόντων; for πᾶν ὁτιοῦν κακὸν πασχόντων. So also Eurip. Phœn. 906: τίν' οὐ δρῶν, ποῖα δ ̓ οὐ λέγων ἔπη; for πάντα δρῶν καὶ πάντα λέγων. Without a negative the questions πῶς δοκεῖς; πόσον δοκεῖς ; are used parenthetically to express something extraordinary or wonderful; as in Eurip. Hippol. 446 : τοῦτον λαβοῦσα

(πῶς δοκεῖς;) καθύβρισεν, “having taken this man, she insults him in a most extraordinary manner;" Id. Hec. 1160: kật' èk yaλŋvôv (πῶς δοκεῖς ;) προσφθεγμάτων, " and then, after the most gentle conversation that could be imagined;" Arist. Eccl. 399: kắπeil' ὁ δῆμος ἀναβοᾷ (πόσον δοκεῖς ;), " and then the people bawled out with the most surprising vehemence" (cf. Ran. 54; Ach. 12, 24; Nub. 881; Phil. 742).

Obs. The force of the negative interrogation may be expressed by the correlative; for in Soph. Antig. 2, omoîov ovxì κakóν means every sort of evil.”

(ee) The interrogative phrases τί παθών; τί μαθών; τί ἔχων; are of common occurrence, when we wish to ask for the cause of a surprising or unexpected act. The general effect of these phrases is nearly identical; but strictly Tí Talov; means "from what external cause?" "what has happened to produce the effect?" Ti μalov; means "on what inducement?" "what motive has inμαθών; fluenced the mind?" Tí exwv; means "with what reason to allege?" "holding forth what?" as the following examples will show: Aristoph. Nub. 341: λέξον δή μοι, τί παθοῦσαι, εἴπερ νεφέλαι γ ̓ εἰσὶν ἀληθῶς, θνηταῖς εἴξασι γυναιξίν ; “ tell me what has happened to them, if indeed they are clouds, that they look like mortal women ?" Id. Ach. 826: τί δὴ μαθὼν φαίνεις ἄνευ θρυαλλίδος ; "what has come into your head, that you show people up without a wick?" Plat. Phæd. p. 236 E: Tí dnт' exwv σтρépeι; "what excuse have you got for hanging back?"

Obs. It is to be remarked, with regard to this use of exwv, that in the poets its place is affected by the metre, as Aristoph. Nub. 131: Tí ταῦτ ̓ ἔχων στραγγεύομαι; Eccles. 1143: τί δῆτα διατρίβεις ἔχων; and that, while the older scholars regard it as a mere pleonasm, Hermann considers it as an expression of continuance; and this is probably its use in those passages in which it appears without an interrogation; as Aristoph. Av. 341: Anpeîs exwv, "you talk nonsense continually." Plato, Gorg. 490 E: pλvapeis exwv. Euthydem. 295 c: exwv pλvapeîs. With regard to Tí palov; it is to be remarked that in a number of passages we have OT μalov, where we are not to suppose that the interrogative has merely passed into its correlative; but or signifies "that," "because," and μabúr, by itself, must denote "intentionally, deliberately, with a fixed purpose and design." Thus Plato, Euthydem. 283 E: elπov av, oтι μabov μov Kai τῶν ἄλλων καταψεύδει τοιοῦτο πράγμα, “I would have said that you intentionally bring such a false charge against me and others." Apol. 36 Β: τί ἄξιός εἰμι παθεῖν ἢ ἀποτῖσαι ὅτι μαθὼν ἐν τῷ βίῳ οὐχ ἡσυχίαν yov, "what do I deserve to suffer or pay, because I designedly did not keep quiet during my life?"

(ff With certain particles the interrogative has a special meaning; thus,

Ti yáp; "for why? why indeed? what is there in that?" is used when we wish to express the effect of something observed, or to indicate that the circumstance is not surprising; as Eurip. Med. 689: τί γὰρ σὸν ὄμμα χρώς τε συντέτηχ ̓ ὅδε ; “ but stay-why is thine eye bedimmed and thy complexion changed?" Orest. 482: Μενέλαε, προσφθέγγει νιν, ἀνόσιον κάρα; “Menelaus, dost thou speak to him, the impious wretch?" Tí váp; þínov μoi TаτρÓS ÉσTIV ĚKуyovos; "why do you ask? there is nothing surprising in it. He is the son of a father dear to me.'

Tí dé; "but why? what next?" expresses surprise and remonstrance; as Eurip. Πύρροl. 1413: τί δ ̓; ἔκτανες τἄν μ ̓ ὡς τότ ̓ ἦσθ ̓ pyoμévos; "what! wouldst thou have slain me in thy rage?"

Ti μnv; "why? of course; why really do you ask?" expresses assent which might have been taken for granted; as Plat. Phædr. p. 229 Α: ὁρᾶς οὖν ἐκείνην τὴν ὑψηλοτάτην πλάτανον; τί μήν; "how can I help seeing it? Of course I do."

Tí TоTE; or, in epic Greek, TíπTе; "what in the world? what ever? why ever?" expresses impatience and a certain amount of embarrassment, as Hom. Il. I. 202 : τίπτ ̓ αὖτ ̓ εἰλήλουθας; " why in the world are you come again?"

Tí dŷτa; "why then?" expresses a kind of indignation; as Esch. Αg. 1259: τί δῆτ ̓ ἐμαυτῆς καταγέλωτ ̓ ἔχω τάδε; “why then do I keep these ornaments as a mockery of myself?"

§ VIII. The Adjective as Epithet or Subject.

414 The adjective, being either a general attributive word from which nouns or verbs may be derived, or else itself a derivative from some substantive or verb, may in any case be used as a predicate of any order. These usages will be discussed in their proper place. But it is also capable of being joined as attribute or epithet to any noun substantive, and in certain cases this junction is so regular that the substantive is not required, and the adjective becomes to all intents and purposes a substantive qualified to perform all the functions of the subject in a sentence. Both these usages require notice in this part of the Syntax.