44 Paroxylone and proparoxytone words are called barytones.

45 When an oxytone word occurs in the middle of a sentence, its last syllable becomes barytone, and the accent is sloped to the left; thus we write: εἰ μὴ μητρυιή περικαλλὴς Ἠερίβοια. These words are said to be "inclined" (éykλivóμeva, Anecd. Bekk. 1142), and must be carefully distinguished from the enclitics (¿ykλitiká), of which we shall speak directly.

46 The only other case, in which the grave accent is expressed, is when it is combined with the acute in a contracted syllable, made up of two vowel-syllables, the former of which has the acute accent. Thus, if φιλέω is contracted into φιλώ, οι φιλέουσα into povoa, the grave of the second, as well as the acute of the first vowel, is expressed in the circumflex which is placed over the contracted syllable'. This combined accent is written or ~; and when the original form was paroxytone, the resulting word is called perispomenon (Tерioπúμеvov); when proparorytone, the new word is called properispomenon (προπερισπώμενον).

47 In proparoxytona, and therefore in properispomena, the last syllable is always short: and if the last syllable is short, and the penultima, being long by nature, is also accentuated, the word must be properispomenon. Thus we have μâλλov, oŵμa, &c., and though rule 46 does not apply, we have ἑστῶτος from ἑσταότος, and Νηρήδες from Νηρηίδες. But in a crasis like τἄλλα for τὰ ἄλλα οι χὤτε for καὶ ὅτε, the paroxytone word is not altered, unless a diphthong results, as in τούργον for τὸ ἔργον.

48 In reference to accentuation, at and or are considered short, except in cases where etymology teaches that there was an

1 The only exception to this in the contraction of a final syllable is the accentuation of ἀδελφιδούς, θυγατριδούς, of which the uncontracted forms, according to all the grammarians (Theodos. p. 30, 12; Joann. Alex. p. 6, 21; Arcad. p. 175, 9), were written ἀδελφιδεός, θυγατριδεός, &c.

2 On this subject, however, there is great difference of opinion. The rule given above is maintained by F. A. Wolf, Analect. Litter. II. p. 434, but is neglected by I. Bekker and E. C. Schneider, who have read more MSS. than any editors of Greek books, and who consistently write тоûрyov, тâλα, тdvdov, &c. It is also disputed by the latest grammarian, Rost. It seems to us that all three modes of accentuating the crases involve specific difficulties, that is, whether we write τἆλλα, τοῦργον; τάλλα, τοῦργον; οι τάλλα, τοὔργον; but that Wolf's compromise avoids the most glaring incongruities, namely, those of writing χάμα, χῶταν, τἆρα on the one hand, or τουργον on the other.

original longer form, as in the infin. -évai for -éμevai, and the optat. -ai for -ele, and the locative -o for -ot. Thus we distinguish between oikot, "houses," and oйkot, "at home," though compounds of Táλa throw back their accent, as πρóraλai, &c. Aristoph. Eq. 1154. In the second and third declension -ws is regarded as short, or as forming a synizesis with the preceding e; thus we have Μενέλεως, πόλεως, &c.

49 When the last syllable is long by position only, and the penultima long by nature, it is held that the word may be properispomenon, although, under the same circumstances, it could not be proparoxytone ; thus, we might write Δημώναξ, but not Ἱππίαναξ.

50 The accentuation depends upon the etymology or form of the word. For example, the sharp sound produced by a consonantal affix is naturally marked by the acute accent. Thus, the accentuation discriminates the root in δίκ-η and ἠθική,

51 The following are the chief rules for practice in the accentuation of inflexions.

a. In Nouns, the accent of the oblique cases is always on the same syllable as in the nominative, unless some one of the general rules prohibits this. Thus we have σώμα, σώματος, but σωμάτων; ἄνθρωπος, ἄνθρωποι, τράπεζα, τράπεζαι, ἐξουσία, ἐξου σίαι, but ἀνθρώπου, ἀνθρώπων, τραπέζης, τραπεζῶν, ἐξουσιῶν; χώρος, χώρου, χώροι, χώρων; ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδος, ἐλπίδες, ἐλπίδων; and so forth. But femin. adj. and participles retain the accent on the same syllable as in the masc.; thus we have ἄξιαι, ῥόδιαι (but Ροδίαι, “ Rhodian women”), παιδευόμεναι.

Ροδιών,

a. In the first declension the gen. plural is always perispomenon, because -v is here a contraction from -áv. The only exceptions to this rule are femin. adj. and participles like džíwv, podíwv (but 'Podiov, "of the Rhodian women"), Taidevoμévwv, and the subst. χρήστων (from χρηστής, “ a lender”) ἀφύων (from ἀφύη, “an anchovy"), to distinguish them from the genitives of xpnotes, “good,” “useful,” and ȧpvýs, "out of shape;" èτnoíwv (from ẻτŋoíaι, the name of certain trade-winds), and xλovvwv (from xλovvns, “a wildboar"). The vocative singular, which represents the crude-form, throws back its accent in SéσTоTа, and circumflexes the penultima in words like Toxiтa. The nom. and voc. plural have the accent on the same syllable as the nom. sing., but when the penultima is

long and bears the accent, the word becomes properispomenon instead of paroxytone; thus from αὔρα, ἐλαία, we have αὖραι, ἐλαῖαι.

b. For the same reason, the gen. and dat. of all numbers are perispomena in the first and second declensions, when the nom. is oxytone; for ὀρθῆς, ὀρθῷ, are contractions from ὀρθό-γὰς, ὀρθό-ι.

c. In the third declension, monosyllabic nouns are oxytone in the gen. and dat. sing. and in the dat. plural, and perispomena in the gen. and dat. dual, and in the gen. plural: the other cases retain the accent on the root-syllable: thus we have xeip, xepós, χερί, χέρα, χεῖρα, χερῶν, χερσί. But if the noun be oxytone and of more than one syllable, the accent will fall on the penultima in the oblique cases, which will be paroxytone or properispomenon, according to the natural quantity of the penultima. If the noun be not oxytone, the gen. dual and plural will be paroxytone, the other oblique cases proparoxytone.

To these rules there are the following exceptions:

c. 1 Monosyllabic participles maintain the accent on the rootsyllable; thus we have στάς, στάντος, στάντων, στᾶσι; ὤν, ἔντος, ὄντων, οὖσι.

c. 2 Ten monosyllabic nouns are paroxytone in the gen. plur. and the gen. and dat. dual: ἡ δάς, ὁ δμώς, ὁ ἡ θώς, τὸ κράς, τὸ οἶς, ὁ ἡ παῖς, ὁ σής, ὁ Τρώς, ἡ φώς, τὸ φῶς, gen. pl. δάδων, δμώων, θώων, κράτων, ὤτων, παίδων, σέων, Τρώων, φῴδων, φώτων.

c. 3 The adjective was in the sing. follows the rule for monosyllabic nouns, but retains its accent on the root-syllable in the plural.

c. 4 The interrogative Tís, Tivos, is accentuated throughout on the first syllable, and the indefinitive rìs, Tivòs, when it takes an accent, is oxytone throughout.

c. 5 Polysyllables in -p, -épos, when they drop the e, are accentuated according to the rule of monosyllables; thus we have πατρός, πατρί for πατέρος, πατέρι; for the same reason we have κύων, κυνός, κυνί for κυόνος, κυόνι; δόρυ, δορός or δουρός, δορί or δουρί for δόρατος ; and γόνυ, γουνός for γόνατος ; though the genitive plurals are δούρων, γούνων.

c. 6 The irregular yuvý is accentuated throughout like xeip. c. 7 Οὐδείς, μηδείς, make οὐδενός, οὐδενί, μηδενός, μηδενί.

c. 8 The contracted nouns φρέαρ, στέαρ (στηρ), δϊς οἶς), Θράξ (Θρᾷξ), give us φρητός, φρητί; στητός, στητί; οἰός, οἰ; Θρακός, Θρᾳκί; but ἔαρ gives ἦρος, ἦρι.

In the vocative of the third declension, cc. 1, only barytone substantives shorten the ŋ or w of the termination; but even oxytone adjectives are liable to this: thus we have γέρον, εὐκλεές; but ὦ ποιμήν, ὦ ἀλαζών.

cc. 2 Only barytone compounds throw back the accent when the last syllable is shortened; thus we have 'Αγάμεμνον, αὔταρκες ; but Μαχάον, Ἰᾶσον.

Exceptions to cc. 1 are "Απολλον, Πόσειδον, σῶτερ, πάτερ, ἄνερ, δᾶερ, εἴνατερ, θύγατερ; exceptions to cc. 2 are compounds in -φρων and -ωρ, as βαρύφρον, παντοκράτορο

52 B. 1 The general rule for the accentuation of Verbs is the following: the accent falls as nearly as may be on the rootsyllable.

B. 2 Accordingly, if the form has more than two syllables, and if the ultima is short, the verb will be proparoxytone; if the ultima is long, paroxytone; if there is a contraction in the former case, properispomenon; if in the latter, perispomenon; hence we have λείπουσι, λείπει, φιλοῦσι, φιλεῖ, παίδευε, πρόσφερε, καταλείπω.

The special rules, which seem like exceptions to this general rule, are the results of absorptions, which etymology explains. They are as follows:

a. The aor. infin. in -éσ0aι, the perf. infin. in -évat, the aor. infin. in -σaɩ, and the perf. infin. pass. in -Oai (when in the two latter cases the penultima is not long by nature), are always paroxytone.

b. The aor. infin. in -eîv, the aor. imper. in -oû, and the aor. subj. pass. in -, -s, -, are always perispomena.

c. The aor. and perf. infinitives excepted in (a), and the aor. subj. pass. in -ŵμev, -îte, -ŵσi, are always properispomena.

Thus the student will distinguish between Toinoal 3 sing. 1 aor. opt. act. (above, 48), πoiñoaι 1 aor. infin. act. (c), and πoinoai 2 sing. 1 aor. imper. middle (general rule).

d. In parathetic compounds with augmented tenses the accent does not stand on the preposition, unless the augment is omitted in poetry; thus we have προέσχον, παρεῖχον, ἀπῆγον, but ἔκφευγον, Táрexov. If the augment is omitted in a simple form, the accent is transferred to the root-syllable, as in ëλñe, Xíπe.

e. In the imperative aorist the following forms are oxytone, contrary to rule β. 1: εἰπέ, εὑρέ, ἐλθέ, λαβέ; but ἄπελθε, ἀπόλαβε, &c.

The participles follow the rules of nouns in regard to their oblique cases: the active participles of verbs in -μ, the aorists in -v, -els, and the perfects in -ws, being always oxytone in the nominative, and the perfect passive in -uévos being always paroxytone.

Obs. The student will do well to bear in mind that a contraction of the termination does not affect the accent of the previous syllable: thus we have τεῖχος, τείχεος, τείχους : ἐφίλες, ἐφίλει. For the exceptions to this see below, 169, obs.

53 It has been remarked above, that all oxytones are barytoned, when they appear in connexion with other words in the middle of a sentence. Besides this connexion between the accentuation of words and the cadence of the sentence in which they appear, there are other peculiarities of accentuation which are explicable from the same principles. We refer to the doctrine of proclitics and enclitics. These are certain little words, which so entirely take their colour from the sentence in which they appear, that they are not conceived capable of any separate existence. They are called proclitics, when they stand before, and enclitics, when they follow, the word on which they depend, and to which they are, as it were, attached.

54 The Proclitics are the cases of the article which terminate in a vowel: ó, ý, oi, ai, and the particles ei, év, eis (ès), èk (¿§), où (ok), ws. These little words are supposed to form a part of the words which follow them: just as if we wrote ὁπατήρ, οὐχημῖν, for ὁ πατήρ, οὐχ ἡμῖν. Proclitics receive an accent when they become emphatic by post-position or otherwise: as κακῶν ἔξ, θεὸς ὥς, πῶς γὰρ οὔ; οι οὔ λέγω, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, οὔ.

Although the other prepositions may seem to stand in the same combination, as eis, év, and e§, with the cases of their nouns, their consonantal commencement, or heavier forms, exhibit them as oxytones.