τοϊός τε, becomes a mere predicate, equivalent to δυνατός; for οἷός τε εἰμί = δυνατός εἰμι = δύναμαι. Or, if τοιοῦτος, τοσοῦτος remains as the predicate, wore is substituted for olós re with either the finite verb or the infinitive, so that the relative becomes a mere adverbial adjunct, or secondary predicate. The apparent contradiction in these cases arises from the fact, that the pronouns TOLOÛTOS, TOσOûros, &c., however apparently definite, are, as expressing a kind or class, and not individuals, really indefinite antecedents. So that, in fact, the participle without the article may express this sort of consecutive or illative sentence. For ἔχων = τοιοῦτος WOTE xe may be expressed in Latin by qui habeat or talis ut habeat, and we shall see that the prolepsis, or tertiary predicate in the oblique case, may approximate to this. And here the English language is liable to a confusion; for "who has" is used indifferently for qui habet and qui habeat: but this will not justify the teacher who allows his pupils to suppose that Greek syntax permits the same laxity. § V. The Noun as Subject. 406 The substantive, which forms the subject of a proposition, is often used (a) with an extension of its meaning even in the singular, (B) with a limitation of its meaning in the plural, (7) with a change of application in either number, (8) in the genitive as part of a periphrasis. (a) Singular for Plural. (a) This is effected in regard to the names of animals by prefixing the feminine article; thus πTоs signifies "cavalry," Herod. 1. 80; similarly κáμnλos is “a troop of camels;" and ʼn Boûs, “a ἡ κάμηλος herd of oxen" (above, 166, (5)). (b) Without any change of gender names of materials may denote in the singular a collection of objects made from them; as ἄργυρος, χρυσός, χαλκός, “silver-, gold-, copper-utensils ;” κέραμος, "earthenware;" xápas, "palisades," &c. Similarly ons, "garments;" σrpoμvn, "bedding;" äμπeλos, “vines," &c. (c) Ethnic names sometimes denote collective plurality; as o Пépons, ó Makedov, "the Persian or Macedonian army." Similarly ὁ πολέμιος, ὁ πέλας, " our enemies, our neighbours.” (d) The singular name of an implement may denote a collection of persons using it; as Sópu, "an army;" doπís, "a body of heavy-armed men;" κάπη, "a crew of rowers.' (e) In poetry inanimate objects often express plurality though the form is singular; thus kuua means "the sea;" dáκpu, "tears;" ἀκτίς, axTis, "the sun's light," &c. (8) Plural for Singular. Conversely, the plural is used where a single object is intended: (a) When something plural is implied; thus váμo means "a marriage-feast," i. e. the festivities of a marriage prolonged through several days; Tapai, "a funeral;" púπo, "filth," i. e. a collection of filthy objects; AOÛTO, "wealth," i. e. collected treasures; vúktes, "night," i. e. the midnight hours. Hence names of feasts, as τὰ Διονύσια, τὰ Ελευσίνια, are in the plural. (b) In the poets the plural is used to denote a single object; 23 γονεῖς καὶ τοκεῖς, of a father and mother; τὰ παιδεύματα, οι a single child; rà þíλtata, of a single relative; oi píxo, of a single friend. (c) In the first person the poets use or imply nueîs when yo ἐγώ is intended; as Eurip. Herc. F. 858: 1⁄2λiov μaptvpóμeola Spŵo' à δρᾶν οὐ βούλομαι; Id. Andr. 142: δεσποτῶν ἐμῶν φόβῳ ἡσυχίαν ἄγομεν; Id. Troad. 904: ὡς οὐ δικαίως, ἣν θάνω, θανούμεθα. ΤΕ (d) Even proper names may be used in the plural to express persons of a particular class; thus, гopyíaι тe Kai ÞiλTTо, "persons like Gorgias or Philippus" (Aristoph. Av. 1701); ópŵv av Þaídpovs, Αγάθωνας, Ερυξιμάχους, Παυσανίας, Αριστοδήμους τε καὶ ̓ΑρισTоpávas, “when I see here a Phædrus, an Agathon, &c." (Plat. Sympos. p. 218 A). (7) Change of application. Either in the singular or plural the name of an object may denote the place where it is sold; thus ixeûs and otov mean "the fish-market;" λáxava, "the vegetable-market;" σidnpos, "the iron-monger's shops;" eλatov, "the oil-market;" μúpov, "the perfume-market." In Homer Oxos signifies "an assembly," and κάπρos, or, as some write it in this case, koπpós, "a farm-yard.” (8) Periphrasis of the Subject. Single objects, especially persons, are designated by the Greek poets and sometimes by the prose writers in a periphrasis with the genitive. ἡ (((τῶν ((τὰ τῆς πόλεως) πράγματα)) πραττόντων))) ἀρετή, "the virtue of (((those who manage ((the affairs of (the state." (7) Consequently, whatever words or phrases have the article prefixed, or stand between the article and its substantive, describe and define, i. e. they are epithets; and conversely, if the article is prefixed to a substantive, and the adjectival word or phrase, which agrees with it, neither has the article prefixed nor stands between the article and substantive, that word or phrase is not an epithet, but a predicate. Thus, οἱ ψευδεῖς λόγοι οι οἱ λόγοι οἱ ψευδεῖς, or oi oi "the false words or sayings;" and similarly in the ob means lique cases. But in the following passages yeudeîs is a predicate : Either (A) primary (below, 416), in oi λóyoɩ freudeîs eiσív, "the words are false." σαν, Or (B) secondary (below, 441), in oi λóyoɩ peudeîs éλéxon"the words were spoken and they were false"=" the words which were spoken were false" (cf. Plat. Resp. 364 Β: οἱ λόγοι θαυμασιώτατοι λέγονται, “the words which are spoken are most wonderful "). Or (C) tertiary (below, 489), in å μávtis toùs Xóyous Ļevdeîs Ed. Tyr. 426). (Soph. Obs. The qualifications to these general rules, arising from special usages, have been given in the preceding articles; but it is important to remark generally, that when several words are connected together by copulative conjunctions, the domain of the article is extended to more than one of the words thus combined, although they do not fall within the same definition, but may even be opposed to one another; thus while ὁ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθός or ὁ καλοκαγαθός is really equivalent to a single epithet, as the synthetic form of the final combination fully shows, we find the same appearance of one article prefixed in the most direct oppositions of epithets; thus Plato, Euthyphr. p. 7 c: teρì тoû μeíšovos καὶ ἐλάττονος, περὶ τοῦ βαρυτέρου καὶ κουφοτέρου; Ib. p. 6 D: τό τε δίκαιον καὶ τὸ ἄδικον, καὶ καλὸν καὶ αἰσχρόν, καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ κακόν ; Gorg. p. 459 D : ἆρα τυγχάνει περὶ τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὸ ἄδικον, καὶ τὸ αἰσχρὸν καὶ τὸ καλόν, καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ κακόν, οὕτως ἔχων ὁ ῥητορικός; where we find that the article is prefixed to the first of the two epithets, to both of them, or to neither. The same is observable in the enumeration of distinctive nouns; as Xen. Anab. I. 7, § 2: συγκαλέσας τοὺς στρατηγοὺς καὶ λοχαγούς. Thucyd. 1. 36 : τῆς τε Ιταλίας καὶ Σικελίας καλῶς παράπλου κείται. Plat. Phæd. p. 111 ε: τόν γε ἥλιον καὶ σελήνην καὶ ἄστρα ὁρᾶσθαι λέγεται οἷα τυγχάνει όντα, And even when there is an opposition of two persons, as Eurip. Herc. F. 140: τὸν Ηράκλειον πατέρα καὶ ξυνάορον ἐρωτῶ, “I ask the father and wife of Hercules.” Or when two classes are opposed, as Xen. Anab. 1. 5, § 11: ἀμφιλεξάντων τι τῶν τε τοῦ Μένωνος στρατιωτῶν καὶ τοῦ Κλεάρχου, “ the soldiers of Menon and those of Clearchus having had a difference." § IV. The Relative and its Attraction. 401 The relative may be either in the nominative case, expressing the subject of the verb which follows it, or in some oblique case, expressing the object of the verb or the subordinate relation of some noun. But, as a general rule, it agrees with its antecedent in gender, number and person; as οἵπερ τὸ πλέον τῆς αἰτίας ἕξομεν, οὗτοι καὶ καθ ̓ ἡσυχίαν τι αὐτῶν προΐδωμεν (Thucyd. 1. 83), “let us, who will have the greater part of the blame, quietly consider beforehand somewhat of the results." τί ποτ ̓ οὖν ἐστιν ὅτῳ πιστεύει τὸ μειράκιον (Plat. Alcib. I. 123 E), "what is it that the boy trusts to?" δεινόν γέ σ ̓ οὖσαν πατρός, οὗ σὺ παῖς ἔφυς κείνου λελῆσθαι (Soph. Εl. 341), "it is shameful that you, being from the father, whose born child you are, should forget him." The relative may also be dependent on some participle, or may agree with the participle in the genitive absolute; as πολλά σοι διηγήσομαι, ἃ σὺ ἀκούων ἐκπλαγήσει (Plat. Eu- Or the relative may depend on some adjective; as |