b. dvo-, corresponding to our dis-, or mis-, or un-, or ill-; as δύστηνος, “ distressed,” δύσμορφος, “ mis-shapen," δυστυχής, un-lucky," dúo-opyos, “ill-natured.”

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c. a-, the copulative or collective prefix, probably the residuum of &- or σα-, found in ἅμα and σαφής; this is found in ἄ-κοιτις and a-λoxos, "a sharer of the same bed;" ȧ-kóλovos, “a sharer ἄ-λοχος, of the same way;" à-deλpós, "sprung from the same womb;" ἀ-γαλάκτες, “sharers in the same milk;” ἀ-τάλαντος, “ of equal weight;" ǎ-ogos, "belonging to the same stem; ἄ-οζος, ἄ-πτερος, equally winged," &c. In Plato, Theaetet. 149 B, aλoxos has the negative prefix, and this is often the case with ǎTTEρos.

d. a-, the intensive prefix, probably a residuum of ảvá, in the sense of remoteness, distance, extent; this is found in a-tevns, "exceedingly stretched" (the only instance of this prefix in ordinary Greek); a-xavýs, "extremely gaping;" ά-σπeρxés, “very eagerly;" ả-σxeλés and d-oreλéws, "very obstinately.”

ȧ-, ȧva-, ȧv-, the negative prefix, probably a residuum of ává, in its sense of negation, which flows from that of farness; this is found in a very great number of words, as a-opwv, “without mind, far from mind, foolish;" ȧvá-edvos, "without a dowry" (there are only four words, this, ἀνά-ελπτος, ἀνάπνευστος and ává-yvwσTOs, in which the full form of the negative prefix is found); au-paoin, "speechlessness;" dv-vépeλos, "without clouds;" and generally when the next word begins with a vowel, as ȧv-ápioμος, "numberless," also ȧv-npieμos. In this latter case, i.e. when the vowel of the following word is euphonically lengthened, the initial vowel is often dropt in epic poetry; thus we find vovvuos for ἀνώνυμος, νηλέης for ἀνηλέης, νήποινος for ἀν-άποινος, and even when the following word begins with a consonant, as in vnкepdns.

f. άρι- (from the same root as ἄρης), έρι- (connected with evpús), da- and (a- (corruptions of dia) are used as intensive prefixes; thus we have aρi-πреπns, "exceedingly conspicuous;" èpiβρεμέτης, “ extremely noisy;” δά-σκιος, “ very shady;” ζά-θεος, "most divine," &c.

(2) Euphonic changes at the point of junction or in the latter part of the Compound.

375 When a synthetic compound is considered as an individual word, without reference to its origin, it is liable to euphonic

changes, which may be inconsistent with the development of its separate parts. The most common of these changes is an ectasis. at the point of junction or in the first syllable of the final word, which is perhaps due to an cuphony of the same kind as that which is observable in the reduplicated perfect and aorist (307). The doubling of p at the point of junction in such words as ισόρροπος, κατάῤῥυτος, &c. is invariable (above, 105). Synæresis often takes place when the last vowel of the former word is not elided before the initial vowel of the latter part of the compound; thus we have ῥαβδοῦχος for ῥαβδό-εχος; κακοῦργος for κακό-εργος; θεωρός for θεά-δρος; πυλωρός for πυλά-δρος; φροῦδος for πρόοδος, &c. But independently of these cases we often have an arbitrary ectasis at the beginning of the latter word, when its initial letter is a, e or o, the two former vowels being changed into n, and o becoming ω. The words which most regularly admit of this ectasis in composition are the following: ἄγω, στρατηγός, λοχαγός; ἀγορεύω, κατήγορος; ἄκη, ἀμφηκής; ἀκέομαι, ἀνήκεστος; ἀκούω, ὑπήκοος; ἄνεμος, εὐήνεμος; ἀνήρ, εὐήνωρ; ἀνύω, ἀνήνυτος; ἀραρίσκω, τριήρης, ποδήρης; ἐλαύνω, χαλκήλατος; ἐλθεῖν, ἔπηλυς; ἐρέσσω, ἐρετμός, ὑπηρέτης, εὐήρετμος; ἐρέφω, κατηρεφής; οβολός, τριώβολον; ὀδύνη, ἀνώδυνος; ἔζω, δυσώδης; ὄλλυμι, πανώλης ; ὁμαλός, ανώμαλος; ἔμνυμι, ἀνώμοτος; ὄνομα, συνώνυμος; ὄπωπα, δυσωπία; ὀρύσσω, τοιχωρύχος; ὄρος, ὑπωρεία; ὄφελος, ἀνωφελής. These are found in common Greek; the following are poetical only: ἀμείβω, ἐξημοιβός and ἐπημοιβός; ἀριθμός both ανάριθμος and ἀνήριθμος; ἀρόω, ἀνήροτος; ἐράω, πολυήρατος; ἐρίζω, ἀμφήριστος, but ἀνέριστος; ὀδούς, ἀμφώδων, but ἀμφόδους, χαυλιόδους, &c. The cases of ἀπολλήγειν, Ἱππόδαμμος, Παρθεννόπαιος, &c., Ιππομμέδων, ̓Αλφεσσίβοια are peculiar results of the constitution of the liquids.

Obs. The ectasis does not take place in the parathetic compound of preposition and verb; thus we have ὑπάγω, ὑπακούω, &c. This needs no explanation.

(3) Formation or inflexions of the whole Compound.

376 A synthetic compound, viewed as an undivided whole, appears either (a) as a noun, or (b) as a verb. And this suggests the main subdivision in this class of words. But when the word as a whole performs the functions of a noun, we have still to

consider (a) whether the included word represented by the last part of the compound is an ordinary noun, or (B) of verbal origin. And when it is an ordinary noun, we must inquire (aa) whether it is a substantive, or (bb) an adjective. With an examination of these different cases we shall conclude the subject of compound words.

(a) The whole compound constitutes a Noun.

(a) The latter part represents a Noun.

(aa) The latter part is derived from a Substantive.

377 Even in this case we must seek a further distinction; for although the last part of the compound may be derived from a substantive, it may not only (aa) retain its substantival value, but may also (BB) perform the functions of an adjective, and the latter is much more common than the former.

(aa) The substantival value is retained.

The first part of the word is generally an uninflected prefix; but there are cases in which a noun preceded by its epithet or a dependent case becomes a synthetic compound; thus, while we have ὁμό-δουλος, σύν-δουλος, ἡμί-ονος, ἐπί-μετρον, we have ἀκρόπολις, μεγαλό-πολις, ἱππόδρομος, ἡλιό-πολις, &c.

Obs. It is doubtful whether such words as συγγραφή, σύγγραμμα, ἔκπεμψις, ἐκπομπή, and the like, are themselves parathetic compounds or are derived from verbal parathetics; most probably the latter. Such words as συγγραφεύς, εἰσαγωγεύς, &c. are manifestly derivatives.

(BB) An adjectival value is assumed.

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1 The substantive retains its form, as in a-πais, "childless;" δυσ-έρως, μακρό-χειρ, Svo-épws, "ill-starred in love;" μакрó-xeιp, "long-handed;" πολύ-πους, TOλÚ-TOUS, "many-footed;" ev-Oeos, "possessed by God;" μióμισόπονος, “ labour-hating;” φιλόπατρις, " country-loving;" δεισιδαίμων, "fearing the lower deities," &c. 2 An adjectival ending is appended, as in σύνδειπνος, " dining together;” ἀ-χρήματος and a-xpýμwv, "money-lacking;" a-σTOμos, "without a mouth;" ἄ-στομος, ἄ-σωμος and ἀ-σώματος, “incorporeal;” παραλληλόγραμμος, "bounded by parallel lines;" λETTÓ-Yews, "having a light soil;' εὐ-ήθης, “ having a good or simple character;” εὐ-μήκης, “ of a good length;" av-aλkis, "cowardly;" a-darpus, "tearless," &c.

Obs. Nouns in -ny and -np generally form the compound in -evos, -epos, as a-λíμevos, "without harbours;" ev-áσrepos, "bright with stars." But compounds of opv, and some nouns in -np, merely change into ω; thus we have ἄφρων, ἔμφρων, σώφρων, ἀπάτωρ, εὐπάτωρ, εὐήνωρ, ἀμήτωρ, προγάστωρ.

(bb) The latter part is derived from an Adjective.

η

In this case the adjective retains its form and meaning, except so far as the latter is modified by the prefix. Thus, from loos, 'equal," we have av-iσos, “un-equal;" from diaßaτós, "passable," δυσ-διαβατός, “ hard to cross;” from γυμνός, “ naked,” ἡμί-γυμνος, "half-naked;" from Xeurós, "white," vπo-λEUKós, "rather white;" from σοφός, “ wise,” πάν-σοφος, “ all-wise,” &c.

(8) The latter part is of verbal origin.

In interpreting a compound, of which the latter part includes the meaning of a verb, we have always to inquire whether the verb involved is to be taken transitively or intransitively. This is sometimes shown by the ending, sometimes by the accent, and sometimes left indeterminate. The endings are as follows:

1 -os, -ov. This is the most numerous class of compounds ending with a verbal, and the meaning of the included verb is generally determined by the accent, according to the following rule: When the meaning is transitive, and the first part of the compound is any noun excepting wâs and woλús, the compound is oxytone if the penultima is long, and paroxytone if the penultima is short; but all transitive compounds are proparoxytone when the first part of the compound is a preposition, an adverb, or one of the nouns wâs and woλús; and the same is the case with all intransitive compounds. Hence, although words compounded with prepositions, adverbs, Tâs and Toλús, do not indicate their meaning by the accentuation, we may tell by the position of the accent whether the other class of compounds represents a transitive or intransitive construction; thus, λιθο-βόλος from λίθων βολή, " a finging of stones,” means "a person who pelts with stones," but Meó-Bolos is "one who is λιθό-βολος pelted;” μητροκτόνος would refer to Orestes the matricide, but μητρό-κτονοι to the children of Medea, who were slain by their mother. The following examples will illustrate the different

classes:

Obs. There are some exceptions to this rule: (1) The epic compounds ἱππόδαμος, ἐγχέσπαλος, σακέσπαλος, πτολίπορθοs are proparoxytone, though the meaning involved is undoubtedly transitive. (2) Compounds with ἄρχω and συλάω are proparoxytone, as ἵππαρχος, ἱερόσυλος. (3) Compounds with ἔχω are proparoxytone or properispome, as ἡνίοχος, δαδούχος, &c. (4) By a (4) By a peculiar refinement, words compounded with ἐργάζομαι are oxytone when they signify a bodily or material action, but proparoxytone, or by contraction properispome, when they denote a moral action, or an operation and habit of the mind; thus we have λιθουργός, “ a worker in stone ;” γεωργός, “ a husbandman;” ἀμπελουργός, “ a vine-dresser;” but πανούργος, “an unscrupulous rogue ;” κακούργος, “ a criminal ;” περίεργος, “ a busy-body,” &c.

σε

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2 -ης, -ες. These generally express the intransitive meaning of the verb, or at least a condition resulting from it; as θεο-φιλής, " beloved of God;” αλουργής, “ made of purple;” ἀπρεπής, “unbecoming;” εὐμαθής, " easily taught, docile;” αὐταρκής, “ selfsufficing, complete. But ἱππομανής, “horse-maddened” of mares, and “ horse-maddening” of a luxuriant meadow, seems to contain both meanings of the verb.

3 της or -as, gen. -ου. Generally substantives denoting the agent, and therefore transitive; as νομοθέτης, “the law-giver;" εὐεργέτης, “ the benefactor;” οἶνο-πότης, “the wine-drinker;" ὀρνιθο-θήρας, “ the bird-catcher;” πατραλοίας (ἀλοιάω), “ the parricide."